BIO 201 Study PDF - Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

8/11/2023 BIO 201 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Medical Terminology Structure vs. Function Deltoid muscle Anatomy is ______________. structure Example...

8/11/2023 BIO 201 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Medical Terminology Structure vs. Function Deltoid muscle Anatomy is ______________. structure Example: Physiology is _______________. Function Structure and function are related: Why does a salt shaker look like this? ① It looks this we want it to way because do - the something function It provides. Why do we have fingers? ⑦ to grab things 1  8/11/2023 Evaluation of the body naked eye 1. Gross (Macroscopic) anatomy: Anatomy you can see with _____________ 2. Microscopic anatomy: Anatomy the requires the use of a _____________ microscope cells cells make 3. Cytology: The study of __________ tissues 4. Histology: The study of __________ Hissues 3 evaluation of what you can see on the surface 5. Surface anatomy: _______________ abdomen - listening 6. Auscultation: Evaluation by _______________ heartbeat - tapping 7. Percussion: Evaluation by _______________ cell exilymph nodes blood feeling 8. Palpation: Evaluation by ________________ white neck In Place the number next to the image that corresponds to the definition above: O Y ____ 2 ____ S ____ G ____ ↑d ____ ____ i 1 ____ 7 ____ red po Medical Imaging muscles tendons - , no radiation absorption black - = -no X‐ray - yes abs.. = white MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) X‐ray radiation exposes : something wrong the film turning it black. white The more a tissue absorbs ↳ the x‐rays, the whiter it appears. Ultrasound high frequency : sound waves PET (positron emission tomography) Detects cell activity. Radioactive (breast) glucose is injected into the patient tumors Or and allowed to disperse. Areas with ① you look high metabolic activity have a higher G for cancer glucose uptake and increased signal intensity. YG ① no asymetrical ↳ echo Kidneys Erne 2  8/11/2023 Structural organization of the body atoms Molecules are made up of _____________ cells Tissues are made up of _______________ that work together to perform a function tissues Organs are made up of ________________ that work together to perform a function cells are the smallest living thing in our body Homeostasis The body’s ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes to the external environment. ① balance stable environment ⑦ NOT body temp alone cool When it’s hot outside, what does your body do? Why? sweet to allow your body to warm body When it’s cold outside, what does your body do? Why? shiver muscle contractions , , What is the average body temperature? What is the average body : temperature when it is hot or cold outside? 98 6. Is a fever homeostasis? no would you call a disruption of homeostasis? illness Whathealthcare this is essentially What are some other body systems that are regulated by homeostasis? temp - - blood ph : 7 4. 7 3-7.. 45 - blood pressure - heart rate - blood glucose 3  8/11/2023 Homeostasis Negative Feedback Positive Feedback The end product of the body’s response The end product of the body’s response reduces the body’s production of the product. causes and increase in the production of that Primary method the body uses to regulate it’s response. systems. Rarely occurs in the body due to the Ex: When you get cold your body amplification of the response leading to a temperature will drop. The brain senses this ‘run‐away’ effect. and causes you to shiver which generates Ex: Labor contractions tell the brain to release heat. Once your body temperature rises to more oxytocin hormone which increases labor normal your brain stops the command to contractions. shiver. ① body signals organs to do something to bring to homeostasis and then shuts off. Body Systems: cardiovascular The ___________________________ system: heart Contains the ____________________ which pumps blood arteries and veins (blood vessels) and the _______________________________which carry blood through the body transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. to the tissues. digestive The ___________________________ system: Contains the ________________ mouth esophagus for chewing food, the ____________________ a tube stomach connecting the mouth and stomach, the ______________ which continues breakdown of small food, the ________ large & ________ intestines for absorbing nutrients and water into the blood stream and forming feces containing all non‐digestible food substances. endocrine The ___________________________ system: pinutary Contains many glands including the ____________________ that controls many of the glands thyroid pancreas in the body, the ______________________for regulating metabolism, the _____________ adrenal which is important for blood glucose regulation, the ______________ glands that control ovaries your stress response and blood pressure, and the ____________ testes (female) and ____________ (male) which are responsible for reproduction. 