Equity15.07.24_013615 - Copy.txt

Thanks All right I'm assuming everyone's registered now. You're all ready to go. Who's the class reps? One there. Will you be doing a WhatsApp group for everybody? Okay, you make sure that you get me on there and then he will be communicating through WhatsApp when he notices whatever. I'm sure this...

Thanks All right I'm assuming everyone's registered now. You're all ready to go. Who's the class reps? One there. Will you be doing a WhatsApp group for everybody? Okay, you make sure that you get me on there and then he will be communicating through WhatsApp when he notices whatever. I'm sure this semester is gonna run smoothly. We'll start with doing some introductory exercises. I'll let you know who I am. I'll get to know who you are. We'll set the expectation for this semester and I will start very quickly. I'll show you where to get the material. I've made it as easy for you as possible. We'll start with the introduction. This is what we're doing today. Who am I? The material, the course outline, introduction to equity and trust, and the history and the nature of equity. Now this is a foundation course in law, not a foundation course in how to do university. This is a foundational course that you, if you get this right, this is something you will remember for your entire life as a lawyer. There are certain things in law that just sets how we do law. This is one of the courses that do that. Another course is jurisprudence, which you get in third year. This is like an introduction to some of jurisprudence, which is basically a fancy word for legal philosophy. Law has existed for a long, long time. Now the first course you could ever do at university, do you know what that was? Anyone? When universities were created back in the days, a thousand years ago, what could you study at university? Do you know? This is how I teach. You need to wake up, I communicate with you, and you hopefully give me something back. I know that is more scary to you than anything in this entire world, but guess what? Your profession is all about speaking up in front of others. You're going to be the expert, you're it. You're the ones that people will be looking to for answers, so get used to responding. Because this is what we need to train you to do. When you're going to be in the room of people for the rest of your life, they're going to go, I don't know nothing about the lawyer, that's my goal to have the answer. So get used to that, I'll ask you a question, give it a go, you can't fail, there is no internal mark for how much you contributed to class, to freebie, for you to practice on speaking up in time. So, anyone who has a guess on what did we study a thousand years ago when we went to university? It's a foundational thing for most of us, the one thing that drives us most before our profession. Where do we go for answers before we go to textbooks? Where did your parents take you from you were babies for you to get some moral guidelines? Church. So what did we study before we studied anything else? Theology. Now, theology was university for decades, for centuries, then, because everyone went about saying, what's right, what's wrong, let's look at the Bible, they said, okay, we seem to have one stream of area that theologists, apart from everything else, need to be good at and that is law. So the first subject to come out of The first thing you can study outside of theology was law. At the time it was called jurisprudence or juris. In my language, I'll show you about who I am and where I come from, but in my language it's called jura, and that comes from jurisprudence, so basically anything to do with law. Law came into being in around about the time of 1200, the first faculty ever to have, first university to ever have a faculty of law was in Italy, in Bologna. I've been there, I've clapped the wall and said hello everybody, this is where we come from, this is our origin story more than 800 years ago. And the reason I say that is that then, in those times, from the Bible, they created principles of what is right and wrong. And guess what? They still stand today. Some of the things you'll learn in this course are from those times. We're going to visit the Crusades. We're going to be at the time of the lordships and whatever, when they were creating law in the 1400s, 1500s. Some of the cases that we are doing in this class are from that time and they are still valid today. We still go back and say, well, now that we are looking at AI and how to apply AI, or cybercrime, and how to apply laws and create laws on cybercrime, what are the basic principles of right and wrong? What are the basic principles of how we live as human beings? Coming from theology, stepping into law, how do we believe the world puts right and wrong together? This is what you learn in this class this semester, and if we do it right, you will walk away with this, and when you're confronted 50 years from now or 30 years from now in your work career with a new thing we don't know what to do about, like AI right now, you will say, well, basic principles of law say, the principles of equity and trust, the principle of equity teaches us that this is what is right and what is wrong. So we will be visiting Aristotle, we'll be visiting philosophers from all sorts of times all the way up to now, and that is the same thing you're going to be doing in jurisprudence, just a bit more advanced. For this course It's like a little bit of a taster, and it's civil law only. We're not going into criminal law in this course. This