Lapu-Lapu City College Environmental Science PDF

Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College...

Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Prepared by: Ms. Johanna Feh A. Vaño, MBA-HRM COURSE DETAILS Program Title: Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management & Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management Course Number: GE. Elec. 1 Course Title: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Credit Units: 3 Term: First Semester AY 2022-2023 Instructor: Johanna Feh A. Vaño, MBA-HRM Contact Details: [email protected] This module is prepared for Page 1 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 MODULE OVERVIEW Environmental science often emphasizes that while we are surrounded by challenges, we also have tremendous opportunities. We face critical challenges in biodiversity loss, clean water protection, climate change, population growth, sustainable food systems, and many other areas. But we also have tremendous opportunities to take action to protect and improve our environment. By studying this module, you have the opportunity to gain the tools and the knowledge to make intelligent choices on these and countless other questions. Because of its emphasis on problem solving, environmental science is often a hopeful field. Even while we face warming climates, looming water crises, we can observe solutions in global expansion in access to education, healthcare, information, even political participation and human rights. Birthrates are falling almost everywhere, as women’s rights gradually improve. Creative individuals are inventing new ideas for alternative energy and transportation systems that were undreamed of a generation ago. We are rethinking our assumptions about how to improve cities, food production, water use, and air quality. Local action is rewriting our expectations, and even economic and political powers feel increasingly compelled to show cooperation in improving environmental quality. Why studying environmental science is so important to tourism? The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourism’s relationship with the environment is complex and many activities can have adverse environmental effects if careful tourism planning and management is not undertaken. It is ironic really, that tourism often destroys the very things that it relies on! Many of the negative environmental impacts that result from tourism are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. The course provides an integrated coverage of the basic concepts and principles of ecology and the major human implications of these concepts. This involves a holistic approach in dealing with the understanding on working in a socially diverse environment and personalities (2.3) to ensure comfort and ambience for customers, as deemed culturally appropriate. Included are topics on the nature of ecosystems, relations of individuals and populations, the major communities and man’s impact on environment. This course also discusses a familiarization on the basic environmental management system, legal environmental regulations required for business compliance, principles of environment assessments and monitoring systems, and the impact of human on environment to embrace responsibility and encourage positive impact on the environment and the communities (7.0). In addition, this is based on the course description of the subject, Macro Perspective in Tourism and Hospitality found in CHED Memorandum Order No. 62 Series of 2017. This module is divided into chapters and each chapter has specific lessons. Each lesson has the following features so that you can have a better grasp of the concepts. 1. Learning Compass This portion orients you with the learning outcomes for the learning unit. 2. Let’s Begin! After the identification of learning outcomes and overview for every lesson, you will be given a task that leads you to the key concepts to be discussed in that unit. 3. Let’s Learn This serves as the discussion of the concepts of each lesson. 4. Take Note! This provides the summary of the important concepts of the lesson. 5. How Far Have We Gone? Page 2 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 To check whether the given learning outcomes are met, you are given another task to assess the extent of understanding. (This part will be accessed through our google classroom.) 6. Walk the Extra Mile! Every unit is ended with suggested activities for the enrichment of learning and further application of what has been learned. (This part will be accessed through our google classroom.) 7. Suggested Readings This portion provides you a list of suggested supplementary readings (mostly online) should you want to deepen your knowledge of the lessons. 8. Lesson Reflection This portion requires you jot down your thoughts by answering self-introspective questions. (This part will be accessed through our google classroom.) This module also includes a Summative Test which will be accessed through our google classroom at the end of every chapter. Lastly, a Course Feedback is provided at the end of this module for you to share your evaluative feedback of this module. This part will be our basis for improvement for future revision. Welcome to this learning adventure. Buckle up and enjoy the ride! Additional information: The How Far Have We Gone, Walk the Extra Mile, Lesson Reflection & Summative Test are stored in our google classroom. The instructions and the content of the assessment will be given there too. Your answers must be turned in on the deadline that shows in our google classroom. At the same time, you need to write the same answers on the separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module. These will be collected at the end of the first quarter. Timeline of activities that will include specific dates to accomplish every lesson and deadline of your assessments will be provided during our first virtual meeting. Page 3 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE “The Earth will not continue to offer its harvest, except with faithful stewardship. We cannot say we love the land and then take steps to destroy it for use by future generations.” —John Paul II Page 4 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 LESSON 1 Define Environmental Science and our Current Conditions Learning Compass At the end of this module, you are expected to have: ✓ explained what environmental science is, and how it draws on different kinds of knowledge; ✓ described some current concerns in environmental science Let’s Begin! Pre-Test: This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Let’s Discuss What Is Environmental Science? Humans have always inhabited two worlds. One is the natural world of plants, animals, soils, air, and water that preceded us