Anki Questions - Medical Terminology

"What is the basic unit of life, specialized for various functions such as movement, secretion, and respiration?;Cells" What controls what enters and exits the cell and is essential for maintaining fluid balance and influencing drug interactions?;Cell Membrane What organelle produces energy in the f...

"What is the basic unit of life, specialized for various functions such as movement, secretion, and respiration?;Cells" What controls what enters and exits the cell and is essential for maintaining fluid balance and influencing drug interactions?;Cell Membrane What organelle produces energy in the form of ATP and is important for oxygen use?;Mitochondria "What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis, which is crucial in tissue repair?;Ribosomes" What type of respiration uses oxygen and produces 38 ATP?;Aerobic Respiration "What type of respiration functions without oxygen, producing 2 ATP and lactic acid, which can lead to acidosis in trauma situations?;Anaerobic Respiration" What passive processes are critical for fluid balance?;Osmosis and Diffusion "What is vital for maintaining electrolyte balance, especially in cardiac patients?;Active Transport (Sodium-Potassium Pump)" "Which electrolytes are essential for cellular functions?;Sodium, potassium, and calcium" What is critical to maintain between 7.35 and 7.45 and is essential in managing acidosis or alkalosis?;pH Balance "What type of tissue covers body surfaces, provides protection, secretes substances, and allows permeability, and is found on skin, organs, and glands?;Epithelial Tissue" "What type of tissue supports and protects, stores fat, and produces blood cells, and is located in bones, tendons, and ligaments?;Connective Tissue" What type of muscle tissue is involved in voluntary movement and is attached to bones?;Skeletal Muscle What type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in organs like the intestines?;Smooth Muscle "What type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the heart, responsible for pumping blood?;Cardiac Muscle" "What type of tissue sends electrical impulses and communicates with muscles and glands, and is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves?;Nervous Tissue" "What type of membrane lines cavities without external openings, such as the pleura and pericardium, and secretes fluid for lubrication?;Serous Membrane" "What type of membrane lines cavities with external openings, such as the mouth and nose, and secretes mucus?;Mucous Membrane" What is the name of the membrane that protects body surfaces and is commonly referred to as skin?;Cutaneous Membrane What type of membrane lines joints and secretes fluid to reduce friction?;Synovial Membrane "Why is it important for paramedics to recognize different tissue types and their roles in injury, such as muscle tears and nerve damage?;To assess the nature and severity of injuries during patient care." "What is the significance of understanding membrane types, such as serous versus mucous membranes, in assessing fluid build-up and trauma impacts?;It aids in determining the extent of injury and necessary interventions." How can paramedics identify muscle control issues during patient transport or cardiac emergencies?;By distinguishing between voluntary and involuntary muscle control. What signs of nervous system damage should paramedics be aware of in trauma patients?;Loss of sensation and motor function. "What is the body’s way of maintaining internal balance, including temperature, pH, fluid, and electrolyte levels?;Homeostasis" How should hyperthermia be managed in terms of temperature regulation?;With cooling methods such as ice packs and fans. How should hypothermia be addressed according to temperature regulation?;With warming techniques such as blankets and warm IV fluids. "What actions should be taken to address pH imbalance, such as acidosis or alkalosis?;Through ventilation or medications to maintain the target pH of 7.35-7.45." "How can fluid and electrolyte balance be monitored and managed?;With IV fluids, especially in cases of dehydration or trauma." What are the key interventions for temperature regulation in paramedics?;Apply cooling methods for heatstroke or warming techniques for hypothermia. What intervention should be administered for dehydration or electrolyte imbalances?;IV fluids. How can acid-base balance be adjusted in cases of respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?;By adjusting ventilation. "What is apoptosis in the context of cell turnover?;A normal process of programmed cell death, such as red blood cell turnover." What should paramedics be aware of regarding disruptions in cell turnover?;Uncontrolled cell growth in cancer. What mechanism does the body use to stabilize functions such as blood pressure?;Negative Feedback. What should paramedics recognize as a loss of regulation in conditions like sepsis or major bleeding?;The failure of negative feedback mechanisms. "What signs should paramedics respond to regarding autonomous dysregulation?;Signs of unregulated body systems, such as shock or organ failure." "What quick assessments should be made to check for homeostasis?;Check vital signs, including temperature, pH, and fluid levels." What interventions should be implemented to restore balance in homeostasis?;IV fluids or temperature control. What function of the skeletal system provides a structural framework for the body?;Support. How does the skeletal system facilitate movement?;Through muscle attachments. What function of the skeletal system shields internal organs from injury?;Protection. What does the skeletal system store that is important for muscle function?;Calcium. "What type of marrow produces red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets?;Red marrow." "What does the axial skeleton include?;The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage." "What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?;Protects