is civil law. This is just a little bit of a dip toe into civil law, so it doesn't have massive consequences. We're not putting anyone to jail. The only people we'll ever put into jail in this course is at the end of the course when it comes to trust. If you don't do what you're supposed to, we can put you in jail, the lawyers. but that will get you towards the end of the semester. In this course we're just negotiating about money and what you can and can't do, okay? Who am I? I'm no one as interesting as this dude. I'm not a wizard, I'm not a mall center, I'm not a Rasputin. I'm just an ordinary person. I do, however, come from the other side of Earth. I am a senior lecturer. I'm from Denmark, I'm a Viking, and you should pay attention to that because as those of you who have watched History Channel and looked at Ragnar Lothbrok, who is from my country, and he was a real person, you will also have noticed that in my country women take no nonsense from nobody. We also very happily go to war. My name is Sine, my first name, the G is silent. And Sine is our Viking, it's a Viking name. I was named according to custom and it means victory, the victorious one. I am supposed to be someone who goes to battle and fight. So you dare me? And then you'll figure out that I probably already have a reputation. I am also from the least corrupt country in the world, you look at the Transparency International Index of Corruption and we're number one. It means that I don't do no nonsense with nobody. The rules are what the rules are. You want to break the rules, go ahead, it won't matter to me. But the rules are what the rules are. I am incorruptible. And that is my position, that is how that position will always be. I have never corrupted myself on behalf of anybody. If I say something is due at 4 o'clock, it's due at 4 o'clock. If you come at 4 or 5, fine. But I'm not marking it. And that is because this is our profession. This is how it works in our profession. Now, if we were doing social work, we could be happy and generous to each other. If we were doing education, not a problem. I'm not a particularly strict person. But I have a job not just to teach you equity and trust, but also to teach you our profession. And in our profession, our lawyers, they lose cases all the time because they were not on time. Most appeals do not happen because lawyers do not put their papers in on time. We get criticized again and again and again for not teaching you to be on time, do things on time. So we start now. We start now. Hand in on time. When I say we do a test in class, when I leave the door, come and gone. I won't receive it. And you come running after me. You've probably heard the stories. I don't take them. I don't mark them. Then you say, oh, but just give me a little bit less, or just give me some points up, but nowhere in the policy does it say that. And guess what? I don't make the policy, and I won't change the policy for you, because that is corruption. If I start changing things because of you in my own way, and making up rules for you as I go along in my own discretion, when you ask me, there's two sentences that you have to realise that is corruption. It is, can you please use your discretion. When someone asks you to use your discretion, unless it's within the policy that you can use your discretion, that is the same as asking me to corrupt myself on your behalf. And guess what? I won't do it. The other one is when you sit sideways and go, oh sorry miss, is there anything we can do? Unless there is a provision within the policy that tells me that yes, I can do something, the answer is no, because I'm not corrupting myself for you. Now, that sounds like I'm against you. Sounds like I don't want to do special favors for you, but guess what? It's because I'm for you. Because it's also your guarantee that if you put in the hard work, and you do do your homework, and you do prepare for your exam, no one's going to bypass you with special favours. You get the good mark. I don't know your last names. That's the one advantage of me being from overseas. I have no one to see I need to comply with. I don't know your last names. No one gets special favours. All you get is a straight up mark for hard work. You work hard, you get high distinction. That's it. And that's your guarantee. So if you work hard and you deserve your distinction or your high distinction, you know that you got it because of your hard work and no one is getting any special favors anywhere. It's not like you can then come and get, you say, I work also high and then someone else got high distinction because they could bypass and get special favors. Not in my class. The reason I make the choices I do is not about the individual person, it's about all the rest of them, and that to me is justice, that to me is fairness. Why would you want to work hard if you could bypass the system? So this is my gift to you, my incentive to you is, you work hard, you comply yourself, you're going to get a great mark. Now, last year I said to the class, this is not a particularly hard class and then a lot of them failed. Oh, and then power went, there you go. This is not a particularly hard class if you study. You have to read the book. If you don't read the book, you're not going to pass. And I shouldn't have to say that. I really shouldn't have to say that. You should read your books. Now, I discovered teaching fourth year students last semester that you guys don't read. You are a generation of people who have gotten used to getting away with things without