Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory PDF

[CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert Erikson’s Ironic Violation of Own Principles Chapter 7 Importance of D...

[CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert Erikson’s Ironic Violation of Own Principles Chapter 7 Importance of Developmental Stage - Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory failed to attend to his son, rather, he Overview of Post-Freudian Theory placed him in an institution. He violated 2 of his principles: Erikson extended Freud’s psychoanalysis 1. “Don’t lie to people you should care Post-Freudian theory for,”- told his three children that their Elaborated psychosexual stages beyond brother died upon birth. childhood 2. “Don’t pit one family member against Emphasized social and historical another.”- told Kai (oldest son) the truth influences yet he continued to act ignorant of the Psychosocial Struggle truth. Identity crisis - a turning point in one’s Revelation of Neil’s Existence through Death life that may either strengthen or weaken personality III. Erikson’s Continual Search for Identity Biography of Erik Erikson He jumped from one job to another despite his lack of academic credentials. Erik Erikson spent nearly a lifetime trying to He went to different countries determine who he was throughout his search for identity. Evolution of Erikson’s name. I. Erikson’s Upbringing from Birth to Late Adolescence ○ Erikson Salomonsen, Erik Homburger, Erik Erikson Birth Born on June 15, 1902, in Erikson’s Different Occupations in southern Germany. Different Places ○ Set-up modified psychoanalytic Late Wandered as an artist and poet practice in Boston Adolescence ○ Research Positions in: - Massachusetts General Hospital 7 years later Came back unable to sketch or - Harvard Medical School, and paint - Harvard Psychological Clinic Turning Peter Blos, his friend, offered ○ Writer Point him a job to teach in a new - Yale: 1936 school in Vienna - University of California at Anna Erikson’s employer and Berkeley: after 2 ½ years at Yale Freud’s Role psychoanalyst. Erikson’s Life immersion with different people Analytic Erikson refused to obey ○ People of the Sioux Nation Treatment Freud’s advice to stop trying to (South Dakota) learn his father’s name. ○ People of the Yurok nation (Northern California) - Massachusetts General II. Erikson’s Family Hospital - Harvard Medical Erikson’s Marriage in Vienna School, and He met Joan Serson in Vienna - Harvard Psychological A Canadian-born dancer, artist, and Clinic teacher who had also undergone - psychoanalysis. Erikson’s Children IV. Erikson’s Theory Formation Kai, Jon, and Neil, and their daughter Sue Childhood and Society (1950) Kai and Sue pursued professional Influences of psychological, cultural, careers. and historical factors on identity Jon wandered as an artist. Introduction to his post-Freudian Neil, born with Down syndrome, was personality theory put into an institution upon birth.  [CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert V. Erikson’s Later Years in Life II. Epigenetic Principle Erikson became a therapist. Epigenetic Principle In 1960, returned to Harvard. - Ego development throughout various Next 10 years, held the position of stages of life. professor of human development. - Development at its proper time Retirement Years One stage built from previous stage - Continued as an active career—writing, - Not replacing the previous stage. lecturing, and seeing a few patients. - “Epigenesis means that one characteristic develops on top of He died at 91 years old without knowing his another in space and time” (Evans, father’s name. 1967) The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory Ego as a sense of “I” - center of personality Development of Ego - takes place at any stage of life Ego as an unconscious organizing agency Ego as an ability Three interrelated aspects of ego 1. the body ego - experiences with our Stages of Psychosocial Development body; a way of seeing our physical self Basic Points in Understanding Psychosocial as different from other people. Development 2. ego ideal - represents the image we have of ourselves in comparison with an 1. Growth according to the Epigenetic established ideal Principle 3. ego identity - an image we have of 2. Interaction of Opposites ourselves in the variety of social roles Syntonic (Harmonious) we play. Dystonic (Disruptive 3. Conflict of Opposites = Ego Quality or I. Society’s Influence Ego Strength Basic Strength - produced from Society practices contribute to the development conflict of opposites of a person’s personality. 