billions of years and of which we are a part. The other is the world of social institutions and artifacts that we create for ourselves using science, technology, and political organization. Both worlds are essential to our lives, but integrating them successfully causes enduring tensions. Where earlier people had limited ability to alter their surroundings, we now have power to extract and consume resources, produce wastes, and modify our world in ways that threaten both our continued existence and that of many organisms with which we share the planet. To ensure a sustainable future for ourselves and future generations, we need to understand something about how our world works, what we are doing to it, and what we can do to protect and improve it. Environment (from the French environner: to encircle or surround) can be defined as (1) the circumstances or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or (2) the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community. Figure 1 Many kinds of knowledge contribute to solutions in environmental science. A few examples are shown. Page 5 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Environmental Science is the use of scientific approaches to understanding the complex systems in which we live. It is the systematic study of our environment and our place in it. A field of science that studies the interactions of the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment and the relationships and effects of these components with the organisms in the environment A relatively new field, environmental science is highly interdisciplinary, integrating natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities in a broad, holistic study of the world around us. As distinguished economist Barbara Ward pointed out, for an increasing number of environmental issues, the difficulty is not to identify remedies. Remedies are now well understood. The problem is to make them socially, economically, and politically acceptable. The solutions to the environmental problems increasingly involve human social systems as well as natural science. (See Figure 1) Environmental science is integrative. We inhabit both a natural world of biological diversity and physical processes and a human environment of ideas and practices. Environmental science involves both these natural and human worlds. Environmental science is global. You are already aware of our global dependence on resources and people in faraway places, from computers built in China to oil extracted in Iraq or Venezuela. These interdependencies become clearer as we learn more about global and regional environmental systems. Often the best way to learn environmental science is to see how principles play out in real places. Familiarity with the world around us will help you understand the problems and their context. Environmental science helps us understand our remarkable planet. Imagine that you are an astronaut returning to the earth after a trip to the moon or Mars. What a relief it would be, after the silent void of outer space, to return to this beautiful, bountiful planet (fig. 1.3). We live in an incredibly prolific and colorful world that is, as far as we know, unique in the universe. Compared with other planets in our solar system, temperatures on the earth are mild and relatively constant. Plentiful supplies of clean air, freshwater, and fertile soil are regenerated endlessly and spontaneously by biogeochemical cycles and biological communities Current Conditions We live on a marvelous planet! Perhaps the most amazing feature of our planet is the rich diversity of life that exists here. Millions of beautiful and intriguing species populate the earth and help sustain a habitable environment. This vast multitude of life creates complex, interrelated communities where towering trees and huge animals live together with, and depend upon, tiny life forms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Together all these organisms make up delightfully diverse, self-sustaining communities, including dense, moist forests, vast sunny savannas, and richly colorful coral reefs. We face many serious environmental problems. With more than 6.5 billion humans currently, we’re adding about 75 million more to the world every year. While demographers report a transition to slower growth rates in most countries, present trends project a population between 8 and 10 billion by 2050. The iimpactof that many people on our natural resources and ecological systems is a serious concern. Page 6 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Clean Water. Water may well be the most critical resource in the twenty-first century. Already at least 1.1 billion people lack an adequate supply of safe drinking water, and more than twice that many don’t have modern sanitation. Polluted water and lack of sanitation are estimated to contribute to the ill health of more than 1.2 billion people annually, including the death of 15 million children per year. About 40 percent of the world population lives in countries where water demands now exceed supplies, and by 2025 the UN projects that as many as three-fourths of us could live under similar conditions. Water wars may well become the major source of international conflict in coming decades. Food Supplies. Over the past century, global food production has more than kept pace with human population growth, but there are worries about whether we will be able to maintain this pace (fig. 1.4). Soil scientists report that about two-thirds of all agricultural lands show signs of degradation. Biotechnology and intensive farming techniques responsible for much of our recent production gains often are too expensive for poor farmers. Can we find ways to produce the food we need without further environmental degradation? And will that food be distributed equitably? Energy. How we obtain and use energy is likely to play a crucial role in our environmental future. Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) presently provide around 80 percent of the energy used in industrialized countries. Supplies of these fuels are diminishing, however, and problems associated with their acquisition and use—air and water pollution, mining damage, shipping accidents, and geopolitics—may limit what we do with remaining reserves. Cleaner renewable energy resources—solar power, wind, geothermal, and biomass—together with conservation, could give us cleaner, less destructive options if we invest in appropriate technology. Climate Change. Burning fossil fuels, making cement, cultivating rice paddies, clearing forests, and other human activities release carbon dioxide and other so-called “greenhouse gases” that trap heat in the atmosphere. Climate changes caused by greenhouse gases are very likely to cause increasingly severe weather events including droughts in some areas and floods in others. Melting alpine glaciers and snowfields could threaten water supplies on which millions of people depend. Already, we are seeing dramatic climate changes in the Antarctic and Arctic where seasons are changing, sea ice is disappearing, and permafrost is melting (fig. 1.6). Rising sea levels are flooding low-lying islands and coastal regions, while habitat losses and climatic changes are affecting many biological species. Air Pollution. Air quality has worsened dramatically in many areas. Worldwide, the United Nations estimates that more than 2 billion metric tons of air pollutants (not including carbon dioxide or wind-blown soil) are emitted each year. Air pollution no longer is merely a local problem. Biodiversity Loss. Biologists report that habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and introduction of exotic organisms are eliminating species at a rate comparable to the great extinction that marked the end of the age of dinosaurs. The UN Environment Programme reports that over the past century, more than 800 species have disappeared and at least 10,000 species are now considered threatened. 7 Environmental Principles of Nature The key to understanding the environmental problems that we encounter today is to learn about our ecosystem. This section highlights the basic environmental principles. 1. Nature knows best. Page 7 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 This principle is the most basic and in fact, encompasses all the others. Humans have to understand nature and have to abide by the rules nature dictates. In essence, one must not go against the natural processes if one would like to ensure a continuous and steady supply of resources. 2. All forms of life are important. Each organism plays a fundamental role in nature. Since such an occupational or functional position, otherwise known as a niche, cannot be simultaneously occupied by more than one specie, it is apparent that all living things must be considered invaluable in the maintenance of homeostasis in the ecosystem. 3. Everything is connected to everything else. This principle is best exemplified by the concept of the ecosystem. In an ecosystem, all biotic and amniotic components interact with each other to ensure that the system is perpetuated. Any outside interference may result in an imbalance and the deterioration of the system. 4. Everything changes. It is said that the only permanent thing is change. As a general classification, change may be linear, cyclical or random. As example of linear change is evolution of species, which has brought about higher and more complex types of organisms. Cyclical change may be exemplified by seasons and the rhythms in floral and faunal life stages that go with the seasons. An example of random change is the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, which brought about great upheaval in many parts of Luzon and changes in the topography of the land. 5. Everything must go somewhere. When a piece of paper is thrown away, it disappears from sight but it does not cease to exist. It ends up elsewhere. Gases released in smokestacks may disperse but it will end up a component of the atmosphere or brought down by rains. What a particular type of waste does to the earth's repository should be of concern to us. It may be a pollutant or a resource depending on certain factors. 6. Ours is a finite earth. The earth’s resources can be classified as either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources are those that can easily be replenished by natural cycles (e.g. water, air, plants, and animals) while non-renewable resources are those that cannot be replenished through natural cycles (e.g. ores of various metals, oil, coal). Although renewable resources can be replenished, it is important to note that these are renewable only as long as they are not overused nor destroyed from such factors such as pollution. To ensure that these resources will be continually replenished, it is essential to know how much of a resource can be consumed at a given time to balance the rate of exploitation with the rate of replenishment. 7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God's creation. Among all creatures, humans are the only ones made in God's image and have been given the right to have dominion over all His creations. Being the most intelligent and gifted with reason, humans are capable of manipulating creation to their own advantage. Yet, creation exists not to be ravaged or abused but to be taken care of. Humans cannot exist without nature. They are co-natural with the environment they live in. If the environment they live in is destroyed, with it will go Homo Sapiens. Take Note! Remember: Environmental Science is the use of scientific approaches to understanding the complex systems in which we live. It is the systematic study of our environment and our place in it. Page 8 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 How Far Have We Gone? This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Walk the Extra Mile! This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Suggested Readings Read and watch the following articles and videos in the specified website. See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB0JA7jsqMw What is Environmental Science. Definition and the scope of the field. See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dru4tp-AmkE Environmental Problems in the Philippines See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0pB1qw8SMs Environmental Problems See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Puv0Pss33M How to Save our Planet? References Cunningham, W., & Cunningham, M., Environmental Science. (pp. 12-17) Lesson Reflection Answer the following questions here as your journal. Share your answer to the class during our virtual meeting. 1. How much did you know about the topics before we started? What have you learned after this lesson? 