English Reviewer 1st Quarter PDF

**[TRAITS OF POWERFUL SPEAKING]** **Glossophobia -- Fear of Public Speaking** **PVLEGS -- POISE, VOICE, LIFE, EYE CONTACT, GESTURES, SPEED** **P = POISE** - **Appear calm & confident. Avoid distracting behaviors** **V = VOICE** - **Speak every word clearly. Use an appropriate volume for th...

**[TRAITS OF POWERFUL SPEAKING]** **Glossophobia -- Fear of Public Speaking** **PVLEGS -- POISE, VOICE, LIFE, EYE CONTACT, GESTURES, SPEED** **P = POISE** - **Appear calm & confident. Avoid distracting behaviors** **V = VOICE** - **Speak every word clearly. Use an appropriate volume for the space** **L = LIFE** - **Express passion and emotion with your voice** **E = EYE CONTACT** - **Connect visually with your audience. Look at each audience member.** **G = GEST** - **Use hand motions, move your body, and have an expressive face.** **S = SPEED** - **Talk with appropriate speed. Use pauses for effect and emphasis.** **[REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS]** **[Reflexive Pronouns]** - Special kinds of pronouns that refer to a certain subject within a sentence. These types of pronouns talk about a certain word provided that the antecedent is placed within the same sentence or clause. Usually ends in -self (singular) or -selves (plural). For example: itself & themselves. **EXAMPLES OF PRONOUNS:** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **[Number]** | **[Reflexive | | | Pronouns]** | +===================================+===================================+ | **Singular** | - myself | | | | | | - yourself | | | | | | - himself, herself, itself | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Plural** | - ourselves | | | | | | - yourselves | | | | | | - themselves | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **EXAMPLES OF REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS IN USE** 1. **Direct Object** - **He trained [himself] to be a better public speaker.** **(receives actions)** 2. **Indirect Object** - **I purchased [myself] a collection of action figures from the comic book store.** **(receives items)** 3. **Object of a Preposition** - **Mary is sitting while reading a book all by [herself]** 4. **Intensifier** - **Cooper [himself] did say that he would've research the concepts if he had the time.** **[ACTIVE LISTENING]** L -- *Look interested * I  -- *Involve yourself by responding* S -- *Stay on target* T -- *Test your understanding* E -- *Evaluate the message* N -- *Neutralize your feelings* **TYPES OF LISTENING** **1. [Active listening]** - **You listen closely to content and intent. What emotional meaning might the speaker be giving you? You try to block out barriers to listening. Most importantly, you are non-judgmental and empathetic.** **2. [Passive listening] [(Inactive listening) ]** - **The definition of this is the old adage, "In one ear and out the other." You hear the words, but your mind is wandering and no communication is taking place.** **3. [Selective listening]** - **You hear only what you want to hear. You hear some of the messages and immediately begin to formulate your reply or second guess the speaker without waiting for the speaker to finish.** **HEARING VS LISTENING** **Hearing** - Passive & occurs even while we sleep. - This is accidental, involuntary, and effortless. **Listening** - Active and involves hearing, paying attention and understanding. - This is focused, voluntary, and intentional **ESSENTIAL LISTENING SKILLS** **1. Predicting content** Depending on the context -- a news report, a lecture, an exchange in a supermarket -- you can often predict the kind of words and style of language the speaker will use. **2. Listening for gist** When listening, it is also possible to get the 'whole picture' because the information comes in a sequence. **3. Detecting signposts** Just like the traffic lights on roads, there are signposts in language that help us follow what we\'re listening to. **4. Listening for details** When listening for details, you are interested in a specific kind of information -- perhaps a number, name, or object. **5. Inferring meaning** It is using clues and prior knowledge about a situation to work out the meaning of what we hear. **[READING NON-PROSE TEXT]** **Using Non-Prose Texts in Reading ** - The information you wish to get from books is not only presented in sentences, but also in graphic forms like charts, graphs, tables, diagrams etc. **Reading Non-Prose Texts for General Understanding** **Non-Prose Skimming** - **Quickly** reading to a **brief** or **gist** of the data. - **Ex:** Skimming a menu **Non-Prose Scanning** - **Specifically** looking for **certain** words or data. - **Ex:** Reading different food labels to determine the food additives **USE OF NON-PROSE MATERIALS** 1. **Present data in an organized and systematic way.** 2. **Allow the reader to absorb the information fast and efficiently.** 3. **Explain abstract concepts, processes and relationships in a concrete manner.** **CHART** - **A chart, also called a graph, is a graphical representation of data, in which the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart** **TYPES OF CHARTS** 1. **Pie Chart** 2. **Line Graph** 3. **Bar Chart** **- Compares amounts and quantitites** 4. **Pictograph** **- Presents data or variables using images in order to make abstract ideas concrete.** 5. **Flowchart** **- Illustrates a process or direction of steps** 6. **Organizational Chart** **- Presents rankings or level of ideas or processes** **STEPS IN READING NON-PROSE TEXT** - **Read the title and subtitles.** - **Read the labels, captions, and subheadings.** - **Find out the purpose of the non-prose form.** - **Identify the organization of details.** - **Determine the relationship of details by looking at the changes and trends.**