4. Little Basic Strength = Core Pathology Core Pathology - produces the Sioux in contrast to Yurok Nation opposite of basic strength Sioux: 5. Psychosocial Stages and Biological ○ Permissiveness in Oral Development Intertwined Personalities 6. Past, Present, and Anticipated = ○ Suppression of biting Personality Development Yurok 7. Identity Crisis: Adaptive or Maladaptive ○ Anality development or Adjustment compulsive neatness Pseudospecies from Ethnocenntrism Stage 1: Infancy - an illusion perpetrated and perpetuated by a particular society that it is First Psychosocial Stage somehow chosen to be the human 1 year old species. Reflecting Freud’s Oral Phase Time of incorporation: senses aside from the mouth Oral-sensory mode (Psychosexual mode) Receiving and Accepting  [CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert a. Receiving - can receive even in Stage 3: Play Age the absence of other people b. Accepting - must get someone Third Psychosocial Stage else to give ages 3-5 Reflecting Freud’s Phallic Phase Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust ○ However, Freud emphasized the (Psychosocial crisis) Oedipus complex as the central Basic Trust - Syntonic in the phallic stage whereas ○ initially earned from primary Erikson only believed that it is caregivers just one of the several important Basic Mistrust - Dystonic factors. Both must be learned as: Stage of development of locomotion, ○ Too much trust = gullible and language skills, curiosity, imagination vulnerable and the ability to set goals. ○ Too little trust = frustration, ○ It is also the stage in which anger, hostility, cynicism, or children develop conscience and depression begins to attach labels such as right and wrong to their Hope: The Basic Strength of Infancy behavior Hope - overcoming psychosocial crisis of trust vs. mistrust results to the Genital-locomotor mode (Psychosexual mode) achievement of hope. Erikson viewed the oedipal situation as Withdrawal - core pathology of infancy a prototype “of the lifelong power of human playfulness” Stage 2: Early Childhood In contrast with Freud’s theory, Erikson concluded that the Oedipus complex Second Psychosocial Stage doesn’t have harmful effects on later 2-3 years old personality development Reflecting Freud’s Anal Phase During the play age, children’s interest Stage of development of body functions in genital activity is accompanied by ○ Control over the interpersonal their increasing facility at locomotion environment ○ Measure of self-control Initiative versus Guilt As children become more active (move Anal–Urethral–Muscular Mode around more easily and vigorously) and (Psychosexual mode) as their genital interest awakens, they Control over cleanliness and mobility take on an intrusive head-on mode of Time of contradiction approaching the world. They start to adopt initiative and pursue Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt many goals, but some desires such as (Psychosocial crisis) “marrying a parent” or “leaving home” Autonomy - Syntonic must be repressed or postponed, which Shame and Doubt - Dystonic can lead to feelings of guilt. ○ Shame - the feeling of The conflict between initiative and guilt self-consciousness, of being becomes the dominant psychosocial looked at and exposed crisis of the play age. ○ Doubt - the feeling of not being certain, the feeling that Purpose: The Basic Strength to the Play Age something remains hidden and The conflict of initiative versus guilt cannot be seen produces the basic strength of purpose. Both must be learned in a ratio that During this age, children play with a favors autonomy purpose such as winning the competition They set goal and pursue them with Will: The Basic Strength of Early Childhood purpose Will - resolving the psychosocial crisis of autonomy vs. shame and doubt results in the achievement of will. Compulsion - core pathology of early childhood  [CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert ○ lays the foundation for Stage 4: School Age “cooperative participation in Fourth Psychosocial Stage productive adult life” ages 6 to 12 or 13 Children may regress to earlier stages of the social life of children is expanding development if he/she has excessive beyond family to peers, teachers, and inferiority or industry. This regression is their adult models called inertia, the antithesis of School-age children desire to become competence and the core pathology of strong and strive for competence. the school-age Adults teach effective methods to instruct children in the ways of society. Stage 5: Adolescence Latency Fifth Psychosocial Stage Erikson, like Freud, recognized school period from puberty to young adulthood age as a period of psychosexual latency one of the most crucial developmental Sexual latency is important because it stages where individuals must gain a enables children to convert their firm sense of ego identity energies into learning the technology of this stage is also viewed as a period of their culture and social strategies social latency As children work and play, they begin to adaptive phase of personality see themselves as either competent or development, a period of trial and error incompetent ○ these perceptions are the origin Puberty of ego identity genital maturation a feeling of I or important psychologically because it “me-ness” that evolves creates expectation for becoming an more fully during adult that can be very challenging on adolescence figuring out who you are and to meet these of adult social roles Industry versus Inferiority Industry Identity versus Identity Confusion ○ willingness to remain busy with During adolescence, the search for ego something and to finish a job identity is high as teens explore who ○ children learn to work and play they are and who they are not in ways that help them to Erikson believed that questioning acquire job skills and learn the occupational and ideological identity rules of cooperation were the critical issues Inferiority ○ James Marcia added one which ○ if a child experienced too much is the sexual identity to address guilt and too little purpose the questions to who we are during the play age, they might attracted to and who is attracted feel inferior or incompetent to us during this age. Erikson believed that even if the Identity emerges from two sources previous stages were not fully resolved, 1. Adolescent’s affirmation or repudiation individuals could still surpass the of childhood identifications current stage’s crisis. 