reading. And it doesn't work. Law is one ongoing profession of nothing but reading. If you don't like to read and write, you chose the wrong profession. And that's okay. You don't have to like to read and write, but then go do something else. And if you don't like reading and writing now, get used to it. Practice it. Get used to it. All we do for the rest of your life, including if you teach, is read and write. Read and write. Ask any lawyer out there how much do they read on an average week, and they go, because all we do is read and write so get used to it and the book is a tiny little thing it's not an easy book to read but at least there's not that much of it it's this book not any alternatives and I'll say another thing like you can study Google Wikipedia for this class is amazing if there's something you don't understand go to Wikipedia someone had too much time of in their life. How are we going to get those things back on? This is not working. If you have any questions, please call in. Okay, to continue. Do you think you have to turn it on up there or something? Sorry, I'm not, I'm not done with these things, I'm just not really very familiar with this. It says projector, camera. Okay, let's see what happens now. I turned it on. Nothing's happening. Oh, yeah, yeah, light's coming on. Here we go. So that what's that one? They should both come on. There we go. Anyways, I can say now from the experience, so I've been in Papua New Guinea for 10 years. I've taught here before, then I took a break. I came back last year, and something happened in between. I now have to say to you, if you don't study, you won't pass. That's just the end of it. You have to study. If you don't study, you won't pass. Now, I give you a lot of things for free and we'll get to that. I give you the entire course available to you for free. I give you the book for free because I've created a website and we'll get to that. You need to write that When that slide comes up, I have warned you now, pen and paper, that is where you find everything, including my PowerPoints, including my notes. Everything is there, links to stuff. I haven't updated the website since last year. I'll do that this week. But the book is there. Now, the book is absolutely no use to you if you don't read it. Ok, now I discovered that even though I made the book available to everybody last year, nobody read it. And guess what? If you don't read it, you're not going to pass. It's just as simple as that. If you don't come to class, you won't pass. I say a lot of things in this room that will be on your exam. Almost everything I say, I say with the intention for you to learn how this trade works. This is a particular trade. So come to class, read your book, read my notes. The good news is, it's not that hard. If you do well in this class, if you understand the principles of this class, every single other civil law class will be easier. This is the foundation understanding of contracts. This is the foundation of understanding of everything in civil law. When in doubt of which way to go, you can always go back to the principles of equity and trust, always. Lecture times are these. You should have seen that on the schedule. Now, the course outline is available on the website, so you can download that. I need to update it, but it's the same. Now, tutorial. Those are my consultation hours, Wednesdays and Thursdays from 3 to 4 in the afternoon. I used to have consultation hours in the morning, but that just meant they kept going forever, so now we try in the afternoon so I get some work done in the mornings. Please use consultation hours. Please don't come outside of consultation hours. Please make use of the hours that are made available to you. I've got 14 MRP students. That means I've got 14 people that take up an enormous amount of time. I've got to do research. I'm currently publishing. I'm wrapping up a massive research project from last year. As you could see from the last slide, my research area is in gender-based violence. And as you can see, I do a lot of sports. I'm the national coach of the archery team, so if anyone is worried about whether I can be precise in things. And also, just because I can, I can show you that I can shoot a pig with a bow and arrow. Now, many Papua New Guineans wish they could do that, but of all of you, how many have the task to actually carry around tasks, but how many of you actually shot and killed the pig yourself? So, this is the website. Write it down. Now I understand that it's a long web address, get it right. Once we have the WhatsApp group up and running, I send you the link. But make, or you just take a picture of us now if you want, or write it down. This is where you find everything. We'll just leave it there for another minute, and then I'll click on it and we'll go on to it and I'll show you how it works. That's the book. Now feel free to either find someone who's got it and get it from them. Go down and buy it in the bookshop. I'll just download it. You can print it so you can make your own highlights. Whatever floats your boat, make sure you've got it. Make sure you read it. Now I'm gonna tell you something that no one tells you and that you're gonna be so happy you know now in first year. I forgot to tell the first years last year. When you read, so my recommendation to you is that you get the book or download it or print it on paper. And then this is the trick on how you study. The one thing no one knows. When you read, you sit down. You know those packets of highlighters that you can get that's