2. How can you apply what you have learned to your current life as a student and to your future dream career Page 9 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 LESSON 2: MATTER & ENERGY Learning Compass At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: ✓ define matter & energy; ✓ describe the states and classifications of matter; ✓ explain the properties of matter and what made its identity unique; and ✓ describe the energy resources & ways on how to conserve energy. Let’s Begin! Pre-Test: This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Let’s Discuss MATTER Matter is made of atoms, molecules, and compounds Everything that occupies space and has mass is matter. It is the material that makes up things in the Universe. Matter exists in three distinct states—solid, liquid, and gas—due to differences in the arrangement of its constitutive particles. Water, for example, can exist as ice (solid), as liquid water, or as water vapor (gas). Under ordinary circumstances, matter is neither created nor destroyed but rather is recycled over and over again. Some of the molecules that make up your body probably contain atoms that once made up the body of a dinosaur and most certainly were part of many smaller prehistoric organisms, as chemical elements are used and reused by living organisms. Matter is transformed and combined in different ways, but it doesn’t disappear; everything goes somewhere. These statements paraphrase the physical principle of conservation of matter. Matter consists of elements, which are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions. Each of the 122 known elements (92 natural, plus 30 created under special conditions) has distinct chemical characteristics. Just four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—are responsible for more than 96 percent of the mass of most living organisms. All elements are composed of atoms, which are the smallest unit of matter and building blocks of everything in the Universe that exhibit the unique chemical characteristics of an element. Atoms are composed of smaller parts known as protons, neutrons and electrons. Structure of The Atom: Page 10 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Our current model of the atom can be broken down into three constituent parts – protons, neutron, and electrons. Each of these parts has an associated charge, with protons carrying a positive charge, electrons having a negative charge, and neutrons possessing no net charge. In accordance with the Standard Model of particle physics, protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit it in a “cloud”. States of Matter The following are the characteristics states of matter: 1. SOLID ▪ Has a definite shape (rigid) ▪ Definite volume ▪ Particles vibrate around fixed positions 2. LIQUID ▪ No definite shape (takes the shape of its container) Has definite volume ▪ Particles are free to move over each other, but are still attracted to other 3. GAS ▪ No definite shape (takes the shape of its-container) No definite volume ▪ Particles move in random motion with little or no attraction to each other ▪ Highly compressible 4. PLASMA ▪ No definite shape ▪ No definite volume ▪ Known as the fourth-state of matter ▪ Not an ordinary gas because it can generate electricity Classification of Matter 1. Mixture is composed of different substances and the proportions that makeup the mixture vary likewise they can be separated by physical method. Mixtures are classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogenous to the naked eye indistinguishable parts while heterogeneous have distinguishable parts. 2. Pure Substances have constant composition and can only be separated by chemical reactions. Elements and compounds are pure substances. Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means while compounds are substances with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes. Page 11 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Pure substances, however, can be broken down in the process of chemical changes. Chemical changes involve a change in color, change in temperature, change in odor, which make the substance form other chemical value. Mixtures on the other hand can be separated by physical changes. A physical change is a change in the form of the substance, but not its chemical compositions. Methods of Separating Mixtures 1. Distillation is a process of separating a mixture by differences in boiling point. 2. Filtration is a process of separating a solid and a liquid. 3. Chromatography is a method of separation that requires 2 phases, stationary phase and a mobile phase Properties of Matter Property is the characteristic that give each substance its unique identity. 1. Physical property is tangible property that shows what the substance or matter is, without changing into or interacting with another substance (color melting point, conductivity, density). 2. Chemical properties are those that will happen to a substance as it changes into or interacts with another substance (or substances) (i.e. flammability, corrosiveness, and reactivity with acids). Physical and Chemical Change There are two types of changes in matter, 1. Physical Change occurs when a substance change its physical form, not its composition. 2. Chemical change (chemical reaction) occurs when a substance (or substances) is altered into different substance (or substances). Energy If matter is the material of which things are made, energy provides the force to hold structures together, tear them apart, and move them from one place to another. In this section we will look at some fundamental characteristics of these components of our world. Energy occurs in different types and qualities Energy is the ability to do work or the capacity for doing work such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures. Energy can take many different forms. Heat, light, electricity, and chemical energy are examples that we all experience. Types of Energy There are two basic forms of energy: kinetic energy and potential energy. The energy contained in moving objects or the energy due to motion of an object is called kinetic energy. A rock rolling down a hill, the wind blowing through the trees, water flowing over a dam, or electrons speeding around the nucleus of an atom are all examples of kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy that is latent but available for use or a stored energy by an object that can be transformed into another form of energy. A rock poised at the top of a Page 12 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 hill and water stored behind a dam, the food that we eat contains chemical energy, and the gasoline of cars are examples of potential energy. Energy Resources Conventional Energy Resources Conventional sources of energy are non-renewable sources of energy, which are being used since the time being. The use of this form of energy has been in massive volumes for the past years that their Gown reserves have been decreased to a great extent, that it is becoming increasingly difficult to discover and exploit their new deposits. Coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers called coal beds or coal seams. It is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen' sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is one of the most important sources of energy. Coal is used in heating, in steam engines and also in generation of electricity. Crude Oil Crude oil is a liquid found naturally in rock, containing mostly complex hydrocarbons, with some additional organic material. It is one of the major fuels used today, and is used