2. Their historical and social contexts, The balance should favor industry but which encourage conformity to certain inferiority should not be avoided standards Competence: The Basic Strength of the Identity confusion School Age Identity confusion - syndrome of Competence problems that include a divided ○ confidence to use one’s physical self-image, inability to establish and cognitive abilities to solve intimacy, sense of time urgency, lack of the problems that accompany concentration, rejection of family or school age community standard However, too much confusion can lead to problems such as avoiding adult  [CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert responsibilities, constantly shifting jobs, Love: The Basic Strength of Young and having trouble with relationships. Adulthood Having a balance of identity confusion Love can also lead to: ○ basic strength of young ○ faith in some sort of ideological adulthood principle ○ emerges from the crisis of ○ ability to freely decide how we intimacy versus isolation should behave ○ Mature love includes ○ trust in our peers and adults commitment, passion, ○ confidence in occupation cooperation, competition, and friendship. Fidelity: The Basic Strength of Adolescence The antipathy of love is exclusivity fidelity - faith in one’s ideology ○ While some exclusivity is the trust learned in infancy is crucial for necessary to build identity, it fidelity in adolescence becomes harmful when it blocks Role repudiation - blocks one’s ability to cooperation, competition, or synthesize various self-images and compromise—key elements of values into a workable identity intimacy and love ○ diffidence - extreme lack of self-trust of self-confidence Stage 7: Adulthood ○ defiance - rebellion against authority Seventh Psychosocial Stage ages 31 to 60 Stage 6: Young Adulthood longest stage of development Sixth Psychosocial Stage Procreativity ages 19-30 Erikson’s psychosexual theory assume for some, this stay may last only a few an instinctual drive to perpetuate the years whereas for others, it can extend species similar to animals’ instinct to for several decades reproduce should develop mature genitality procreativity is more than physical reproduction Genitality involves taking responsibility for raising sexual maturity also develops in young and caring for children adulthood true genitality involves mutual trust and Generativity versus Stagnation a stable sharing of sexual satisfaction Generativity with a loved person ○ generation of new beings as well as new products and new Intimacy versus Isolation ideas Intimacy ○ Teaching and passing on culture ○ ability to fuse one’s identity becomes an important not with that of another person merely an obligation or a selfish without fear of losing it need but an evolutionary drive ○ Mature intimacy - ability and to help ensure future willingness to share a mutual generations thrive. trust Stagnation Isolation ○ When people focus too much on ○ the incapacity to take chances themselves, they hinder with one’s identity by sharing creativity and growth. true intimacy ○ However, a certain level of Some degree of isolation is necessary to self-absorption is necessary for develop mature love. personal renewal. Too much identity can diminish sense of Care: The Basic Strength of Adulthood ego identity care Too much isolation can prevent intimacy ○ a widening commitment to take and the ability to truly love. care of the persons, the products, and the ideas one has learned to care for  [CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert rejectivity ending with an identification with all ○ unwillingness to take care of humanity during old age. certain persons or groups Personality always develops during a ○ manifested as self-centeredness, particular historical period and within a provincialism, pseudospeciation given society. (belief that other groups of Erikson believed that the eight people are inferior to one’s own) developmental stages transcend chronology and geography and are appropriate to nearly all cultures, past Stage 8: Old Age and present. Eighth Psychosocial Stage final stage of development period from age 60 to the end of life Generalized Sensuality take pleasure in variety of different physical sensation: sights, sounds, tases, odors, embraces and genital stimulation may also included a greater appreciation of life beyond sexual desires Integrity versus Despair Integrity ○ feeling of wholeness and coherence, an ability to hold together one’s sense of “I-ness” even as physical and mental Erikson’s Method of Investigation abilities decline Despair Personality is a product of three fields: ○ means without hope ○ History, Culture, and Biology. ○ Once hope is lost, despair He used the following anthropological, followers and life ceases to have historical, sociological, and clinical meaning. methods for his study. Different age groups he focused on for Wisdom: The Basic Strength of Old Age his study: Wisdom ○ informed and detached concern Children, adolescents, mature adults, with life itself in the face of and elderly people, death itself He studied the life of significant ○ they keep their integrity and historical figures such as continue to contribute ○ Adolf Hitler traditional wisdom passed ○ Maxim Gorky through generations. ○ Martin Luther Disdain ○ Mohandas K. Gandhi ○ a reaction to feeling (and seeing others) in an increasing state of Anthropological Studies being finished, confused, helpless. 1937 - Erikson took a trip to Pine Ridge Indian ○ continuation of rejectivity Reservation in South Dakota to investigate causes of apathy among Sioux children. Summary of the Life Cycle Past: they were known for their buffalo hunting skills. Each of the eight stages is characterized ○ Present (1937): they had lost by a psychosocial crisis. their group identity. From this conflict emerges a basic Past: the children were trained to strength, or ego quality. become hunters for boys and helpers for Humans have an ever-increasing radius girls. of significant relations, beginning with the maternal person in infancy and  [CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert ○ Present (1937): stopped being ○ He was thrown off a train trained but relied on agrarian because he did not give his seat society. to a white man. Results of study: Conflict: Racial Prejudice ○ Apathy was caused by their He then developed a practice of passive extreme dependence on federal resistance called Satyagraha government programs. Another conflict he had was when he ○ They have a problem gaining a became the central figure in a workers’ sense of ego identity. strike against mill owners. ○ This event was characteristic of 1939 - Erikson took a trip to northern California his identity as a steward for to study the Yurok nation who are known for peaceful political and social Salmon fishing. change. Results of trip: Unlike neurotic individuals or those who ○ Gaining and keeping are very sensitive to negative emotions, possessions were highly valued Gandhi, instead of having core in the Yurok people. pathologies, instead developed his ○ Early childhood training personality from his crises. produced strong cultural value. For Erikson, in the small picture, people ○ Both history and society helped are debilitated and challenged by shape the personality of people. personal issues. But in the larger picture, in the context of society, inner conflicts Psychohistory only help individuals to resolve societal issues. A field of study that is controversial. It combines history with psychoanalytic Psychohistory concepts. Erikson defined psychohistory as “the Unlike Freud, he believed that study of individual and collective life personality development continued to with the combined methods of adulthood. psychoanalysis and history”. For him, each stage of development Freud came up with psychohistory. emerges from the previous stage. Initially, Erikson disapproved of this ○ For instance, identity method but used it as he refined it. achievement relies on the Erikson studied the lives of Martin formation of ideological and Luther and Mahatma Gandhi because interpersonal growth. of their historical impact However, he also believes that all He used this method to show his belief developmental tasks are present in one that each individual is actually a product way or another in every stage of of history—history that is shaped by development. great individuals or leaders that are Furthermore, his studies, in contrast experiencing personal conflicts. with other theorists, are somewhat based on empirical research, particularly on Mahatma Gandhi adolescence, young adulthood, and Childhood: he was close to his mother adulthood. but had issues with his father. Early life: Adolescent Identity and the Internet ○ He was born in India. ○ He studied law in London. For Erikson, the major conflict of ○ He returned to India to practice adolescence is identity formation. law. ○ Marcia added sexual identity to ○ However, being unsuccessful, this. he went to South Africa. Identity formation revolves around three Two events that served as a catalyst for facets: his change: ○ Sexual identity ○ A judge excluded him from the ○ Occupational identity courtroom. ○ Ideological identity [CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert Individuals develop their identity by the ○ Variation in genes and brain group that they belong in. structures are associated with ○ “In-groups” - groups people transgender identity. identify with ○ Social and cognitive theories ○ “Out-groups” - groups people say that gender identity do not identify with development is influenced by With the rise of the internet, these environment, behavioral, and groups become less