Environmental Studies Notes PDF

Introduction and Natural Resources Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies  Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies Ecology: Focuses on relationships between organisms and their environments, studying ecosystems, biodiversity, and...

Introduction and Natural Resources Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies  Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies Ecology: Focuses on relationships between organisms and their environments, studying ecosystems, biodiversity, and species interactions. Biology: Examines living organisms, their physiology, and genetics, providing insights into conservation and ecosystem health. Chemistry: Analyzes environmental pollutants, chemical cycles (like carbon and nitrogen), and the impacts of chemicals on ecosystems and human health. Geography: Explores spatial relationships, land use, and the impacts of human activity on landscapes, integrating physical and human geography. Economics: Evaluates the economic impacts of environmental policies, resource management, and sustainability, emphasizing cost-benefit analyses and market solutions.  Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies Political Science: Studies environmental policies, governance structures, and the role of politics in environmental decision-making and advocacy. Sociology: Investigates the social dimensions of environmental issues, including community responses, cultural values, and social justice. Anthropology: Examines human interactions with the environment across cultures and time, highlighting indigenous knowledge and practices. Engineering: Focuses on sustainable design and technology to address environmental challenges, such as renewable energy, waste management, and pollution control. Public Health: Studies the health impacts of environmental factors, including air and water quality, climate change, and exposure to toxins. Education: Promotes environmental literacy and awareness, helping to foster a sense of stewardship and responsibility towards the environment.  They are not the same  Environmental Studies  It is a broad interdisciplinary field of study which studies the interaction of human beings with the environment.  Environmental Science  It is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, chemical and biological sciences to address the environmental problems.  Environmental Engineering  It is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the quality of environment to provide healthy living conditions.  Scope of environmental studies Interdisciplinary Approach: Integrates knowledge from various fields—biology, chemistry, geography, sociology, economics, and more—to understand complex environmental issues. Environmental Assessment: Involves evaluating the impact of human activities on the environment, including pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Resource Management: Focuses on sustainable management of natural resources, such as water, soil, minerals, and forests, to ensure their availability for future generations. Conservation and Biodiversity: Addresses strategies for conserving ecosystems and protecting endangered species, emphasizing the importance of biodiversity for ecological health.  Scope of environmental studies Climate Change Studies: Examines the causes and consequences of climate change, along with mitigation and adaptation strategies to reduce its impact. Environmental Policy and Legislation: Analyzes laws and regulations aimed at protecting the environment and promoting sustainable practices, influencing public policy and governance. Environmental Education and Awareness: Promotes understanding and awareness of environmental issues through education, encouraging responsible behavior and community action. Sustainable Development: Explores pathways for balancing economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection, aiming for a sustainable future.  Importance of Environmental Studies  To get basic knowledge of our surroundings.  To develop skills for identifying and solving environmental problems in our surroundings.  World population is increasing at an alarming rate especially in developing countries.  The natural resources endowment in the earth is limited.  The methods and techniques of exploiting natural resources are advanced.  The resources are over-exploited and there is no foresight of leaving the resources to the future generations.  The urban area, coupled with industries, is major sources of pollution.  The pollution and degraded environment seriously affect the health of all living things on earth , including man.  Education and training are needed to save the biodiversity and species extinction.  Importance of Environmental Studies Community Empowerment: Fosters local engagement and empowerment, encouraging communities to participate in environmental stewardship and advocacy. Economic Benefits: Supports the development of green technologies and sustainable industries, creating jobs and promoting economic resilience. Cultural Preservation: Recognizes the importance of cultural and indigenous knowledge in environmental conservation, promoting respect for diverse perspectives. Global Cooperation: Encourages international collaboration to address transboundary environmental issues, fostering a sense of shared responsibility for the planet.  