got four colors in them? And you're thinking, why on earth, I just need the yellow one. Why should I buy four different colors? You should, because they're made for lawyers. They were originally created for lawyers. We are the one trade in the world that needs four colors, because we read more than most people. And once you've read it, how are you going to find it? You need to learn to use all aspects of a book, because that's what's going to help you in court. Now, then you want to know something about the principle of equity, clean hands, okay, then you go, okay, you use your index, Maxine's a bit, okay, clean hands, it's this page. Then you go to that page, but then this page is overwhelming, there's just words, no? How do you know how to find quickly when the judge says, so where in the legislation are we? Well, you have highlighted all legislation in the same color. What case is it in? That, all your cases, all the case names, they are in a different color. So you can find it straight away. Main principles, things that we need to learn. What did we actually learn in this case? What was the main principle derived from this case? That's a third color. That way, when you're in court and the judge says, oh, so where are we in legislation? Index, brrr, and then you can see straight away, because you've trained your eye to do it, oh, the pink one in my world, oh, the pink is legislation, I know exactly what section it is, because it's highlighted in pink. What case are we in? Oh, it's all the green ones in mine. What's the main principle? That's all the blue. Blue all the way through is principle, principle, principle. That means when eyes exam study, in law school. I didn't reread the book. I just sat and went through, okay, and I could visualize that all the pink laws are connected to these green cases and these blue principles. I could look it up in zero hours. That meant when I got to exam I was ready. Does that make sense? Yellow is still whatever it is you want to know in the book. Get used to studying with colors. Get used to sitting with your book and your paper. Now I know that you can do it on tablets now today as well. I still haven't found my reading program, the one I use when I do it electronically, will only let my highlight in one color. I know there are others where you can highlight in different colors. I am not that tech savvy that I like to sit and take a color on my tablet. I still prefer to do it the old school way. that could be me, some of you are more electronically savvy, I don't know, but give yourself the gift the first time you read it of making it easier to read it the second time, okay? Now you've all got it now we can move on to the website. So this is the website. I will eventually get on to Moodle, they still haven't allowed me access all of that stuff but for now there's a website. Equity and Trust looks like this so there's a main page where I just say hello that's this one welcome and then equity is over here welcome and it says the course outline is here we can click on that and it comes up that's the one from last year but nothing's gonna change it's exactly the same there will be a quiz there will be a class test. There will be tutorials that will be worth 10% and then a final exam. The book is the book. There's some extra stuff you can have a look at and this is what we're doing. Now there is a reason why I write this. Those are key words. Those are key words of things of importance. Now you can also use that if there's So then you can say, okay, I need to learn this. This is what she wants us to know. When I do a exam review, this is what she thought was important, okay? That also means when she does exam questions, these are the main areas that I should be familiar with. And I know that there are lecturers that will say, oh, your exam is gonna be in this area, this isn't. In my world, it's everything, okay? So just keep preparing yourself. I say this today because you can start preparing for your exam today. Just start it by saying, okay, in week one, we're doing a bit of the history and nature of equity. What from this particular set of things would be relevant and what would she ask me at an exam? Now, I will tell you throughout the class, an exam question could look like this. Another exam question could look like this. That means when you get to exam time, there will be nothing on your exam that wasn't in the material. You don't need Google, you don't need to know anything but what was said in class and what's written in the book. That's it. I won't go outside of that. It's just whether you understood it. That's when you go extra. What else? Plagiarism. We're not going to do much where you can plagiarise, but please, please, please know that plagiarism is serious when you're out at university. We are changing at UPNG in general, and you've gotten away with copying from other people and texts from other places for a long time, no more. Now, I'll tell you how serious it is. If, at law school, in a common law country, you get caught plagiarizing, the first time, the very first time you get caught plagiarizing, you will be allowed to continue studying, but you have lost your opportunity to practice law. If you get caught plagiarizing, once, once, you can't go to LTI. You have lost your opportunity to be able to represent other people. You have shown that you are not an honest person. An honest person should not be able to speak on behalf of other people. That is how it is in the entire legal community out there in the rest of the world. You can