4  8/11/2023 Body Systems: (skn u Integumentary The ___________________________________ system: Contains the ________ which covers and protects the body (maintaining boundaries), helps synthesize vitamin D, contains nerve endings for detecting sensations and produces hair sweat and oils. Also contains the ________ nals & ________, made of highly keratinized skin cells. muscular The ___________________________ system: skeletal muscle Contains the __________________________ that allow for manipulation of the environment, movement, facial communication, maintenance of posture and heat generation. nervous The _____________________ system: brain Contains the ____________________ that is responsible for perceiving our environment, conscious thoughts, memories and personalities. It is a fast‐acting organ that controls nerves relay information from spinal cord and peripheral __________ muscles and glands. The _________ our senses to the brain and carry instructions from the brain to the body. Body Systems: lymphatic limmunity The ___________________________________ system: impomph Contains the ___________ vessels which function as a secondary circulatory system for extra cellular fluid, ________ nodes which house immune cells and bone marrow ___________________________ where blood is made (hematopoiesis) respiratory The ___________________________ system: trachea Contains the __________________________ a tube that carries air from the nose and lungs mouth into the body, the ___________ which allow oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to released from the blood into the atmosphere. reproductive The male _____________________________________ system: testes Contains the ___________________ are responsible for making sperm which are carried was deferens through the duct called __________________________. prostate The ______________ gland helps make seminal fluid that carries sperm through the urethra for release. 5  8/11/2023 Body Systems: reproductive The female ___________________________________ system: ovaries Contains the ___________ uterine which produce eggs (oocytes), ____________ (fallopian) uterus tubes which carry eggs to the ___________ for implantation and development of the agina fetus. Delivery occurs through the _______________. mammory _______________ glands in the breasts produce milk to feed baby after delivery. Skeletal The ___________________________ system: bones Contains _____________ that protect and support the body’s organs, store minerals like joints calcium and contain _____________ that allow for movement when using muscles. urinary The _____________________________________ system: kidneys Contains the ___________________ that filter the blood and remove wastes, maintains fluid balance, blood pressure, pH balance and helps to synthesize vitamin D. Urine is transported ureters out of the kidneys by the _____________ bladder where it is stored in the ________________ until it wrethra is released through the ___________________. Anatomical Position: Anatomical position is standing erect, arms at the sides with palms facing forward. Why is it necessary to use anatomical position when discussing anatomy, especially in a healthcare setting? To ensure everyone is on the same page 6  8/11/2023 Planes of the body: plane ang Planes are the different ways : the body can be sliced (viewed). They are frequently used in medical imaging where images in different planes are needed to properly visualize a patient’s anatomy. mic-saggital along midline ↑> - para-saggutaaggital Transversel Ital Plane - frontal/ coronal plane horizontal : divides into top + bottom Sne W divides divides body eback no body into left parts t right parts Directional terms: Directional terms are used to describe the position of anatomy in reference to anatomical position. They are widely used in medical charting. shoulder · distal to the proximalto eba 3 St superior · 3 a -Perr (towardof body) superficial E deep · - superficial cowards posterior Inferior anteor surface Idola Each patient has a bright green mole. Describe it’s location using directional distal proximal terms so that someone /closer to the reading your chart note a Howard attachment of limbi will know where it is. right anterior , proximal to the knee midline , of knee superfical 7  8/11/2023 NTMTET] all derier is tissues ec+ 0 Cardiac meso 3 embryonic nervous endo Skeletal Q Smooth ⑧ ③ Regional Terms Journal this ! frona a Abdominal regions: The abdomen divided into quadrants: The abdomen can also be divided into 9 sections: + op x Right upper LUQ quadrant (RUQ) - - RLQ LLQ below appendix ~ on Label the quadrants and some of the important organs found in each. 8  8/11/2023 Histology Cells and the hierarchy of organ structure. Cells are the _________ smallest living structures in the body. Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. Cell shape relates to the ___________ function it provides. How long is the longest cell in the body? cells Tissues are made up of _________, and the substances they secrete (protein fibers and gel), which work together to perform a function (i.e., secrete a fluid, protect or support another tissue, create movement, etc.) tissues Organs are made up of _____________ that work together to perform a function. Think of an organ, and then think about what that organ does. The function of that organ is dependent on each of the tissues that make up the organ. 1  8/11/2023 There are 4 groups of tissues in the human body: Nervous Tissue (NT) Muscle Tissue (MT) Epithelial Tissue (ET) Connective Tissue (CT) · Nervous tissue Cardiac MT Simple Squamous ET Adipose CT Skeletal MT Simple Cuboidal ET Areolar CT Smooth MT Simple Columnar ET Blood CT Pseudostratified Columnar ET Dense Irregular CT Stratified Squamous ET Dense Regular CT Stratified Cuboidal ET Elastic CT *Stratified Columnar ET Elastic Cartilage CT Transitional ET Fibrocartilage CT Hyaline Cartilage CT Osseous CT, Compact Osseous CT, Spongy * Very uncommon, no images shown in lecture or lab. Reticular CT Take a close look at how this information is presented. Do you see the any advantages to grouping the tissues in this way? All 24 tissues derive from 3 embryonic tissues: 16-day-old embryo (dorsal view) Muscle and Ectoderm connective Mesoderm Endoderm Nervous tissue tissue (from mesoderm) Epithelial (from ectoderm) Major tissue type Derived from which embryonic tissue(s)? Tissue (from all 3) CT Review: Mesoderm ET 1. If when looking through the microscope you see two distinct Endoderm Mesoderm ectoderm , tissues, you must be looking at a(n): (circle one) MT Mesoderm tissue G organ organelle organ system NT 2. What are the 4 main tissue groups and from which Ectoderm embryonic tissues are they derived? NTMTE 2  8/11/2023 Sounds boring, why do we need to know about tissues? A pathologist is a medical expert that examines tissues to look for disease. Which organ are these tissues from? Which tissue is diseased? abnormal > - normal liver Y Missue fatty liveR In order to fully understand disease, you have to know what normal is first. How tissues are prepared for microscopic examination blopsy 1. ______________: a small piece of tissue is surgically removed from the patient. doesn't not - so It fixing 2. ______________: The tissue is placed in a - not rot. preservative so that it hardens and does sectioning 3. _______________: The tissue is encased in wax and then cut into very thin slices (sections) by a special machine. Liver biopsy Liver Liver Mounting 4. _____________: Place a section onto a glass slide. biopsy biopsy staining 5. ______________: A dye is coverslip 6. ______________: A thin added to make different glass coverslip is placed cellular structures more visible over the tissue sections to under the microscope. protect it. 3  8/11/2023 Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues: 1. ETs only contain cells that are closely packed together. glycoprotein 2. The basal (bottom) surface sits on a _____________________ called a basement membrane. increasesurfacesorption > more in one direction - 3. ETs are always superficial to a __________________. connectiveTissue ~ 4. __________________ Desmosomos junctions hold cells together, Capicaltopsurface right junctions _____________________are watertight. no ↳ 5 C avascular 5. ETs are _______________ (no direct blood supply). O 8 cancers · O O 6. ETs multiply __________________. prons > - rapidly Basal surface (bottom) => 7. The apical surface can differ with function. _________: Cilia Hair-like appendages that sweep substances across the cell surface. ____________: MicroviII Small projections of the i Connective blood Tsea - cell membrane that increase it’s surface area. Locations of epithelial tissues in the body: Epithelial tissues cover the body. Lines the lungs and blood vessels · diffusion : mainly Lines the respiratory tract : protect a secrates gases Epithelial tissues line hollow organs. 202 Cilia Epithelial tissues cover organs. Epithelial tissues form glands. The locations of these tissues Forms tubes in the kidney that produce urine secretion and correlates with their cellular absorption characteristics and functions. ETs are generally used for Covers the surface of and protection, secretion, absorption entrances to the body and/or diffusion of substances. Lines the digestive tract Can you match the functions above to the locations of the tissues shown in this diagram? Forms glands protection · protect diffusion ask about · · : · absorption this one · secretion · secretion 4  8/11/2023 Naming epithelial tissues: There are eight epithelial tissues found in the human body. They are made up of one or many layers and one of four different cell types. If you combine the number of layers with the cell types you get most of the epithelial cell types: Layers of cells: Cell types: Epithelial Tissue Name: Simple squamous epithelial tissue Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue - one layer of cell flat * roughlynata Simple columnar epithelial tissue a Pseudostratified columnar epithelial taler Than fal tissue Stratified squamous epithelial