in the production of many synthetic materials. Crude oil differs in weight and color, and in composition. Natural Gas Natural gas is a highly combustible colorless and odorless hydrocarbon composed mainly of methane. In pressurized deposits located deep in the Earth's crust, this gas is produced. The same manner as oil, natural gas is also produced by geologic processes that act upon organic matter over millions of years and its high combustibility with low emissions makes it a highly important resource. Wind Energy Wind power means the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy This is possible by using wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, and wind pumps. Page 13 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy Advantages Disadvantages Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment, Winds unreliability factor for winds strength is too low in some because no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. areas and don't have the capability to support a wind turbine or wind farm. Wind turbines take up less space than the average power It produces a lot less electricity than the average fossil fueled station. power station, requiring multiple wind turbines to be built in order to make an impact. Newer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy Construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding much more efficient. wildlife during the build process. Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in The noise pollution it produces since the noise it produces remote locations, such as mountain communities and remote can be compared to small jet engine. countryside. When combined with solar electricity, this energy source is great for developed and developing countries to provide a steady, reliable supply of electricity: Solar Energy Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into usable energy. Solar energy can be a source of energy to produce electricity to homes, businesses, schools and other similar places. The power of sunlight can be harnessed by collecting and converting it into electricity. This is done by using solar panels (photovoltaic cells), which are large flat panels are made up of many individual solar cells, these cells have been invented to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. Solar Power Generation Page 14 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy Advantages Disadvantages Sunlight is free. The Solar Cells and Solar Panels that are needed to harness solar energy tend to be very expensive. The harnessing of this energy source has no danger of Solar power cannot be harnessed during a storm, on a cloudy pollution. day or at night, thus limiting the power that can be saved for future use. The technology harnessing this energy is cost effective Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to achieve a good level of efficiency. Most systems of solar power require a low maintenance The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the factor. sun. Most systems have a life span of 30 to 40 years likewise; most The production of solar energy influenced by the presence of system carry a full warranty for 20 to 30 years or more. clouds or pollution in the air. Lastly, solar energy is not produced during night time. Hydroelectric Power Hydro power is the process of changing the kinetic energy of flowing water in a river into electrical power that can be used by end users. It works when a dam is built in big naturally occurring river or lake. The dam functions as a reservoir of water thereby holding the water and creating pressure So that water can produce more electrical power. Gravitational potential energy is stored in the water, that when it flows it helps the turbine rotate thus powering the generator to create or produce electricity. These turbines are within the tunnels in the dam. The water in the dam has immense pressure due to its great height, and the greater the volume of water where it flows out then one can get more power out of the water as has greater potential energy. The generator contains two main parts; the rotator and the stator. The rotator is the part which rotates and the stator is the part which is covered in copper. The electrical current is created when the rotator spins around the copper wire on the stator. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power Advantages to hydroelectric power Disadvantages to hydroelectric power Minimal amount of pollution is produced Hydropower has high investment costs Free by nature, since the mechanism to produce energy is Hydro power is dependent on the amount of precipitation. flowing water. Hydropower plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas Inundation of land and wildlife habitat, emissions. Low operations and maintenance costs. Loss or modification of fish habitat. Page 15 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 The technology is reliable and proven over time. Fish entrainment or passage restriction. The energy source is renewable as long as there is rain and Changes in reservoir and stream water quality. running water. Displacement of local populations Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is harnessed from the heat coming beneath the Earth. This energy provides a clean and renewable resource. The unlimited heat coming from the center or Earth's interior makes this energy source renewable. The heat continuously flowing from the Earth's interior, which travels primarily by conduction, is estimated to be equivalent to 42 million megawatts (MW) of power, and is expected to remain se for billions of years to come, ensuring an inexhaustible supply of energy. According to the Geothermal Energy Association, geothermal system requires heat, permeability, and water. This heat from the Earth's core according to them will continuously flow outward until it reaches the Earth's surface as lava, but usually remains below thereby heating nearby rock and water reaching a temperature that might range up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. This water is then heated to become hot water that will produce steam that collects underground because they are trapped in permeable and porous rocks producing geothermal reservoir, as manifested by hot springs and geysers. A geothermal reservoir is the collection of hot water underground or beneath the surface of the earth. Geothermal Power Plant Schematic Diagram Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy Advantages to Geothermal Energy Disadvantages to Geothermal Energy Low running cost. It saves about 80% of the fossil fuel cost. High initial installation cost. No fuel needed to generate power. Viable areas for construction are only few since area where geothermal plants are built must have a good heat source It’s renewable; because the mechanism to produce energy comes naturally from the earth. It’s not a big risk to the environment since this energy source is renewable, it does not somehow harm the environment in the process. Energy Conservation The following are the tips for reducing energy consumption: Page 16 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 20 Tips to Save Energy by Cebu Daily News. 1. Always turn off the lights when leaving a room. 2. Use compact fluorescent light bulbs. They use less electricity and last up to 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs. 3. Make sure that bulbs, fixtures, lenses, lamps and reflective surfaces are cleaned regularly. By removing the grease, dust and other dirt, you can increase the output of your lights. 