finish your law degree, but then all you can do is work in a company somewhere as a legal advisor where there are other people in your department. But you have lost the right to represent other people. It's not about the plagiarisms per se, it's about you having shown that you don't have the moral aptitude to become a lawyer and represent other people. This particular trade has a higher standard than any other trade. We are representing other people at their most difficult times. So we have to be above and beyond. We have to be better. If you come and tell us, oh, but it's different in the other. At science, they get to do other stuff. At science, they do this again. Let science be science. You're going to be lawyers. You are above and beyond. You are more. This profession has higher expectations of you. You have to be of higher moral standard. It's just how it is. You're lawyers. People look to us for answers, for justice, for fairness, for righteousness. That is who we are, together with theology. We're the first ones to come out of theology, so we are bigger, we are better. So the first time you lose your right to practice law, the second time, you get kicked out. And you lose your right to do law forever. All law schools across the world are connected. So if you get kicked out of law school in Papua New Guinea, you lose your right to apply for law school in the entire world. You get blacklisted, not just here, but in the entire world. So if you get kicked out for plagiarism in Melbourne, you can't apply in America, or in England, or anywhere. You're out. So you get one opportunity to get caught, and they say, okay, well then you don't get to represent anybody, but if you get caught twice, you will never be allowed into this profession ever again. That's how serious it is. And we are moving towards that. Not because we want to punish you, but because we are currently looked down upon as a second grade education, because we cannot guarantee this to the rest of the world. Because we We allow you to plagiarize because we cannot catch you. We are catching up with that. We have also had students plagiarize and then just fail the course. You say, oh well, but then you can redo it. It has no substantial consequence. You fail the course, which is the minimum. You fail the course and you have to redo it, but you still get to practice law. And because of that, no one respects us. So we have to up our game. We have to up our game, and we up. We're currently in the process of moving everything online to Moodle, where Moodle will do it for us. The internet can do it for us. It checks your, when you hand in your assignments, it checks them for plagiarism, and we don't want to argue with you. You're just out. Okay, you're just out. So pay attention to it. Learn how not to plagiarize. All these courses that you're doing, so you're doing law study skills, they will teach you how not to plagiarize. Take it serious. It's your career. It's your life and career. For the rest of your life. Okay? There's huge consequences. Now I've said it, I've said it, and I will punish you with a minimum of a fail for the entire course and that is a lenient penalty. A lenient penalty. You get caught cheating, you're out. So that's it. So then we go to materials. There you click on this link and here is the book. Now it's not the greatest version in the world because I took pictures of every single page and I put it together so it looks like this but it's there and it's free and there's and feel free to go down and buy it this is my version so there's a bit of highlights in there I haven't highlighted much you can do it yourself but that's it the index should be there as well yep the index everything is there so there is no excuse for those of If you cannot afford to buy it, or it wasn't in the bookshop, or the library didn't have it, it doesn't matter, it's there. Print it, do whatever you need to do, read it. Attend class, read it. Now underneath, the book comes all, so these are all the lectures from last year, no? So then you can, I do them like this, nope, this is a wrong one, I don't do them like this. How did I end up? Oh well, I have last year. Normally I do it so there's notes on the side. No, normally I do them. I'll show you from international trade law. All of this is freely available. Oh, weekly overview. If you want to have a look at So normally I do them like this, so there's little lines, and that means that they are available to you before class, that means you can print them out, and if there's anything that I say in class, you want to add, or any questions you have, we've got notepaper on the side, no? So I put them up before class, they're available to you before class, you can sit with them in class and make notes on them if you want. You don't have to, it's all up to you. Have your own notes on the side if you want. You can also have the system going with your notebook saying notes just like this, notes just like that, whatever you want to do. But it means you can start putting your exam prep material together. It's also smart to print them out and then sit and read the book so you can follow along where in the book is this. That's what I used to do. Make sure that, oh, I'm now on page 39, I'm on page 37, so that when I'm doing, then I can examine for it just from my notes, and then I'm like, I'm not sure I made good enough notes, I'm not sure what I was trying to tell myself, like, oh, but it's on page 57, let me just reread it, huh? So where do you speed things up when you're studying for your exam? Now, do