tissue orrounde Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue shape Stratified columnar epithelial tissue* Transitional epithelial tissue "Change Il -two or more layers *rare, no examples shown in this class of cell Before we learn about the individual tissues, here are some things to consider when trying to identify them: Look closely at the shape of the cells. Remember these tissue sections are so thin they are essentially a two dimensional image of a three dimension object. The appearance of the cells depends upon the plane in which they were sliced. A columnar cell might look cuboidal if sliced horizontally. There are no right angles in biology, so you will not see perfect cubes or columns. Look for how many layers of cells there are. Look for specializations on the cell surfaces. Look at the whole slide, what else is around the cells and tissue? Try to identify patterns to help you recognize the tissue, do not rely on the color of the tissue alone as that can change with different stains. A tissues function is dictated by it’s anatomy. It’s Which of the slices look the most like an egg? location is determined by the function it has. Is it clear why you may not see a nucleus in every cell? How else might you slice the egg to get a section like 1 or 5? You are required to know the full name, cell type, location and function for each epithelial tissue. 5  8/11/2023 Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue Clinical Relevance: If the thin layer of cells is damaged by high blood pressure then lipids in the blood can seep into the blood vessel walls. Here they can form a plaque which narrows the artery and Squamous reduces blood flow. If the epithelial cell squamous cells get torn open, the plaque gets exposed and blood cells will stick to it forming a clot which blocks the artery and stops all blood flow. If this happens in a coronary artery in the heart it results in a heart attack, if it’s in the Cell type: squamous epithelial tissue brain it leads to a stroke. Location here: lining blood vessel Function: Thin layer for diffusion of gases endothelial Simple squamous epithelial tissue is called ______________ endocardium when it lines blood vessels, ___________________ when it mesothelium lines the heart and ____________________ when it lines the abdominal cavity and covers organs. from lining : Inside heart attacks damage to the lining occur * * covering : outside Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue: Clinical Relevance: One of the characteristics of epithelial tissues is that they multiply rapidly. This means that these tissues are particularly susceptible to & developing tumors. If the follicular cells (cuboidal epithelial cells) become cancerous, they start zostammea secreting too much thyroid hormone causing an increase in metabolism outside of normal homeostasis. Symptoms of thyroid adenomas include: unexplained weight loss, sweating, rapid heart rate Cell type: cubdial epithelial cell and respiratory rate, ang increased apatite and Location here: Thyroid gland of nervousness. Function: secrete thyroid hormone normal S Tumor 6  8/11/2023 Simple columnar epithelial tissue Clinical Relevance: Goblet cells are specialized columnar cells that make and secrete mucus to protect the epithelial cells from the harsh stomach acid. They are essentially microni unicellular exocrine glands. If these cells become deficient it can lead to less protection in the intestine and may y result in erosion of the W tissue. This process may lead to the development of intestinal disorders like peptic or duodenal ulcers and ulcerative colitis. Cell type: columnar epithelial tissue Location here: lining of intestines Function: Microvill for absorption Goblet cells secrete mucus. cell type : doesn't include "simple Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue * only tissue that has cilla Clinical Relevance: cilla Smoking can damage the cilia, rendering them ↓ inoperable. Smoke in the airways is an irritant and IIIIII stimulates an increased production of mucus. With the reduced ability to move the mucus out of the airway due to the absence of cilia, smokers typically have to cough to remove the excess mucus, leading to the distinctive smokers cough. As a result of their decreased ability to remove mucus from the airway, it is more likely to settle in the lungs, thus increasing the incidence of respiratory infections like bronchitis and pneumonia. Cell type: columnar epithelial tissue trachea Location here: living Function: secrete mucus to trap particles in air cilia to remove mucus. - compare It to a forest where trees all , grow from ground Smoking ge - of Cilia production. ⑦ Increase mucus 7  8/11/2023 Stratified squamous epithelial tissue Notice the cells Clinical Relevance: near the basement membrane appear This tissue protects the body in cuboidal. We name multiple ways. The many layers the tissue based on of cells, attached by the shape of the desmosomes and covered by top layer of cells. the hard protein keratin protect the skin from abrasion and pathogens. The