Environment Environment (French word: Environer ) is the surrounding things. It includes living things and natural forces. The environment of living things provides conditions for development and growth, also causes danger and damage. Environment consists of the interactions among plants, animals, soil, water, temperature, light, and other living and non-living things. Surrounding Components of Environment There are two main components of Environment Biotic Components(all living things) Abiotic Components(Non living things)  Biotic Components of Environment Producers (or autotrophs) Green plants and some bacteria which manufacture their own food. Consumers (or heterotrophs) Animals which obtain their food from producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Decomposers Bacteria and fungi that decompose dead organic matter and convert it into simpler parts Biotic Components Abiotic Components (All non living things)  Types of Environment (Realms of the Earth) Natural Environment Anthropogenic Environment (an environment that is created by humans)  Lithosphere (the solid, outer part of the Earth.)  Hydrosphere (the total amount of water on a planet.)  Atmosphere (a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.)  Biosphere (The biosphere is a global ecosystem composed of living organisms (biota) and the abiotic (non living) factors from which they derive energy and nutrients.)  Types of Environment  Natural Environment  Components such as air, water, soil, land, forest, wildlife, flora , fauna, etc. constitute the Natural Environment.  Anthropogenic Environment  Alteration of the natural environment to serve specific uses by the human beings is termed as Anthropogenic Environment. For eg agricultural field is an anthropogenic environment and so are the gardens and aquaculture farms.  What is Sustainability?  Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.  What is Sustainability? Environmental Economic Social Three pillars of Sustainability  Environmental Sustainability: Focuses on preserving natural resources and ecosystems. Involves practices that protect biodiversity, reduce pollution, and combat climate change. Promotes renewable energy sources, sustainable agriculture, and responsible consumption. Social Sustainability: Addresses the social dimensions of sustainability, including equity, justice, and community well-being. Ensures that all individuals have access to resources, opportunities, and a healthy environment. Encourages social cohesion, cultural diversity, and participatory governance.  Economic Sustainability: Aims for economic systems that are viable in the long term. Emphasizes responsible resource management, efficient use of materials, and support for local economies. Encourages innovation and the development of sustainable technologies and practices.  Measures for Sustainable Development  Using appropriate technology  Reduce, Reuse, Recycle approach  Prompting environmental education and awareness  Resource utilization as per carrying capacity  Implementing effective planning for Population Control  Less dependence on non-renewable natural resources  Sustainable development goals The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global objectives established by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. These goals aim to address a range of global challenges and ensure that all people can live in prosperity and peace while protecting the planet.  No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.  Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation. Reduced Inequality: Reduce inequality within and among countries.  Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources. Life on Land: Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, manage forests sustainably, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.  Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.  Urban Problems Related To Energy  Residential and commercial lighting  Transportation means including automobiles and public transport for moving from residence to workplace  Modern life-style using a large number of electrical gadgets in everyday life  Industrial plants using a big proportion of energy.  A large amount of waste generation which has to be disposed off properly using energy based techniques  Control and prevention of air and water pollution which need energy dependent technologies  Natural Resources Natural Resources Natural resources are the substances which are inherent to earth and obtained from nature and utilized to create products and services which are useful for human beings. Forests, water, air, soil , etc. are natural resources.  Classification of Natural Environment/Resources Resources  Renewable Resources  Non Renewable Resources  Renewable and Non Renewable Natural Resources The resources that can be harvested continuously with proper planning and management are called renewable resources. Example: plants, animals, solar energy , wind energy, etc. Non Renewable resources are natural resources which are limited in supply and cannot be replenished by natural means. Once exhausted, they have very little chance of recovery or resynthesis. Coal, minerals, petroleum, etc. are Non Renewable resources. Importance of Natural Resources Ground reality of natural resources Ground reality of natural resources Water Quality Statistics Q: Which of the following group consists of non-renewable organic resources? A. Water, air and minerals B. Natural gas, oil and coal C. Wood, water and natural pastures D. Sand, air and clay  Chief Natural Resources Land Resources Forests Resources Water Resources Energy Resources  Land resources “The solid portion of the earth’s surface”. The science dealing with land is known as pedology. 