not kid yourself, exam study is necessary. Review is necessary. I'm going to say this and I'm going to say this a thousand times until you get tired of listening to it. Law can never be a sole, single person enterprise. You have to learn to speak to each other. I know that you are more scared of each other than you are of me. I know that you're more afraid of losing face towards each other than you are losing face in my office you'd rather ask me than each other get over it get over it if you want to make one investment and it will be your best investment for your entire career whether starting now in law school and once you get out of employment is figure out who your homies are who are your team up and do it now. You will make so much more progress. You will learn so much more if you team up. For two reasons. One is just, I read for today she says we're doing this. I don't know if I understood anything. Did you understand it? I don't know. Well, let's ask her. This part was completely unclear. I have no idea what the was trying to do. Let's see how it goes in the lecture in the end when she says any questions. We've got a question over here. You know it's not just you. You're discussing with your teammates, all of you are going, okay, this is probably a question that's worth asking. Great. The other part is when something happens and you can't make it to the lecture, you You say to your teammates, hey, I can't make it, I've got an obligation, can you take notes please? Tell me if there's an important message. Help each other. You go to that class, I'll go to that one, share notes. And then lastly, exam prep, no? Prep together, quiz each other. When you run into a wall and you don't know what to do, I don't understand that, I didn't get that. You will obtain more in memory by saying things out loud than you will by reading them. If you say something, so when someone asks you, explain this principle of equity to me, if you said it out loud, you have a 90% higher chance of remembering it than just by reading it. And law is all about remembering things. Find your teammates. Minimum be two in a group, preferably three or four. Work in teams. Organize yourself. Maybe ask your law student society, whatever, someone to help organize yourself. Have a billboard someone looking for a study group. something, something, whatever it takes. Start working in teams. And do it for the rest of your figure. I had the same study group. I still know my study mates. And don't worry about what interests you have. Don't worry about what you're gonna do. I was extremely fortunate. I had a study group with two people. We were four to start with. And after first year, one of us quit and went and became an architect instead. There's three of us. And we were so lucky. We were with nothing in common. Casper loved his civil law stuff. I loved anything to do with criminology, philosophy. And Louise was into international law. And there we were, supplementing each other all the time. And someone was happy to be doing contract law. It was not me. But someone was happy to be doing contract law and found it super interesting and really easy and could explain it to Louise and me. Casper, he is still doing that, no? Find people that you can trust while you're here. Do not do it alone. You're warned, I've said it, that's how it works. Now, can we get to the... that's it! This is what it looks like, just in case the internet didn't work today. This is what we're doing. This week it's all about the history, we're going back to the Crusades, we're doing all sorts of funny things, we're going to the Statute of Uses in 1535, and it is relevant today. We're not just doing a history lesson and because it's interesting or it's fun to do history. We're doing it because we still use it today. It's law in this country still today, even though it happened on the other side of Earth. We're going to talk about customary law and equity and when they supplement each other, when they clash. We're going to talk about the Constitution, international law, paramency of just a Constitution. There's four. And this is my happiest space at all. I love your Constitution. 58.1 or 58.2 is my favourite section of the Papua New Guinea constitution, I'm that nerdy. It's the most beautiful piece of legislation ever written anywhere in the world, and I mean that. And anyone who knows me knows that if I could, I would print t-shirts with 58.2 and sell them in the street. It is amazing. And then we've got customary law, we've got remedies, so first we've got all the principles, And then we've got all the things that when we have something we have a principle and then it gets broken goes wrong Then we've got remedies and then we've got defenses against those remedies and then in week six When we have learned all of this we will have a quiz Okay Wait, you're gonna get a quiz and everything you've learned up until that point Okay, and it will be in class for one hour Then we have a little bit of a break in week 7, then we've got week 8, we start with the nature of trust, and how trust law works, because equity and trust are very good buddies. So again, it's basic principles of how to behave, and the most important thing to take away from trust law is the basic expectation of you as lawyers in terms of moral good standing when you get out there. The principles of trust, so fiduciary property management, it's called with a fancy word, all of that applies to everything that has to do with civil law. So you are learning how you are supposed to be when you get