tight junctions and lipids in the skin keep it & waterproof, helping prevent water from entering or, more importantly, exiting causing Flat squamous dehydration. The hair on skin epithelial cell helps us detect movement and provides insulation. Melanin in O the tissue protects us from UV · radiation, however, too much exposure to UV rays can lead to the development of deadly skin cancers, a common problem in Arizona. Cell type: squamous epithelial cells Location here: surface of Skin Cepidermis) Keratin Function: many layers of cells with hard protein for protection. ①name tissues based on the shape of top layer - entrance to body are non keratinized Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue Two or more layers of cube Clinical Relevance: shaped cells arranged into circular This tissue forms sweat glands around a duct. glands in the skin that primarily function in thermoregulation, i.e., to cool the body down when Sweat hot. Sweat is produced when Gland je the cells absorb water from the blood, modify it by Duct adding salts and other chemicals, then secrete it Cuboidal into a duct that takes the Absorb fluid from blood and Epithelial sweat to the surface of the secrete sweat onto the skin. Cell skin. Heat rash (prickly skin) can occur with profuse sweating that causes the D duct to become blocked. Forming sweat glands in the Sweat then builds up in the dermis and hypodermis of the skin tissues causing inflammation (rash) and itchiness (prickly Cell type: cuboidal epithelial tissue feeling). Location here: forming sweet glands Function: secrete sweet ① cuboidal are good at absorbing and secreting 8  8/11/2023 Transitional epithelial tissue Clinical Relevance: a bladderpansion It is important The cells of this tissue have round to remember that the tissue is the ability to change their shape or “transition”. When the bladder fills it begins to named based a O ·of on the shape of stretch. These cells begin to dr the TOP layer of cells. These are flatten out to maintain the barrier between the urine round so it is and the bladder wall, they transitional ET stretch with the bladder. When the urine is released, they return back to their & original shape. If these cells are found in the urine it can suggest a number of urinary tract pathologies, including UTIs, yeast infections, kidney disease or some cancers. - Cell type: Transitional epithelial +issue Location here: Lining bladder Function: can change shape to accomodate expanding bladder Cuboidal epithelial tissues make up glands: Glands are classified by where they release their products: Exocrine glands secrete their products onto the outside surfaces of the body (‘exo’ means outside, like the exoskeleton on an insect). Examples of exocrine glands include: Endocrine glands secrete their products into the inside of the body, or more specifically, into the blood (‘endo’ means inside, humans have endoskeletons). Examples of exocrine glands include: There are two types of exocrine glands: Merocrine Glands: Release product Holocrine Glands: The cell divides from the base layer Examine the two glands through exocytosis Into a duct. The cells and makes product inside. When it reaches the duct the below: One is a salivary gland remain intact and can continuously whole cell breaks down and releases the product along with and one is a sweat gland. release products. Ex: Sweat gland cell fragments including proteins and lipids. Ex: sebaceous Which is which and why? sweat gland. sweat salivary sweats smelly constantly making ① stomach enzymes are exocrine Saliva 9  8/11/2023 thingsa and other cells ~ Connective Tissues: Differences between ETs and CTs n eratanized substance The 12 connective tissues can be made up of one or many different cell types that are generally spaced further apart. O They can have different substances, like proteoglycan gel, in the space between the cells, called ground substance. Many connective tissues contain cells that secrete protein fibers into the O ground substance forming a matrix. (Matrix = ground substance + fibers) Some connective tissues have a matrix that is so dense that cells cannot survive in it, so they create a space around them called a lacuna that is filled with extra cellular fluid. Epithelial tissues are made up 'chondrocytes protein Each CT has it’s own cell types. Typically, a CT cell is named based on the type of cell it is and the tissue that is located in. of only one cell type that are no blast no cyte The prefix describes the tissue type and a suffix describes the cell type. ~ closely packed together. Examples of cell name prefixes: Osteo: bone Chondro: cartilage Adipo: fat Fibro: Aber Cell types (suffix): Blast: An immature cell that makes the tissue (secretes ground substance and fibers). Proteoglycan Gel (PGG) Cyte: A mature cell that maintains the tissue matrix (blast cells turn into cytes when they finish making tissue). collagen elastic reticular mainly - - - pink fibers I fibers (darkpup the (blue) Collagen is the strongest of the fibers Elastic fibers have the ability to Reticular