ENG112 Reviewer PDF

example: a student who reads a poem in front of an ENG112 REVIEWER audience in a school program. Prepared by: ASEC Karl Ariane K. Demco ​ Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)...

example: a student who reads a poem in front of an ENG112 REVIEWER audience in a school program. Prepared by: ASEC Karl Ariane K. Demco ​ Shannon-Weaver Model (1949) -​ the mother of all communication models -​ starts from a source (producer of the message); Lesson #1: Definition and Process passing through a channel (signals of Communication -​ adapted for transmission) which may at -​ times be interrupted by noise (barrier) to a receiver (decoder of message). Communication -​ Sharing of meaning by sending and receiving symbolic cues (Grice and Skinner) -​ Dynamic process where people attempt to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols (Samovar McDaniel and Porter) -​ Interdependent process of sending, receiving and understanding messages (Dunn and Goodnight) Communication is a message understood - Unless a 2.​ Interactive or Interactional Model message is understood, we cannot say that -​ Views communication as an ongoing process communication has taken place. -​ Has two channels -​ Understanding is achieved through feedback Communication is a social interaction through -​ Field of experience - refers to how environment, messages - Communication is a sharing of experience. experiences, culture, and even heredity can And Social interaction is always through messages. influence how a sender constructs a message. Process of Communication -​ Adler and Towne defined communication as a process between at least two parties that begins when people want to communicate with one another which originates from mental images. -​ Mental images includes ideas, thoughts, pictures, and emotions. Five Elements of Communication ​ Speaker - gives the message 3.​ Transactional Model ​ Receiver - receives messages -​ most dynamic of communication models. ​ Message - the information the sender wants to -​ both senders and receivers are referred as say communicators ​ Channel - what medium was used to deliver the -​ communication is a cooperative activity in which message (personal, non-personal, verbal, communicators co-create the process, outcome, non-verbal) and effectiveness of the interaction. ​ Feedback - response of the receiver to the -​ While each communicator has a unique field of message ( can be through reactions, response, or experience, they must also inhabit a shared field information) of experience. Communication Models 1.​ Linear Communication - one-way form of communication and does not require a reply.  -​ Effective communication is backed up by facts, Barriers to Communication figures, and real-life examples or situations for the 1.​ Physical Barriers - natural or environmental receiver to understand the message better. conditions examples: loud sound of karaoke, noise from construction 5.​ Courtesy site -​ Choosing a good choice of words and language on the part of the sender and consideration of the 2.​ Psychological Barriers audience’s perspectives. -​ mental barriers, social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others 6.​ Clearness examples: Trauma, Shyness, Depression -​ Use of simple and specific words to express their ideas 3.​ Cultural Barriers -​ Speaker must focus on specific ideas to not -​ Different beliefs, values, and backgrounds confuse the audience. -​ People’s culture affects the way they communicate and relate to others. examples: Different beliefs, Traditions, and customs 7.​ Correctness -​ Avoid mistakes in grammar to help boost the 4.​ Linguistic Barriers credibility and effectiveness of the message. -​ conflicts regarding language and word meanings. -​ Words can sometimes cause confusion and misunderstanding Effective Communication Skills examples: Use of jargon and slang, Unfamiliar word or vocabulary. Skill 1: Becoming an engaged listener ​ A subtle change in the speaker’s voice, pitch, 5.​ Physiological Barriers tone, intonation, and volume reflects his/her -​ condition / disabilities of the human body that feelings. affects communication examples: Auditory impairment (deaf), Illness and fatigue To be an engaged listener you need to: 1.​ Concentrate on the speaker; 2.​ Avoid interrupting; 7 Cs of Communication 3.​ Set aside judgment or bias; 1.​ Completeness 4.​ Show your interest in what is being sad; and -​ speaker should include everything that the 5.​ Provide feedback. receiver needs to hear, respond, react, or evaluate properly. Skill 2: Paying attention to nonverbal cues -​ provide all necessary information for the audience ​ Body language, open-arm position, and eye to get the message. contact are surefire ways of connecting with the audience. 2.​ Conciseness -​ message should be direct or straight to the point In interpreting nonverbal language, you need to: and should be expressed in the least possible no. 1.​ Be aware of both individual and cultural of words differences; and 2.