39  Soil Formation:  Soil Profile: Horizons O, A, E, B, C and R  Function of soil: 1.nutrient cycle 2.agriculture 3. water storage 4.emission of gases 5.degrade pollutant 6.clay 7.foundation * C Horizon is also known as saprolite 40  Land Degradation The fertility of land supports the growth and productivity of natural vegetation and agricultural crops. A number of natural and man-made factors lower the quality of land. This is commonly referred to as land degradation. 41 Causes of Land Degradation  Heavy rains High speed wind and storms Natural disasters like earthquakes ,floods, prolonged drought, etc. Overgrazing, soil erosion ,etc.. Mining. Urbanization The indiscriminate and uncontrolled removal of trees Excess use of fertilizers Industrial discharges 43  Soil Erosion Soil erosion is removal of top soil from its resting place by various physical agencies like wind and water. It can be defined as “the detachment and transport of the fertile layer of soil by water or air.” It is also known as the creeping death of land. 44 Causes of Soil Erosion Large scale deforestation Floods Overgrazing Large Violent Winds Improper agricultural techniques 46  Method of controlling soil Erosion 1. Conservational till farming: no till farming 2. Contour farming 3. Terracing 4. Strip cropping 5. Alley cropping: Agroforestry 6. Wind breaks or shelterbelts 7. Stubble-mulching 8. Afforestation 9. Control overgrazing 10.Check dam 11.Equitable use of water sources 47 Conservational till farming: no till farming 48 49 50 Conservational till farming Conservation tillage is an agricultural management practice that aims to reduce soil erosion and promote environmental and economic benefits. It involves minimizing the frequency or intensity of tillage operations and covering at least 30% of the soil surface with crop residue after planting. Strip cropping Strip cropping helps to stop soil erosion by creating natural dams for water, helping to preserve the strength of the soil. Certain layers of plants will absorb minerals and water from the soil more effectively than others. 53 Contour bunding & cultivation Contour farming is a sustainable farming practice that involves tilling the soil, planting, and cultivating along natural contours. This practice can help reduce soil erosion, control runoff, and increase moisture retention in the soil. Contour farming can also help improve soil quality and composition, and increase crop yields Vegetative bunds Vegetative bunds are live barriers made along the contours of the land to reduce the speed of rainwater and control soil erosion. They can also be used to retain water and provide access to fields Terracing As one of the oldest techniques for conserving water and soil, terracing is common in hilly and mountainous regions that are subjected to substantial population pressure. Terraces are built along contour lines to increase the arable surface area and conserve water and soil on hillslopes Alley cropping: Agroforestry Alley Cropping can diversify farm income, increase crop production, improve landscape aesthetics, enhance wildlife habitat and provide protection and conservation benefits to crops. Wind breaks or shelterbelts 59 Wind breaks or shelterbelts 60 Stubble Mulching 61 Stubble-mulching is a farming technique that involves leaving crop residue on the soil surface to act as a natural mulch. It's often used in dryland cropping systems and in semi-arid and arid areas. Afforestation  Afforestation The conservation measure against the deforestation is afforestation. The development of forest by planting trees on waste land is called afforestation 64  Afforestation The main objective of afforestation: To control the deforestation To prevent soil erosion To regulate rainfall and maintain temperature To control atmospheric condition by keeping it clean To promote planned uses of wasteland To Protect forest ecosystem and to get benefits of forest products. 65 Check dam Check dam Check dam  Control water velocity,  Conserve soil, and  Improve land 68 Check dam Check dam Check dam Advantages  Desertification Desertification is the process by which the biological productivity of drylands is reduced due to natural or manmade activities. Or The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. Causes of Desertification : Natural Factors: Low Excessive Rainfall Evaporation Salinity Temperature 74  Deforestation Overgrazing by livestock Agricultural Expansion Climate Change Soil Erosion Water Mismanagement Urbanization Mining Activities Improper Irrigation Practices Land Degradation from Industrial Activities Forest Resources (A Renewable Resource) 76  Absorption of air pollutants (Pollutant moderators) Forest absorbs many toxic gasses and air pollutants and can help in keeping air pure. 77 Forest Resources A forest, a biotic community with predominance of trees is an important Renewable natural resource. It is highly complex, changing environment made up of a living and non living things. Living things include trees, shrubs, wildlife etc. and non-living things include water, nutrients, rocks, sunlight and air. 78  Forest Resources The word forest is derived from a Latin word “Fores” means Outside Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed across the globe. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Forest are one of the most important natural resources of the earth. Tree forests cover approximately 9.4 percent of the Earth's surface (or 30 percent of total land area i.e., Approximately 1/3rd of the earth’s total land area ). Benefits of Tree  As per Indian state of forest 2021. India has 7,13,789 square kilometres, 21.71% of the country’s geographical area, an increase from 21.67% in 2019. Source: https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-2.pdf Temperate rainforest in Tasmania‘s Mixed deciduous forest in Stara Hellyer Gorge Planina,Serbia A conifer forest in the Swiss Alps Amazon Rainforest in Brazil 86  Indian Scenario In India forest cover overall, 24.56 percent of the geographical area of the is now under green cover (as per 2019* state of Indian forest report) total forest and tree cover of the country is 807,276 Km2. Forest cover in India is defined as all lands, more than one hectare in area with a tree canopy density of more than 10%. 87 Benefits of Forests 88 Protective Function Forest Provide protection against Soil erosion, Droughts, floods, noise, radiations Productive Function Forest Provide various products like, gum resins, medicines, honey, pulp, bamboo, timber, and fruits Regulative Function The Forest regulates the level of Oxygen and carbon dioxide in atmosphere. The forests also help in regulating temperature conditions Accessory Function Forest provides aesthetics, habitat to various flora and fauna besides that it also has an recreational value 89  Uses of Forests Commercial uses Ecological uses – Oxygen production – Reduce global warming – Wildlife habitat – Hydrological regulation – Soil conservation – Pollution moderators – Driving energy flow and nutrient cycling 90  Commercial Importance of Forest Timber: Wood used for commercial purposes like for making furniture and other items like boats, bridges and other day to day uses. Fuel Wood: The wood is used as fuel for cooking and other purposes by people. Raw material for wood based industries: forest provide raw material for various wood based industries like paper and pulp, sports goods, furniture, match boxes etc. 91  Food: Fruits, st animals provide the food to the tribal people. Miscellaneous Products: Miscellaneous products like, resin, gums, oils, medicines, honey are provided by forests 92 Products from forest/trees Forest Provide various products like, gum resins, medicines, honey, pulp, bamboo, timber, Vegetables and fruits. 93 Ecological Uses: Functions of trees/forest: The functions of forest may broadly classified into following categories Droughts Soil Conservation Forest Provide protection against Floods Soil erosion Droughts Soil erosion Floods 94 Regulative Functions (Oxygen production) The Forest regulates the level of Oxygen and carbon dioxide in atmosphere. The forests also help in regulating temperature conditions 95 Control: 96  Over-exploitation of Forests Deforestation The permanent destruction of forest is called deforestation Forest are exploited since early times for humans to meet human demand 97 Causes of Deforestation  Fuel requirement Raw material for industrial use Development projects Expansion of cities Construction of dams, canal & highways Growing food needs Overgrazing Shifting Cultivation Forest fire 99 Other causes Mining: River valley projects Natural forces 100 Effects of Deforestation 101  Effects of Deforestation Threatens the existence of wildlife Biodiversity and genetic diversity loss Effect of hydrological cycle Soil erosion Land slides on higher altitudes Air pollution and global warming 102 Other consequences Loss of habitat Inc. intensity and frequency of flood Land degradation Loss of forest products Change in climatic condition Siltation of rivers and lakes Loss of revenue Change in water cycle Reduced rainfall Expansion of deserts 103 Water Resources This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned 104 in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Properties of Water Prerequisite for existence of life Cannot be substituted by anything else Can be recycled and reused Exist in wide range of temperature Excellent solvent Needed for economic growth, environmental stability, biodiversity conservation, food security and health care Plenty of water on earth, but many millions face water scarcity. Global water cycle (Hydrological Cycle) provides us with fresh water every year. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. 105  Importance of Water This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned 106 in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Importance of Water Water is the basic component of every living cell. Water moves through different biotic and abiotic component- hydrological cycle Industries consumes water for cooling, heating, washing etc. It is the basic input required for agriculture. Hydrothermal power can be used for generating hydroelectricity. It provides habitat to aquatic flora and fauna. Common salt can be obtained from water. We need water to grow plants, care for animals, cook food, bath, brush our teeth, flush the toilet, and wash our clothes etc. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned 107 in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Why do we need to save water? You might think that there is plenty of water for everyone to use. But did you know that most of the water on the Earth is ocean water? Ocean water is very salty. You can’t drink it, use it for growing plants, cooking food, bathing, or washing clothes. It is estimated that 15% of worldwide water use is for household purposes. These include drinking water, bathing, cooking, sanitation, and gardening. The water we use for these things is called freshwater. It comes from rain or snow that falls in rivers and lakes. It is also found in rocks beneath the ground. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. 108 er used by us in two forms: ater withdrawal This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned 109 in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Sources of Fresh water 1. Surface water 2. Frozen water 3. Ground water 4. Rain water This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned 110 in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Surface water: Surface water is water in a river, lake, ponds or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, and sub-surface seepage. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned 111 in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Ground Water: Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. 112  Aquifer: A layer of sediment/rock that is highly permeable and contain water. Layer of sand and gravel: Good aquifers Clay and crystalline rocks (e.g. Granite): Not good aquifers Under River flow This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned 113 in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Types of Aquifer: Unconfined aquifer: permeable and recharged by water from rainfall or snow melt Confined aquifer: sandwiched between two impermeable layer of rocks/sediments and recharge only in those areas where the aquifer intersect the land surface. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. 114  Effect of excessive use of groundwater This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  1. Lowering of Water Table 2. Land Subsidence 3. Reduction in Surface Water.5. Water Quality Issues.6. Negative Effects on Ecosystems 7. Increased Energy Use 8. Agricultural Impacts 9. Economic and Social Effects 10. Impact on Hydrological Cycle This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned 116 in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Frozen Water: Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source, however to date this has only been done for novelty purposes. Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. 117  Uses Of Water Productive use (Irrigation) Consumptive use (drinking, cooking etc.) Commercial use (fountains, industries etc.) Industrial Agriculture Household This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned 118 in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  How do people use Water Resources? Divide Household Personal Use Recreational activities Washing dishes Washing the teeth Go to the pool. Fill the car with Drinking water Go to the beach. water Take a shower Walk in the pool for Watering the Going to the recovering health. plants bathroom Skiing in the Putting out the Walk in the pool mountains. fire for recovering Fish in the lakes. Give water for health Play with a ball in the the cows river. Watering the grass Surfeit in the ocean. Washing the car This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. 119  Effect of excessive use of surface water This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  1 Reduced Water Flow 2. Decreased Water Levels 3. Ecosystem Disruption 4. Altered Water Quality 5. Increased Pollution 6. Alteration of Natural Cycles 7. Impact on Wetlands 8. Increased Frequency of Conflicts 9. Economic Consequences 10. Impact on Groundwater Recharge This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Water Conservation  Decreasing run-off losses  Reducing evaporation losses  Storing water in soil  Reducing irrigation losses  Re-use of water  Preventing wastage of water  Increasing block pricing This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Rainwater Harvesting Khadin Johad Tanka This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Rainwater Harvesting Modern Rainwater Harvesting This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Rainwater Harvesting  Objectives of Rain Water Harvesting: Rain water harvesting fulfill the demand of water in domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors. It helps to raise the water table by recharging ground water. It helps in minimizing ground water pollution. The proper harvesting of rain water reduces soil erosion, flooding  and run off. It reduces the incidence of floods.  Techniques of Rainwater Harvesting  This can be done by constructing special structures like dug wells,  percolation pits, lagoons, check dams, tanks, etc.  Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater:  Surface runoff harvesting  Roof top rainwater harvesting This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Watershed Management  A watershed is an area of land that drains to a common location. A watershed can vary in size, they can represent the area draining to a small stream to the entire area draining to an ocean This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Watershed Management Benefits of Watershed Management  Ensure ecological balance  Stabilize income even under unfavorable weather conditions.  Minimize the risks of drought, landslides floods, and help to reduce erosion and sediment production.  Proper utilization of marginal or waste lands through alternate land use systems  Maximize productivity per unit area, per unit time and per unit of water.  Scope for beneficial developmental activities like domestic water supply, irrigation, hydropower generation, etc.  Develop rural areas in the region with clear plans for improving the economy of the region This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  What is Energy? “ capacity to do work” In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to a body or physical system to perform work on the body, or to heat it. Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. SI unit of Energy is “Joule” Energy resources refer to “all renewable and non-renewable energy resources of both inorganic and organic origins discovered in the earth’s crust in solid, liquid and gaseous form.” Developed countries like US and Canada constitute about 5% of the world’s Population but consume one fourth of global energy resources An average person there consumes 300 GJ (= 60 barrels of oils) per year In contrast, in poor countries average man consumes less than 1GJ in a year This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Energy resource  What is energy: Capacity to do work  Source of energy: Sun  Energy sources in India: This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Energy Consumption This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Energy Crises “An energy crisis is any significant bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In literature, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, in particular those that supply national electricity grids or those used as fuel in Industrial development and population growth have led to a surge in the global demand for energy in recent years.” This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Reasons for Energy Crises This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.   Over reliance on non renewable energy resources.  Overpopulation.  Poor infrastructure/distribution system.  Wastage/Lack of energy efficiency.  Major Accidents and Natural Calamities  Wars and Attacks This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Reasons for Energy Crises  Wars and Attacks Europe's Energy Crisis In The Wake Of Russia-Ukraine War https://www.oilandgasiq.com/strategy-management-and- This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentionedinformation/whitepapers/cyber-war-us-and-eu-oil-gas- in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. under-attack-is-asia-n  Reasons for Energy Crises  Natural Calamities Effect of natural disaster on energy transmission system This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned Damaged wind turbine due to wind storm in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Effects of Energy Crises This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.   Increase in fuel/resource demand  Increase in fuel price  Economic Slowdown  Political Disturbances  Effect on tourism and other activities This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Exercise Q. What are the consequences of global warming ? Q. What is the major source of freshwater in the city/town/village Q. What is soil erosion ? Q. What are the three ways by which CO2 is returned back into atmosphere ? Q. List any three human activities that you think would lead to air pollution. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Nuclear energy  Types of nuclear reactions  Fission: Splitting of large nucleus into smaller nuclei.  Fusion: Joining of small nuclei into a large nucleus.  Elements used in nuclear energy production: Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium  Advantages:  Less fuel offers more energy.  The cost of nuclear fuel is only 20% of the cost of energy generated.  The production of electric energy is continuous (almost 90% of annual time).  Disadvantages:  Risk of unexpected event or nuclear accidents.  Difficulty in the management of nuclear waste.  Nuclear plants have a limited life. be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned This PPT should in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Hydro-electric energy  The potential energy in the water stored in dams is converted into electrical energy by releasing the water flow and rotating the turbine  Advantages  Low operating and maintenance cost  Non-polluting  Reliable  Flexible  Safe  Disadvantages  High setup cost  Affects fish population  Limited reservoirs  Affected by draught  Probable This PPT should seismic be used as reference activity only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Solar energy  1 hour solar energy can be used for 1 year  Uses of solar energy  Solar heating of home (sunspace)  Solar water heating, solar cooker, solar furnace  Solar desalination system  Photovoltaic energy: Silicon -> PV cells - > PV modules -> PV array -> solar panel  Advantages  Easy to install  No pollution, no noise  Can be installed anywhere  Disadvantages  Doesn’t work when light is not available  Requires energy storage device  Low This PPT should efficiency be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Damage easily  Biomass energy  Log burning is a simple way use biomass energy  Wood is the largest source of biomass energy. It can also be used in electricity production in wood-based power stations.  