the brain, heart, lungs, and spinal cord." "What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?;The shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs." "What type of bones are important for movement and support, such as the humerus and femur?;Long Bones." "What type of bones support fine movements, such as carpals and tarsals?;Short Bones." "What type of bones protect organs, such as the sternum and ribs?;Flat Bones." "What type of bones protect the spinal cord and provide body support, such as vertebrae and pelvis?;Irregular Bones." "What type of joints are immovable, such as the skull sutures?;Fibrous Joints." "What type of joints allow slight movement, such as intervertebral discs?;Cartilaginous Joints." "What type of joints permit free movement and are important for trauma stabilization, such as the shoulder and knee?;Synovial Joints." What is the process by which bones form and heal?;Ossification. Why is proper immobilization essential for recovery during bone growth and repair?;It allows the healing process to occur effectively. What hormone releases calcium from bones when blood calcium is low?;Parathyroid hormone (PTH). What are the two primary functions of muscles that involve facilitating movement and maintaining posture?;Movement and Posture. "How do muscles contribute to joint stability?;By providing support to joints, preventing dislocations." "What do muscle contractions generate that helps regulate body temperature, such as shivering in cold environments?;Heat." "What type of muscle tissue is voluntary and striated, attached to bones, and responsible for body movements?;Skeletal Muscle" What type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the walls of internal organs like the intestines?;Smooth Muscle "What type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the heart, responsible for pumping blood?;Cardiac Muscle" What property of muscle tissue refers to its ability to respond to stimuli?;Excitability "What property of muscle tissue allows it to shorten, producing movement?;Contractility" What property of muscle tissue refers to its ability to stretch without being damaged?;Extensibility What property of muscle tissue allows it to return to its original shape after stretching or contracting?;Elasticity What is the fixed attachment point of a muscle called?;Origin "What is the movable attachment point of a muscle called, which moves toward the origin during contraction?;Insertion" What stimulates muscle contraction?;Motor Neurons "What structure releases acetylcholine (ACh), which activates muscle fibers?;Neuromuscular Junction" What triggers muscle contraction?;Calcium Release What provides the energy necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation?;ATP What is the primary energy source for muscle contraction?;ATP What provides a rapid source of ATP replenishment for muscle activity?;Creatine Phosphate "What condition results from lactic acid buildup during anaerobic respiration and requires oxygen to clear, leading to fatigue?;Oxygen Debt" "What type of muscle injuries should paramedics identify?;Strains, tears, and other muscle injuries." How can paramedics recognize muscle fatigue?;By managing oxygen debt with proper hydration and oxygenation. "Why is it important for paramedics to monitor calcium levels?;Because they are crucial for muscle function, and calcium should be administered in cases of hypocalcemia." Why is it useful for paramedics to understand how acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates muscles?;It aids in managing nerve injuries. What is the function of the nervous system that continuously tracks the body’s internal and external environments?;Monitoring "What function of the nervous system interprets sensory information, such as touch, pain, and temperature?;Sensory Processing" What does the nervous system manage regarding voluntary movements and involuntary functions like heart rate and breathing?;Response Coordination What are the components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?;Brain and spinal cord. "What functions does the CNS control?;Thought, movement, and autonomic functions." "How is the CNS protected?;By the cranium, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the blood-brain barrier." What system controls voluntary movements within the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?;Somatic Nervous System. What part of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) activates the 'fight or flight' response?;Sympathetic Nervous System. What part of the ANS promotes 'rest and digest' functions?;Parasympathetic Nervous System. What structure of a neuron receives signals?;Dendrites. What structure of a neuron transmits impulses?;Axons. What type of neuron carries signals from the CNS to muscles?;Motor Neurons. What type of neuron carries signals from the body to the CNS?;Sensory Neurons. What cranial nerve is responsible for smell?;I (Olfactory Nerve). What cranial nerve is responsible for vision?;II (Optic Nerve). Which cranial nerve is involved in hearing and balance?;VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve). What cranial nerve is responsible for facial expressions?;VII (Facial Nerve). How can cranial nerve function be assessed?;During patient evaluation for signs of sensory or motor function loss. "What type of pain is localized from the skin, muscles, or joints?;Somatic Pain." "What type of pain is deep and diffuse, originating from internal organs?;Visceral Pain." "What type of pain is felt in a different location than its source, such as heart attack pain felt in the arm?;Referred Pain." What type of pain is experienced in amputated body parts?;Phantom Pain. What is the role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?;To transmit motor and sensory signals between the brain and the rest of the body. How is the spinal cord protected?;It is