4. Refrigerator accounts for 11 percent of a household's total energy consumptions. Today’s energy-efficient refrigerators use 50 percent less energy than old models. 5. Organize food on refrigerator shelves to allow ample airflow and efficient operation. 6. Chest freezers are more energy efficient than upright models. Cold air stays in better when the door is opened. 7. A room air conditioner filter should be cleaned once per quartet. A dirty air filter reduces airflow and may even damage the unit. 8. A poorly performing air conditioner should be serviced without delay. A leaking refrigerant not only reduces the unit's efficiency, it also emits greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. 9. Using a microwave oven instead of a conventional oven can save 50 percent of cooking energy costs. Microwave ovens cook food faster than conventional ovens. 10. Oven toaster uses much less energy than a conventional oven. It is also faster and more convenient for cooking small quantities of food. 11. Iron clothes in bulk once a week. 12. Give your car a break. Combine trips whenever possible. Use mass transit, walk or bike whenever possible. Leaving your car at home just two days week will save 1,590 pounds of greenhouse gas emissions each year. 13. Always maintain your car to maximize its fuel efficiency, safety and reliability. 14. Refrain from charging cellular phones when the battery is not yet fully empty. This does not only save energy; it also prevents damage on your cellular phones. 15. Unplug any battery chargers or power adapters when not in use. 16. Activate sleep features on computers, copiers and other machines that power down when the equipment is on but not in use for a while. Turn off equipment during long periods of non-use to cut energy costs. 17. Use lap top computers since they use up to 90 percent less energy than a standard Computer. 18. Consider using ink-jet printers which also use 90 percent less energy than laser printers. 19. Choose flat-panel computer monitor rather than a regular cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor. Some flat-panel liquid crystal display monitors use considerably less electricity than comparably-sized CRT models. Price; for LCD monitors have been dropping. Buy the smallest monitor. The bigger the monitor, the more energy it uses. A 17—inch monitor consumes 35 percent more electricity than a 14-inch monitor. 20. Implement paper-reducing strategies, such as double-sided documents printing, re-using to save paper and using e- mail instead of sending memos or faxing documents and conserve other resources. Page 17 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Take Note! Remember: Energy is the ability to do work or the capacity for doing work such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures. How Far Have We Gone? This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Take note that you need to write your answers on the separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module which will be collected at the end of the first quarter. Walk the Extra Mile! This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Take note that you need to write your answers on the separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module which will be collected at the end of the first quarter. Suggested Readings Read and watch the following articles and videos in the specified website. See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0LBegPWzrg What is Energy? See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63t0Y2ACoh4 Types of Energy l Energy Forms l Energy Sources and Uses See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Giek094C_l4 Types of Energy Page 18 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 References Guido, R., Garcia, R., Meneses, J., Quilang, A., & Binag, N., Fundamentals of Environmental Science. (pp. 13-25) Lesson Reflection Answer the following questions here as your journal. Share your answer to the class during our virtual meeting. 1. How much did you know about the topics before we started? What have you learned after this lesson? 2. How can you apply what you have learned to your current life as a student and to your future dream career? Page 19 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 LESSON 3: HYDROLOGY Learning Compass At the end of this module, you are expected to have: ✓ defined hydrology and water; ✓ described hydrologic cycle; ✓ identified the essentialities, physical and chemical properties of water; and ✓ discussed the kinds, definition and the types of water Let’s Begin! Pre-Test: This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Let’s Discuss We can’t escape our need for water, even if we wanted to. Our bodies are made up of 66% water and require water daily! We developed in amniotic fluid; we can’t last more than two or three days without water; we wash ourselves and nearly everything else in water; we get much of our food from water (oceans); and, we travel on water. Water is king! Hydrology Hydrology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on, in, and above the earth. Studies the quality of water, hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental water sustainability. It is frequently simply denoted as the study of water. If water is king, then the hydrologic cycle is queen. This natural, give-and-take balancing system is the agent of the planet’s water supply. It recycles the earth’s crucial water supply in many different forms. Since the beginning of time, the Earth’s water has been used over and over. Recycling is not a recent idea. The water you’re drinking today may have been, at one time, part of a tropical bay with a basking Brachiosaurus family enjoying the beach nearby. Thanks to the hydrologic cycle, that same swallow of water has probably been a liquid, solid, and gas infinitely many times throughout geologic time. Time after time, water plays important, but different, ecological roles as it moves from one form to another. Water Water covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface, but it’s hard to picture that much water. Standing on a beach and looking seaward, ocean water stretches to the horizon and seems to go on forever. Water is often referred to as the basis of life. It is composed of two atoms of Hydrogen and an atom of Oxygen. It is one of the most abundant compounds in Earth. Page 20 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 There are about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water. It makes up the biggest amount of liquid on earth's surface reaching up to 336 miles. Almost. 