physical and more personal factors. virtual. Positive effects of the Internet to identity Social Pressure to Conform to Typical formation: Gender Identity ○ Online communication poses a positive influence on Young children between 2 and 6 years relationships and overall old tend to follow gender stereotypes well-being. ideas but eventually become flexible as ○ Teens can easily pour they approach middle childhood. themselves out to others. From childhood to adulthood, there is ○ Internet use also allows much pressure to conform to gender connectedness to prosper. typical roles. ○ Our social media footprint can There are also instances where gender easily show the personality we identity persists especially in boys who have. are sexually reassigned as girls because Negative effects: of abnormal anatomical sex issues. ○ People develop different One example was a Canadian boy personalities in social named David who needed to be media—the one they want circumcised 7 months after birth. others to see. However, it was a failure and they had ○ More screen time tends to cause to reconstruct his genitals and he was depression and anxiety in both later raised as a girl, Brenda. However, adolescence and adulthood. growing up, she eventually identified as male and transitioned back to being The Development of Gender Identity male. Most people identify with their gender Age of Gender Identity Disclosure and at birth but not all. Social Networks Around ⅔ or ¾ of those who identify with the opposite sex in childhood no For Erikson, Adolescence is the first longer do in adolescence. major conflict with identity. However, it There are those who believe that gender is also clear that this extends to identity is fluid and changeable. While adulthood. there are those who are consistent in the In one study conducted by Nuttbrock, et belief that it is not something easily al. (2009), they studied the different changeable. ages when people disclosed their gender It differs from culture to culture: identity as well the different social ○ In cultures of India, Pakistan, groups to which they disclosed it. and Nepal they acknowledge 3 ○ The current generation is more genders: male, female, and open to disclose their identities transgender. than the older generation. ○ In Bugis of Indonesia, there are ○ They tend to disclose it more to five: male, female, male to their sexual partners and less to female, female to male, and parents and siblings. both. ○ In conclusion: being open about identity is not an easy task for Impact of Nature and Nurture on Gender both teenagers and adults alike. Identity Formation Critique of Erikson Gender identity is affected by genes, hormones, and structures. [CHAPTER 7: Erikson] ARELLANO, Miella Janica I CARREON, Joshua Clarence I NAVALTA, Juliane Chert Although Erikson has some empirical ○ Optimistic - for him, even research that supports his theory, he though challenges may arise in relied largely on ethical principles rather the lives of people early on, they than scientific data. can overcome it at any stage of Critique of Erikson with 6 criteria: their lives. Ability to Generate Research - Hig Causality vs Teleology ○ His theory of ego identity alone ○ Causality - for him, people are gave birth to many studies such more of a product of their as intimacy vs isolation and specific social setting and generativity that produced particular historical moment. empirical evidence. Conscious vs Unconscious Falsifiability - Average ○ Middle - for him, prior to ○ Many of his findings can be adolescence, people are mostly explained by other theories governed by the unconscious. other than his. When they reach adolescence Ability to Organize Knowledge - Low onwards, they become more ○ Erikson’s theory is limited to conscious of their actions mostly developmental stages Social vs Biological which means it lacks personal ○ Social - he does not remove the traits. role of anatomy in personality Guide to action - Average development but for him, there ○ Erikson’s theory is mostly is an increase in social influence general and lacks specific as people grow and develop. advice. However, it proved Uniqueness vs Similarities helpful in different studies such ○ Uniqueness - for him, although as in the field of gerontology, people go through the 8 adolescent psychology, and developmental stages similarly, marriage counseling. they resolve personal crises Internal Consistency - High differently. ○ It is consistent internally due to his careful choosing of words to describe his theory, but some terms such as hope, love, will, purpose, care, and others are not defined operationally. Parsimony/Simplicity - Moderate ○ While his terms were precise, some descriptions of stages and crises are not clearly differentiated. Concept of Humanity Freud believed anatomy destined the lives of individuals. However, Erikson believes that there are other factors such as socialization. ○ For Erikson, “anatomy, history, and personality are our combined destiny.” Concept of Humanity in six dimensions: Determinism vs Free Choice ○ Middle - although history and culture contributes much on personality, for him people’s control on their destiny is still limited Pessimism vs Optimism