fibers are the weakest fiber PGG contain highly branched and is made from collagen proteins stretch and bend then return to their and form highly branched networks molecules that are hydrophilic aligned in the same direction. original shape. They are made from to support cells (Reticular means loves He Typically stain pink in the lab elastin proteins and stain dark network). They are made from ① hold H20 in tissue purple/black in the lab collagen proteins and stain blue in the lab. * connective Tissues are the with ① Cells in Lacuna (cytes) only tissues fibers * blasts are outside the blast make a tissue lacuna when transformed into cytes Adipose connective tissue Clinical Relevance: Adipose provides many important functions as listed on this slide. However, an abundance of adipose can have negative health consequences including increased blood pressure and a higher risk of developing type II diabetes. Excess glucose in the diet is converted to lipids in the liver and then stored in adipocytes. Adipose tissue enlarges through swelling of adipocytes, not the production of more adipocytes. Enlargement of adipocytes releases inflammatory chemicals that Cell types: Adipocytes lead to insulin resistance. Matrix: none (only c with no matrix) ① reverse Locations: Bottom layer of Skin (Hypodermis) breast around organs , type 2 , Function: Energy storage padding for , organs (protection) Insulation diabetes ① CT has some aut Adipose type of Matrix ⑦ limited supply of enlarge the have how much ① Don't make new adipocytes , just ones we glucose we can store ⑦ Body is good at storing fat 10  8/11/2023 Areolar connective tissue ① only tissue that has all 3 fibers Clinical Relevance: Areolar connective tissue is located all over the body, especially underneath the (black) epithelial linings of the body. All three fiber types help ⑭ support those linings and the immune cells help protect pathogens from entering the (proteoglycan gel) body. The large amount of go proteoglycan gel holds plenty water to keep the tissues and organs hydrated. Reticular fibers A quick clinical test to see if not visible a patient is hydrated is to gently pinch the skin on the back of the hand. If it stays (pink) pinched, and doesn’t spring back quickly, the areolar CT is low in water and the patients is dehydrated. Cell types: Fibroblasts Immune cells , Matrix: Poo + all 3 fibers collagen elastic reticular , , + Locations: below epidermis (part of dermis) around blood vessels , Function: cushion and hydrate organs tissues + + nerves surrounding , organs Blood connective tissue * only liquid tissue Clinical Relevance: Blood serves many vital functions. The erythrocytes transport oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide. The leukocytes fight pathogens. The plasma carries water, nutrients, wastes, hormones and ions to the tissues. The Othrocyte erythrocytes are flat, flexible discs that can squeeze through narrow capillaries to Okocyte deliver oxygen. In sickle cell anemia, a genetic mutation causes the cells to change into a ‘sickle’ shape, especially in low oxygen conditions. The erythrocytes loose their flexibility and can Cell types: Erythrocytes Leukocytes , become stuck in the vessels, starving tissues of oxygen protecti malariaon Matrix: plasned (no fibers unless exposed to air and causing severe pain. -to Locations: Inside blood vessels In bone marrow 3 americansa prevalent , Function: carry gases (Oc + Co) Immunity plasma carries , , In African nutrunts , H20 waste hormones and cons. , , 11  8/11/2023 Dense regular connective tissue ① only nucle thats like a pencil lines Clinical Relevance: This tissue serves as a very strong ‘rope’ for muscles to pull on the bones and to Proteoglycan ↑ gel in between connect bones together at the joints. It is very strong in weak fibers the direction of the collagen fibers, but relatively weak in - other directions. This means that the tendons and > ligaments are prone to - The collagen fibers tearing if force is applied in - are all aligned in a strongek the wrong direction. These ‘regular’ fashion tissues have a fairly poor providing strength in blood supply so healing is that direction for ↓ pulling on bones poor, and surgical repair is often required. This can involve using similar tissue from another place in the body or tendons from Cell types: fibroblast cadaver donors. Matrix: Proteoglycan gel collagen fligament + Locations: Tendons (muscle to bone) ligaments (bone , to bone) Function: strong "rope" for pulling ① ligaments and tendons are the same tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Clinical Relevance: This tissue provides strength ↑ and support to the body. This is particularly important in the capsules around joints that need to be able to support the joints in all directions of movement, and in the dermis to provide The collagen fibers -strong > - are aligned in an support to your skin in all directions of movement. ‘irregular’ fashion ↓ Scleroderma is an auto‐ in all directions immune disease that providing good stimulates the fibroblasts to