​ Consider the nonverbal signals as a group, not as 3.​ Consideration single cues. -​ speaker should give high regard and courtesy to the audience’s background information (culture, ​ In delivering nonverbal language, need to: education, religion, status, mood) to build 1.​ a. Use nonverbal signals that match your words; connection. 2.​ b. Adjust your nonverbal signals to the context; and 4.​ Concreteness 3.​ c. Use body language to convey positive feelings.  In India it means “yes,” and in the Hindi language the voice Skill 3: Keeping stress in check lowers in pitch at the end of a question. ​ When stressed you might misread other people, send confusing or off-putting nonverbal signals, 2.​ Gender and produce unhealthy knee-jerk tremors. -​ Culture plays an important role in how we perceive gender, it shows how a particular culture differentiates masculine and feminine social roles To effectively communicate under pressure, you need to: listed the characteristics of masculine and feminine 1.​ Give yourself time to think; speech types: 2.​ Pause to collect your thoughts; ​ Masculine speech is competitive; while feminine 3.​ Make one point and provide an example or speech strives to achieve harmony. supporting piece of information; ​ Feminine speech is polite and indirect; while 4.​ Speak clearly and audibly; and masculine speech is blunt and direct. 5.​ Summarize your response and then stop talking. 3. Age Skill 4: Asserting yourself -​ There are differences between generations and how they communicate with others which is why a ​ Express your thoughts, feeling, needs, and beliefs good communicator always considers the age of openly, honestly, and directly. the one he/she is communicating with. ​ You can be assertive without being aggressive if you: 4. Social Status 1.​ Value yourself and your opinions; -​ It is the relative rank that an individual hold, with 2.​ Learn to express your needs and wants without rights, duties, and lifestyle, a social hierarchy violating the rights of others; based on honour or prestige. 3.​ Express negative thoughts in a positive way, focusing on what is and not on what is not; Ascribed Status: 4.​ Accept compliments graciously; and -​ Is assigned to individuals at birth without reference 5.​ Learn to say “no,” and do not let others take to innate abilities. It is based on sex, age, race, advantage of you. family relationships, or birth. -​ They are born with the title Intercultural Communication Achieved Status: -​ may be based on education, occupation, marital status, accomplishments, or other factors. ​ exchange of messages between and among Example: Referring to a woman by her job title (Attorney people of diverse cultures. Kim) ​ good communicator should be sensitive to the 5. Religion person’s multicultural upbringing. -​ All of us belong to a certain religion but whatever God we believe in, we should always show 1.​ Culture respect to anybody who has a different belief than -​ It is a set of human-made objective and subjective ours whether through institutions, spiritual and elements social leaders, or the teachings of the bible. -​ Culture is shared among those who could communicate with each other because they had a Functions of Communication common language and they lived in the same time ​ It refer to how people use language for different and place. purposes and also refer to how language is affected by different times, places, and situations used to control the behavior of people used to regulate the nature and amount of activities Example: Shaking the head in a horizontal direction in people engage in. most countries means “no,” while  1.​ To provide information -​ provide enough data and information is important for effective communication and completion of tasks, solutions to problems, and elimination of uncertainty Example: The teacher informs the class of their class schedule. 2.​ To Motivate -​ Motivation is the energy that influences a person’s behavior in different ways in the pursuit of his goal or objective. -​ Communication helps us set specific goals and gives us updates on our progress towards the accomplishment of these goals. Example: The coach boosts his players’ morale by building their self-esteem through pep talks and team-building sessions. 3.​ To control or regulate -​ The expression of needs and want is a way to regulate the behavior of another person to obtain something or get something done Example: School rules and policies on attendance, grading, and dress codes are prescribed. 4.​ To facilitate emotional expression -​ Communicating your emotions verbally or nonverbally will alleviate your anxiety and help you get out of your emotional blocking. Example: Expressing your appreciation towards your parents by saying “I love you” and buying them gifts. 5.​ To effect social interaction. -​ By revealing our thoughts and feelings, we elicit reactions from others. -​ Communication facilitates social closeness to establish, maintain, and enjoy relationships with others.