97% of water are in the oceans, just over 3% is found as fresh water, this can be found in water system like lakes, streams, groundwater, and at the atmosphere. Earth's water source is a reusable supply that is continuously being redistributed over the Earth. Water is the most important of all compound substances. It plays a vital role in all plants and animal life. Many reactions particularly the life processes, take place only in aqueous or water solution. Because water is least expensive of all liquids and because it is an excellent solvent, it is the most useful substance used in industry Three-fourths of the earth's surface is covered with water. The human body contains approximately 70% water. Water also exists as a constituent of many substances. It a common substance that is usually taken for granted. However, it is the most lavish and the most important chemical substance. It plays an important role in the functioning of both the bodies; water is the universal solvent. It occurs in three states of matter solid, liquid and gas as water vapor. Essentialities of Water The following are some of the important features of water: 1. Metabolism — it aids in the metabolism of animals. 2. Photosynthesis — it helps in the metabolism of plants. 3. Lubrication is in a liquid form, and it aids to make a friction Less surface. 4. Transport of substances - it acts as a medium for transport and for chemical activities within the cell. 5. Transport of heat - it has the capability to absorb heat. 6. Support — it assists humans, animals and plants in the daily life services such as; laundry, washing dishes, bathing, etc. 7. Temperature control - water helps the control and regulation of temperature. Kinds of Water The following are the different types of water: 1. Surface water is a type of water that can be perceived (e.g. oceans, lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams). 2. Groundwater is the name given to fresh water stored in open spaces within the underground rocks and unconsolidated materials. It is a form of fresh water that is found under earth's surface. Water that arises from precipitation, some of it becomes runoff, but large amount of it seeps into the ground and becomes trapped in cracks and pores of the soil and rock, and water infiltration from lakes, streams and ponds. 3. Precipitation is the most variable element of weather. It can take the form of rain, dew, fog, hail, sleet or snow, and may vary widely in its frequency, duration, intensity and spatial pattern. It is mainly derived from the oceans and plays a vital role in the cycling of water. Definition of Drinking Water Water accounts for about 70% of the body weight. Even bones contain 30 -40% water. Water is essential to the body's vital processes. One could not even utilize the oxygen we breathe were i! not that the lung tissues are constantly moist. Evaporation of water from the skin helps regulate the body temperature. The digestive juices contain high percentage of water. The elimination of body wastes through the kidneys requires water. Page 21 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 The amount of water in the tissues is precisely regulated. If it varies more than 10% either way, serious symptoms result. If the amount should increase or decrease that as much as 20% death would ensure. Water is said to be potable if it is a freshwater is not polluted and is suitable for drinking. Pure Water According to the usual definition, water that is safe for drinking is called pure. It contains no disease producing germs or poisons. It needs not be soft that is relatively free from minerals. Hard water too, can be pure though it contains iron, calcium and magnesium. Many people assume that clear water flowing in an open stream is pure. Flowing water maybe contaminated by germs or poison and still appears perfectly clear. Only by laboratory test can the suitability of water for drinking be determined. Disease germs are easily carried by water. The faulty handling of sewage may pollute the water of private levels or municipal systems. Most cities have purification plants to ensure the purity of the domestic water supply. 1. Drinking Water a. Foul water means "stale" (not fresh). It is water, which have been stored for a long time in a container. It acquires a peculiar odor and taste. However, this kind of water is safe to drink. b. Safe water contains some impurities but these impurities are harmless. It is what we usually drink. Safe water usually contains some harmless germs, dissolved air and minerals, sediment or silt and traces of germicides such as chlorine. c. Pure water contains no germs, no dissolved minerals nor air. There are no substances and sediments present. Example: distilled water — is the product of condensation and evaporation of water. 2. Soft water does not contain dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and iron. 3. Hard water - water containing appreciable quantities of calcium, magnesium and iron salts. a. Temporary hard water contains the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium that precipitate as insoluble carbonates of heating. Temporary hardness maybe removed by boiling. b. Permanent hard water contains sulfates and to a limited extent, chlorides of calcium, magnesium and iron. Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling. It can be removed only by chemical softeners such as sodium carbonate, sodium tetraborate or borax, ammonium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate or a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. 4. Heavy water is composed of deuterium oxide molecule. Ordinary water molecular weight of 18 but in every 600 volumes of water there is about 1 volume of heavy water of deuterium oxide. Deuterium is an isotope with atomic weight 2 and is designated heavy hydrogen. Page 22 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Types of Water 1. Artesian Water comes from a well in a confined aquifer. The water level in Well must stand at some height above the top of the aquifer. It may also be known as "artesian well water." 2. Fluoridated water Contains fluoride that is added within the water, but some spring and artesian sources have naturally occurring fluoride in trace amounts. 