Energy crop  An energy crop is a plant grown as a low- cost and low-maintenance harvest used to make biofuels, such as bioethanol, or combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat. Example: Jatropha, Sunflower etc.  Energy trapped inside biomass  Biofuels  Biodiesel  Biogas  Bio-ethanol  Bio-methanol This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Wind energy  One of the earliest renewable energy – sail ships, windmills  India is the 4th largest producer of wind energy (after China, US and Germany).  Advantages  Unlimited, free, renewable resource  Low maintenance cost  No pollution  Disadvantages  High setup cost  Birds and bats get killed  Noise and signal reception problem This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Tidal energy  Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into electricity.  Advantages  Tides are more predictable than the wind and the sun  Uses less area.  No emission of gaseous or particulate pollutants  Disadvantages  Electro-magnetic emission affects the aquatic life.  High construction cost This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Geo-thermal energy  The energy harnessed from the hot rocks present inside the earth is called geothermal energy.  Sometimes natural geysers or artificially drilled holes can be used to released the water vapour underneath the earth surface.  Advantages  No pollutant emission  Reliable source of renewable energy  Less operating cost  Less maintenance cost  Disadvantages  Possibility of emissions of H2S, CO2, CH4 during extraction  High Investment Costs This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Ocean-thermal energy  The energy available due to the difference in temperature of water at the surface of tropical oceans and deeper levels is called ocean- thermal energy.  A difference of at least 20⁰ C is required  The heat is used to vaporize ammonia and rotate the turbine sing the vapour.  Advantages  Continuous source of energy  No pollutant emission  Output shows very little seasonal variation  Disadvantages  Capital investment is very high  High maintenance cost in syllabus)  Low efficiency This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Biomass Energy in India India has a potential of about 18 GW of energy from Biomass. Currently, about 32% of total primary energy used in India is derived from Biomass. More than 70% of the country’s population depends upon biomass for its energy needs. India has ~5+ GW capacity biomass powered plants: 83% are grid connected while the remaining 17% are off-grid plants. The leading states for biomass power projects are Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka each one having more than 1 GW of Grid interacted biomass power. Other states with favorable policy and opportunities This in as PPT should be used Biomass areReading reference only. Punjab and books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. Bihar.  Use of Alternative Energy Sources According to Integrated Energy Policy Report (IEPR) prepared by the planning commission aim is that at least 10% of the power generation installed capacity in the country should come from renewable source by the end of the 11th plan period. India has the 4th largest installed capacity in wind power after China, U.S and Germany. The total installed capacity of wind power in India as on March 2017 is around 32 GW. A recent study by National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) has shown wind energy potential of 302 GW at 100 m hub-height in India. India plan to manufacture biodiesel from inedible vegetable oils. The cost of setting up a biomass plant is the same as that of a coal based power plant. Solar power in India is a fast developing industry. The country's solar installed capacity reached 33.730 GW as of 31 December 2019. In 2015 the target was raised to 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by 2022, targeting an investment of US$100 billion. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Limitations of Alternative Source of Energy Most of the technologies involve high installation cost and require maintenance. The material that find application in designing and manufacturing of device are not easily available. (Silicon example) Weather problem. Geographical problem. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Solutions Move Towards Renewable Resources Increasing Energy Efficiency Buy Energy-Efficient Products Lighting Controls Energy Simulation Perform Energy Audit Common Stand on Climate Change This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Role of Individual in conservation of energy and natural resource This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Role of Individual in conservation of energy and natural resource This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.