out there. Now, you get this in first year because there is a real expectation from my colleagues that once we've done this, This is who you become. So as first year students, we understand that you don't understand what it means to do law and what profession you've landed in. We hope that you've got lawyers either in your family or in your vicinity, and you've seen that lawyers behave better. We hope that that's your expectation or that's your experience. But after this class, the principles of equity, fiduciary property management, you are expected to be of a better standard. So once you hit second year and third year and fourth year, we expect you to be dignified within your profession so that we can happily graduate you. Not only do you understand what trade you've landed in, you've got some law in your head, but you're also now dignified people that we can be proud of, that are entitled to wear the white shirt and cloak and the wig and the whole shebang. And then we do another class test on that in week 11. It's not all we do in week 11, but we do another test in week 11, and then we do exam review, and I will teach you how to prepare for exam. Now, it's not just how to prepare for exam in this class. I will teach you how to prepare for exam in every single class. How do you answer questions in law? Now, law study skills will look at it and they will tell you it's the IRAC method, no? You have heard about the IRAC method already. It's the way we answer questions. And I will teach you because I know you need a case example, but know that everything that you learn in this class Will apply to every single class every single exam for now and forever It will apply it is what the judges expect of you in code When you start proceeding in your case, they want to know what's the issue. They want to know the rules They want to know how they apply and they want to know what you conclude and recommend So we start with that now and I will, I take this opportunity in this class to wrap, like really teach you how to do it. But you can apply it in every single subject from now on. You will have tutorials, it will be Luke, Mr. Wani, who will do it. He will start next week. Okay, now I have said he will do it Monday, Wednesday, Friday, I cannot confirm that. There's five hours on the schedule, we just need one and we will figure out which ones he can do. Now he hasn't told his, he has told his employer that he will be coming here and doing this, but he still has to figure out which days his employer can do it. Now he's out of the five that is on the list he has to do a minimum of three you only have to pick one okay you only have to pick one. You don't have to count to all three. He will do something with you we haven't discussed yet exactly what the tutorial is going to be but it will be 10% of your mark. Now, there's only three minutes left of my time to talk. We will talk about this next time. We'll talk about conscience and these particular cases. Basically, we'll talk about how the essence of equity. So equity is 20 principles, of which Papua New Guinea has retained 12. And I know that you're going to say, my goodness, she repeats herself. Because I will repeat this to the point where you're like, yeah, yeah, I've got it now. Equity is about, and that's because hopefully at some point when you sit 20 years from now and think, how on earth are we going to solve this, you will remember, oh, there's some essence here. There's some principle. Equity is all about how do we create the perfect system which applies equally to all without overlooking the needs of particular individuals. How do we make a generalized system for everybody where all the exceptions are also included? Because there will always be an exception. There will always be someone who can't. Everyone needs to read the legislation so you know that, right? The law applies even if you don't know it, no? So we make it so you can't drive 120 through town. there's a speed limit of 60, whether you knew it or not, that is the speed limit. So when you speed, just as everyone else did, it doesn't exclude, you know, the lowest the law, it is what it is. And this is a bad example, but if you didn't know, they say, well, it's available for you to read. And then the blind people who shouldn't be driving, but then the blind people will say, well, I can't read. So the main rule is read the law, if you want to know it. If you're blind, someone will make it available to you as an exception, or there will always be exceptions. There will always be someone who will say, well, I can't do that, because whatever, whatever, whatever. So equity is about how do we make the law equal for all and fair to all? How do we create the perfect system which applies equally to everybody without overlooking the needs of particular individuals. That is what we're doing. That is what law is all about. We are back to 1,200 when this was created. The Bible is about that, if you think about it. And that's where we come from. Five minutes left. So that's what we're doing. We will talk about all of these things when we meet next time, which is on Wednesday, I think. Yep, nine o'clock, same time, same space, or nine o'clock in this space. Any questions? You will create a WhatsApp group, sorry, what's wrong with you? There we are, there we are, there we are, okay, there we are, we'll create a WhatsApp group, make sure that you get on it. If you haven't already, go to the website and put a link to it on there. Get your book, start reading. I'll see you on Wednesday. Excited, excited.