3. Mineral water is distinguished from other types of water by the regular mineral and trace elements present. It must contain no less than 250 parts per million (ppm) total dissolved solids (TDS) with the solids being the minerals in the water. It must come from a geologically and physically protected underground water source. 4. Purified water is produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis or other suitable processes. 5. Sparkling water contains the same amount of carbon dioxide that it had at occurrence from the source after the treatment and possible replacement of carbon dioxide. 6. Spring water emanates from beneath the earth, from under strata that formed in prehistoric times. It must come from underground formation and flow naturally to the surface of the earth. 7. Sterile water is also known as "sterilized water". It must meet the requirements under "Sterility test." 8. Well water comes from a hole that is bored, drilled or otherwise constructed in the ground, tapping the water of an aquifer. Water forms a dynamic recycling process called the hydrologic cycle. Solar energy evaporates from the oceans, seas, rivers and lakes to form clouds in the atmosphere. The clouds when cooled due to change in temperature may condense & will form into rain. These show that the water cycle indicates the amount of Water within the earth is constant. Hydrologic Cycle The hydrologic cycle is made up of all water movement and storage throughout the Earth’s hydrosphere. When the sun heats the oceans, the cycle starts. Water evaporates and then falls as precipitation in the form of snow, hail, rain, or fog. While it’s falling, some of the water evaporates or is sucked up by thirsty plants before soaking into the ground. The sun’s heat also keeps the cycle going. Hydrologic cycle is composed of the interconnections between water reservoirs in the environment and living organisms and the physical processes involved in its transport between those reservoirs. It describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth. Some of the processes that take place during hydrologic cycle are: 1. Evaporation is the process of transformation of water from liquid to gas by means of solar radiation as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the atmosphere. 2. Sublimation is the phase change from solid to gas; it is the State change from solid water to water vapor which occurs at the glaciers. 3. Transpiration is the release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air. 4. Condensation is the process of transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air which creates clouds and fogs. 5. Advection is the process that moves water, regardless of its state, throughout the atmosphere. It serves evaporated water over the oceans to be precipitated over land. Page 23 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 6. Precipitation is the process of transformation of water in which the condensed water vapor falls to the earth's surface. Precipitation might be in the form of rain, snow, hail, fog, drip and sleet. 7. Runoff includes surface runoff and channel runoff. While the water flows it may seep into the ground, evaporated into the air, become stored in lake« or reservoirs. 8. Infiltration is the flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or groundwater. Water Treatment (Water Purification) Water for drinking and domestic use must be free from suspended impurities and bacteria. The following processes are used for purifying water: 1. Sedimentation — water is allowed to flow into reservoirs or setting tanks where most of the large, suspended solids settle to the bottom. The partly clear water then undergoes further purification. 2. Flocculation or coagulation - alum and lime or ferrous sulfate and lime are added in order to make fine particles of clay, sand and organic matter to form flocs. Aluminum sulfate reacts with water forming aluminum hydroxides, a gelatinous precipitate that drags suspended materials along with it. 3. Filtration consists of passing thru layers of sand and gravel and even charcoal to absorb coloring matter. 4. Chlorination is the addition of chlorine in the amount of one-part chlorine per million parts water to destroy microorganism. 5. Aeration is a popular way of removing unpleasant taste and objectionable odor in water. In this process, water is prayed into air and sunlight. Oxygen in air dissolves in the water, improving its taste, helps oxidize organic matter present, and certain germs in water. Other Ways of Water Purification A common and satisfactory method of purifying water is to boil it for about ten minutes for boiling kills disease producing germs. Another effective method particularly in emergencies is by mixing into quarts of water tablets for water purification which can be purchased at the drugstore. Take Note! Remember: Hydrology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on, in, and above the earth. Studies the quality of water, hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental water sustainability. It is frequently simply denoted as the study of water. Page 24 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 How Far Have We Gone? This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Take note that you need to write your answers on the separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module which will be collected at the end of the first quarter. Walk the Extra Mile! This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Take note that you need to write your answers on the separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module which will be collected at the end of the first quarter. Suggested Readings Read and watch the following articles and videos in the specified website. See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGWr5jXJfbs The Water See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yIPpYbYAMA Hydrology See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cm4TnJ07sNc What is Water See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkAhB-8CtZg Water Water Everywhere References Guido, R., Garcia, R., Meneses, J., Quilang, A., & Binag, N., Fundamentals of Environmental Science. (pp. 39 - 44) Page 25 of 26  Republic of the Philippines City of Lapu-Lapu Lapu-Lapu City College COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015 Lesson Reflection Answer the following questions here as your journal. Share your answer to the class during our virtual meeting. 1. How much did you know about the topics before we started? What have you learned after this lesson? 2. How can you apply what you have learned to your current life as a student and to your future dream career? Summative Test! This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION. Page 26 of 26