encased in the vertebral column. "What should paramedics evaluate during a neurological assessment?;Consciousness, motor, and sensory functions, and test reflexes to identify neural impairments." "Why is it important for paramedics to differentiate between somatic, visceral, and referred pain?;To apply appropriate interventions for pain management." "What should be tested in cranial nerve assessment to identify signs of damage?;Vision, hearing, or balance loss." What should paramedics do for patients with spinal cord injuries?;Stabilize the spine and monitor for motor or sensory loss. "How can paramedics manage autonomic nervous system (ANS) symptoms?;By recognizing 'fight or flight' responses, such as increased heart rate and sweating, and managing those symptoms." What is the primary function of the endocrine system that involves glands releasing hormones into the bloodstream?;Hormone Secretion. What do the adrenal glands release to manage stress in situations such as trauma?;Cortisol How does the pancreas contribute to glucose management?;By producing insulin and glucagon to help maintain blood glucose levels. "What is the role of the pituitary gland, often referred to as the master gland?;It controls other glands by releasing hormones such as growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)." "What hormones does the thyroid gland control, and what is its primary function?;T3 and T4 hormones; it controls metabolism and regulates calcium via calcitonin." What is the function of the parathyroid gland in the endocrine system?;It maintains calcium balance through the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH). "What hormones do the adrenal glands produce, and what are their functions?;Cortisol (stress management), aldosterone (fluid balance), and adrenaline (fight-or-flight response)." What hormone lowers blood glucose by facilitating glucose uptake into cells?;Insulin. What hormone raises blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown?;Glucagon. What is the role of cortisol in the body?;It manages metabolism and the stress response. What do thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) control?;The body’s metabolic rate and energy use. What should paramedics monitor in diabetes care?;Blood glucose levels and signs of hypoglycemia (low sugar) and hyperglycemia (high sugar). "How should paramedics manage an adrenal crisis?;By identifying adrenal insufficiency symptoms (e.g., fatigue, low blood pressure) and managing with corticosteroids if necessary." What symptoms should paramedics recognize for hypothyroidism?;Fatigue and cold intolerance. What symptoms are associated with hyperthyroidism that paramedics should be aware of?;Weight loss and heat intolerance. How can paramedics manage fevers?;With antipyretics. What techniques should be used to treat hypothermia?;Warming techniques. "What actions can paramedics take to stabilize patients with endocrine disorders?;Administer hormones or medications, such as insulin for diabetes or cortisol for adrenal crisis." What component of the circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body?;Heart. "What are the types of blood vessels that transport blood?;Arteries, veins, and capillaries." "What does blood carry throughout the body?;Oxygen, nutrients, and waste products." What type of circulation delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart?;Systemic Circulation. What type of circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart?;Pulmonary Circulation. "What component of blood carries water, proteins, nutrients, and hormones?;Plasma." What is the function of red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulatory system?;To transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. "What type of blood cells fight infections, with key types including neutrophils and lymphocytes?;White Blood Cells (WBCs)." What role do platelets play in the circulatory system?;They help in blood clotting. "What are the four chambers of the heart?;Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle." What is the function of valves in the heart?;To prevent blood from flowing backward. What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart?;Right atrium → right ventricle → lungs (for oxygen) → left atrium → left ventricle → body. What are the steps of blood clotting (hemostasis)?;Vasoconstriction → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation cascade (fibrin stabilizes the clot). What process removes the clot after healing?;Fibrinolysis. "In the ABO blood system, what type is considered the universal donor?;Type O." "In the ABO blood system, what type is considered the universal recipient?;Type AB." What must be compatible in blood transfusions to prevent reactions?;Rh factor (Rh+ and Rh–). What should paramedics monitor for signs of shock?;Low blood pressure (BP) and rapid heart rate (HR). "How can paramedics control bleeding?;With direct pressure, tourniquets, or hemostatic agents." What is essential to ensure before a blood transfusion?;Compatibility between donor and recipient blood types (ABO and Rh factor). "What signs should paramedics recognize in cardiac emergencies, such as myocardial infarction?;Chest pain and shortness of breath." What is an important intervention in shock management?;Administering IV fluids to restore circulation and using vasopressors if needed to support blood pressure. What is the primary function of the respiratory system that delivers oxygen to the body?;Oxygenation. What function of the respiratory system eliminates carbon dioxide from the body?;Carbon Dioxide Removal. How does the respiratory system protect the body?;By filtering air to trap pathogens and particles. "What structures are included in the upper airway?;Nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx." "What is the function of the upper airway?;It filters, warms, and humidifies air." "What structures are included in the lower airway?;Trachea, bronchi, and alveoli." Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?;In the alveoli. What is the main muscle responsible for breathing?;Diaphragm. What is tidal volume (TV)?;The air moved per breath during normal breathing. "What is minute volume (MV)?;The air moved per minute, calculated as TV × respiratory rate." What is vital capacity (VC)?;The maximum air exhaled after maximum inhalation. What is residual volume (RV)?;The air remaining in the lungs after exhalation to prevent alveolar collapse. "What occurs during inhalation in the respiratory process?;The diaphragm contracts, creating negative pressure that draws air into the lungs." "What occurs during exhalation in the respiratory process?;The diaphragm relaxes, expelling air from the lungs." What does the oxyhemoglobin curve describe?;Oxygen binding to hemoglobin. What happens when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right?;It releases oxygen to tissues. What happens when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the left?;It holds oxygen in the lungs. Which part of the brain controls respiratory rate in response to CO₂ levels?;Medulla Oblongata. What controls the diaphragm for breathing?;Phrenic Nerves. What should paramedics assess during an airway assessment?;Ensure the airway is clear and assess for breathing difficulties. "How should oxygen be administered according to paramedic protocols?;Using a nasal cannula, masks, or other devices depending on SpO₂ levels." "What ventilation management techniques can be used for patients in respiratory distress or failure?;CPAP, BiPAP, or intubation." "What signs should paramedics look for to recognize respiratory distress?;Accessory muscle use, cyanosis, or altered mental status." "How should paramedics treat respiratory emergencies?;By administering bronchodilators for asthma, epinephrine for anaphylaxis, and managing pneumothorax or pulmonary embolism." What is the function of the digestive system that involves taking in food?;Ingestion. What is the process of breaking down food into nutrients called?;Digestion. What is the function of transporting nutrients from the digestive tract to the bloodstream?;Absorption. What is the process of eliminating waste from the body known as?;Excretion. What is the pathway of the alimentary canal?;Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus. What do salivary glands secrete to begin digestion?;Saliva. What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?;Involved in metabolism and detoxification; produces bile for fat digestion. What is the function of the gallbladder?;It stores and releases bile. What does the pancreas produce that is essential for digestion and blood glucose regulation?;Digestive enzymes and insulin. Which organ is located in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen?;Liver and gallbladder. What organs are found in the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)?;Stomach and spleen. What is contained in the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)?;Cecum and appendix. What is found in the Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)?;Sigmoid colon. "What signs indicate dehydration that paramedics should monitor?;Hypotension, tachycardia, and dry mucous membranes." How should paramedics address fluid replacement in cases of dehydration?;By administering IV fluids to restore balance. What condition involves inflammation of the appendix and presents with RLQ pain?;Appendicitis. "What condition involves blockage of the intestines, leading to abdominal pain and distension?;Bowel Obstruction." "What is pancreatitis, and what is it often associated with?;Inflammation of the pancreas, often associated with alcohol use or gallstones." What precaution should paramedics take for airway management in vomiting patients?;Be cautious of aspiration; place them in a side-lying position if needed. Why is it important to assess the location and severity of abdominal pain?;To identify possible causes of gastrointestinal issues. What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?;Filtration. "How do the kidneys help regulate fluid levels and electrolytes?;By filtering blood to remove waste and excess fluid, including sodium, potassium, and calcium." What function of the urinary system maintains the acid-base balance in the blood?;pH Regulation. "What is the role of the kidneys in urine production?;To filter blood to produce urine, regulate electrolytes, and maintain fluid balance." What are the functional units in the kidneys that filter blood and form urine?;Nephrons. What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?;Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH). What hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion?;Aldosterone. What is the function of the bladder in the urinary system?;To store urine until it is excreted. What reflex triggers urination when the bladder is full?;Micturition Reflex. How do ADH and the thirst mechanism help maintain fluid balance?;They regulate water intake and retention. "What conditions should paramedics watch for in relation to electrolyte imbalances?;Hyperkalemia (high potassium) or hypokalemia (low potassium), which can cause cardiac arrhythmias." What signs of dehydration should paramedics monitor?;Urine output and signs such as dry mucous membranes and hypotension. "What should paramedics be vigilant for regarding electrolyte disturbances?;Signs such as muscle cramps or confusion, especially in trauma or critically ill patients." What do the testes produce?;Sperm and hormones like testosterone. What is the pathway of sperm from production to ejaculation?;Testes → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Urethra → Ejaculation. What regulates male characteristics and sperm production?;Testosterone. What common emergency involves sudden severe pain and swelling due to twisting of the spermatic cord?;Testicular Torsion.