Medical Glossary - MT 101 Finals 2022-2023 PDF

**Medical Glossary** **MT 101** **1st SEMESTER F.Y. 2022-2023** ***Glaiza P. Salvador, RN, MSN*** ***Clinical Instructor*** **TABLE OF CONTENTS** I. **FINALS** **.....................................................** Chapter 9: **Digestive System............................................*...

**Medical Glossary** **MT 101** **1st SEMESTER F.Y. 2022-2023** ***Glaiza P. Salvador, RN, MSN*** ***Clinical Instructor*** **TABLE OF CONTENTS** I. **FINALS** **.....................................................** Chapter 9: **Digestive System............................................** 1. **Normal Structure and general functions of the digestive system** 2. Roots pertaining to the digestive system 3. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the digestive system 4. Common abbreviations and medical terminologies related to the digestive system Chapter 10: **Urinary System............................................** 1. **Normal structure and general functions of the urinary system** 2. Roots pertaining to the urinary system 3. Clinical signs and symptoms, disorders involving the urinary system 4. Common abbreviations and other medical terminologies related to the urinary system Chapter 11: **Nervous System and Endocrine System........................** 1. Organization of the nervous and endocrine system 2. Roots/ Word parts pertaining to the nervous and endocrine system 3. Clinical signs and symptoms, disorders involving nervous and endocrine system 4. Common abbreviations and other medical terminologies related to nervous and endocrine system **REFERENCES:** ***Textbook*** 1.Medical Language: Focus on Terminology, Moisio 2016 ***Other References:*** 1\. Medical Terminology Complete 4th Wingerd 2019 2\. Medical Terminology: an illustrated guide 8th ed (T) Cohen 2017 3\. Bates pocket guide to physical examination and history taking (R) Bickley 2017 5\. Fundamental Concepts and Skills for Nursing 4th ed Dewit, S. 2014 6\. Introduction to Medical Terminology 3rd ed. Ehrlich, 2014 7\. Fundamental Concept and Skills for Nursing 4th ed, Dewit, 2014 8\. Mosby's Dictionary Of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions 9th ed. 2013 9\. Medical Terminology, incredibly Easy 3rd Editionby Lippincot Williams & Wilkins 10\. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, nursing and Health Profession 9th ed., Mosby, 2013 ***Website References:*** www.e-rehab.com www.finditonline.ws www.aquaticnet.com www.yahoo.com www.google.com **CHAPTER 9** **DIGESTIVE SYSTEM** This Chapter discusses the different terms related both on the normal and clinical aspects of the digestive system that may help the learner to enable to communicate with the allied health care workers in taking care of the patients holistically. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **MAJOR TOPICS** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1. **Normal Structure and general functions of the digestive | | system** | | | | 2. Roots pertaining to the digestive system | | | | 3. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the digestive system | | | | 4. Common abbreviations and medical terminologies related to the | | digestive system | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Before you proceed...** **Intended Learning Outcomes:** - Identify the general function of the digestive system - Name the organs of the alimentary canal and the accessory digestive organs - Describe the different terms related to the structure and function of the digestive system - Give the terminologies needed for physical examination of the digestive system - Recognize tests that help diagnose digestive system disorders - Identify and define clinical symptoms and disorders of the digestive system and their treatments. **Key Terms:** - Digestive tract - Small Intestine - Colon - Absorption **Let's Begin!** The digestive system is used in the human body for the process of digestion. It consists primarily of the digestive tract, or the series of structures and organs through which food and liquids pass during their processing into forms absorbable into the bloodstream. The system also consists of the structures through which wastes pass in the process of elimination and other organs that contribute juices for the digestive process. digestive system I. **[ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT]** ----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **ORGAN** **DIGESTIVE ACTIONS** Mouth Used to bite and chew food. Mixes food with saliva, which contains salivary amylase, an enzyme that begins the digestion of starch. Shapes food into small portions, which the tongue pushes into the pharynx. Pharynx Swallows food by reflex action and moves it into the esophagus Esophagus Moves food into the stomach by peristalsis Stomach Stores food; churns to mix food with water and digestive juices. Secretes protein-digesting hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the enzyme pepsin Small Intestine Secretes enzymes. Receives secretions from the accessory organs, which digest and neutralize food. Site of most digestion and absorption of nutrients into the circulation Large Intestine Forms, stores, and eliminates undigested waste material ----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ***[The Accessory Organs]*** ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ **ORGAN** **DIGESTIVE ACTIONS** Salivary glands Secrete saliva, which moistens food and contains salivary amylase, an enzyme that begins the digestion of starch Liver Secretes bile salts that break down (emulsify) fats Gallbladder Stores bile and releases it into the digestive tract when needed Pancreas Secretes a variety of digestive enzymes. Also secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid and water to dilute food ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  II. **[NORMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **TERMS** | **MEANING** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | anus | The distal opening of the | | | digestive tract (root: an/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | appendix | An appendage usually means the | | | narrow tube of lymphatic tissue | | | attached to the cecum, the | | | vermiform (worm-like) appendix | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | bile | the fluid secreted by the liver | | | that emulsifies fats and aids in | | | their absorption (roots: chole/, | | | bili) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | cecum | A blind pouch at the beginning of | | | the large intestine (root: cec/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | colon | The major portion of the large | | | intestine; extends from the cecum | | | to the rectum and is formed by | | | ascending, transverse, and | | | descending portions (roots: | | | col/o, colon/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | common bile duct | The duct that carries bile into | | | the duodenum, formed by the union | | | of the cystic duct and the common | | | hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | duodenum | The first portion of the small | | | intestine (root: duoden/o). Also | | | pronounced da-OD-e-mum | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | enzyme | An organic catalyst; speeds the | | | rate of chemical reactions | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | esophagus | The muscular tube that carries | | | food from the pharynx to the | | | stomach | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | feces | The waste material eliminated | | | from the intestine (adjective | | | fecal); stool | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | gallbladder | A sac on the under surface of the | | | liver that stores bile (root: | | | cholecyst/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | hepatic portal system | A special circulatory pathway | | | that brings blood directly from | | | the abdominal organs to the liver | | | for processing (also called | | | simply the portal system). The | | | vessel that enters the liver is | | | the hepatic portal vein (portal | | | vein) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ileum | The terminal portion of the small | | | intestine (root: ile/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | intestine | The portion of the digestive | | | tract between the stomach and the | | | anus. Ir consists of the small | | | and large intestines. It | | | functions in digestion, | | | absorption, and elimination of | | | waste (root: enter/o). | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | jejunum | The middle portion of the small | | | intestine (root: jejun/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | lacteal | A lymphatic capillary in a villus | | | of the small intestine. Lacteals | | | absorb digested fats intothe | | | lymph | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | large intestine | The terminal portion of the | | | digestive tract, consisting of | | | the cecum, colon, rectum, and | | | anus. It stores and eliminates | | | undigested waste material (feces) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | liver | The large gland in the upper | | | right abdomen. In addition to | | | many other functions, it secretes | | | bile needed for digestion and | | | absorption of fats (root: | | | hepat/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | lower esophagus sphincter (LES) | Muscle tissue at the distal end | | | of the esophagus | | | (gastroesophageal junction) that | | | prevents stomach contents from | | | refluxing into the esophagus. | | | Also called the cardiac sphincter | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | mastication | Chewing | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | mouth | The oral cavity; contains the | | | tongue and teeth. Used to take in | | | and | | | | | | mix it with saliva, and move it | | | toward the throat to be swallowed | | | | | | food | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | palate | The roof of the mouth; the | | | partition between the mouth and | | | nasal cavity. Consists of an | | | anterior portion formed by bone, | | | the hard palate, and a posterior | | | portion formed of tissue, the | | | soft palate (root palat/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | pancreas | A large, elongated gland | | | posterior to the stomach. It | | | produces hormones that regulate | | | sugar metabolism and also | | | produces digestive enzymes (root | | | pancreat/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | peristalsis | Wave-like contractions of an | | | organ\'s walls; moves material | | | through an organ or duct | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | peritoneum | The large serous membrane that | | | lines the abdominal cavity and | | | supports the abdominal | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | pharynx | The throat; a common passageway | | | for food entering the esophagus | | | and air entering the larynx | | | (root: pharyng/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | pylorus | The stomach\'s distal opening | | | into the duodenum (root: | | | pylor/o). The opening is | | | controlled by a ring of muscle, | | | the pyloric sphincter | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | rectum | The distal portion of the large | | | intestine. It stores and | | | eliminates undigested waste | | | (roots: rect/o, proct/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | saliva | The clear secretion released into | | | the mouth that moistens food and | | | contains a starch-digesting | | | enzyme (root: sial/o). Saliva is | | | produced by three pairs of | | | glands: the parotid, | | | submandibular, and sublingual | | | glands | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | sigmoid colon | Distal S-shaped portion of the | | | large intestine located between | | | the descending colon and the | | | rectum | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | small intestine | The portion of the intestine | | | between the stomach and the large | | | intestine; comprises the | | | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. | | | Accessory organs secrete into the | | | small intestine, and almost all | | | digestion and absorption occur | | | there | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | stomach | A muscular sac-like organ below | | | the diaphragm that stores food | | | and secretes juices the digest | | | proteins (root: gastr/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | uvula | The fleshy mass that hangs from | | | the soft palate; aids in speech | | | production (literally \"little | | | grape\") (root: uvul/o) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | villi | Tiny projections in the lining of | | | the small intestine that absorb | | | digested foods into the | | | circulation (singular: villus) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ III. **[ROOTS]** - **[Roots for the Mouth]** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Root | Meaning | Example | Definition of | | | | | Example | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | bucc/o | Cheek | buccoversion | Turning toward | | | | | the cheek | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | dent/o,dent/i | Tooth, teeth | edentulous | Without teeth | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | odont/o | Tooth, teeth | periodontics | Dental | | | | | speciality that | | | | | deals with the | | | | | study and | | | | | treatment of | | | | | the tissues | | | | | around the | | | | | teeth | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | gingiv/o | Gum (gingiva) | gingivectomy | Excision of the | | | | | gum tissue | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | gloss/o | tongue | glossoplegia | Paralysis | | | | | (-plegia of the | | | | | tongue) | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | lingu/o | tongue | orolingual | Pertaining to | | | | | the mouth and | | | | | tongue | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | or/o | Mouth | circumoral | Around the | | | | | mouth | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | stoma, stomat/o | mouth | xerostomia | Dryness (-xero) | | | | | of the mouth | | palat/o | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | sial/o | Saliva, | sialogram | Radiograph of | | | salivary gland, | | the salivary | | | salivary duct | | gland and ducts | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | uvul/o | uvula | uvulotome | Instrument | | | | | (-tome) for | | | | | incising the | | | | | ovula | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ - **[Roots for the Digestive Tract (except the mouth)]** ---------------- --------------- --------------- --------------------------------------------------- Root Meaning Example Definition of Example esophag/o Esophagus esophageal Pertaining to the esophagus gastr/o stomach gastroparesis Partial paralysis (paresis) of the stomach pylor/o pylorus pyloroplasty Plastic repair of the pylorus enter/o Intestine dysentery Infection disease of the intestine duoden/o duodenum duodenostomy Surgical creation of an opening into the duodenum jejun/o jejunum jejunectomy Excision of the jejunum ile/o ileum ileitis Inflammation of the ileum cec/o cecum cecoptosis Downward displacement of the cecum col/o, colon/o Colon colonlysis Irrigation (-clysis) of the colon sigmoid/o sigmoid colon sigmoidscope An endoscope for examining the sigmoid colon rect/o rectum rectocele Hernia of the rectum proct/o Rectum proctoplexy Surgical fixation of the rectum ---------------- --------------- --------------- --------------------------------------------------- - **[Roots for the Accessory Organs]** ---------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------------------------------- Root Meaning Example Definition of Example hepat/o Liver hepatocyte A liver cell bili Bile biliary Pertaining to the bile or bile duct chol/e, chol/o Bile, gall Cholestasis Stoppage of the bile flow cholecyst/o Gallbladder Cholecystogram Radiograph of the gallbladder cholangi/o Bile duct chalangioma Cancer of the bile duct choledoch/o Common bile duct Choledochal Pertaining o the common bilr duct pancreat/o pancreas pancreatotropic Acting on the pancreas ---------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------------------------------- IV. ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **TERMS** **MEANING** appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix ascites Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in blood plasma composition Barrett syndrome Condition resulting from chronic esophagitis, as caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Inflammatory injury Can lead to esophageal spasms, scarring, strictures, and increased risk of cancer. Also called Barrett esophagus biliary colic Acute abdominal pain caused by gallstones in the bile ducts bilirubin A pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile caries Tooth decay celiac disease Inability to absorb foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat and some other grains; caused by an excess immune response to gluten cholencystitis Inflammation of the gallbladder cholelithiasis The condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also used to refer to stones in the common bile duct cirrhosis Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue Crohn disease A chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract usually involving the ileum and colon diarrhea The frequent passage of watery bowel movements diverticulitis Inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall of the digestive tract, especially in the colon diverticulosis The presence of diverticula, especially in the colon dysphagia Difficulty in swallowing emesis Vomiting fistula An abnormal passageway between two organs or from an organ to the body surface, such as between the rectum and anus (anorectal fistula) gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestine Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Condition caused by reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus resulting in heartburn regurgitation, inflammation, and possible damage to the esophagus; caused by weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) heartburn A warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum and radiating upward. Commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Medical name is pyrosis (pyrlo means \"heat\") hemorrhoids Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and sometimes rectal prolapse; piles hepatitis Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection hepatomegaly Enlargement of the liver hiatal hernia A protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes icterus jaundice ileus Intestinal obstruction. May be caused by lack of peristalsis (adynamic, paralytic ileus) or by contraction (dynamic ileus). Intestinal matter and gas may be relieved by insertion of a drainage tube intussusception Slipping of one intestinal segment into another part below it. Occurs mainly in male infants in the ileocecal region. May be fatal if untreated for more than one day jaundice A yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eye caused by bile pigments in the blood (from French jaune meaning \"yellow\"), The main pigment is bilirubin, a byproduct of erythrocyte destruction leukoplakia White patches on mucous membranes, as on the tongue or cheeks, often resulting from smoking or other irritants; may be precancerous nausea An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and sometimes early pregnancy occult blood Blood present in such small amounts that it can be detected only microscopically chemically; in the feces, a sign of intestinal bleeding (occult means \"hidden\") pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas peptic ulcer A lesion in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum caused by the action of gastric juice perotinitis Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. May result from perforation of an ulcer, ruptured appendix, or reproductive tract infection, among other causes polyp A tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily portal hypertension An abnormal pressure increases in the hepatic portal system, May be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or a tumor pyloric stenosis Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum; pylorostenosis regurgitation A backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested food spienomegaly Enlargement of the spleen ulcerative collitis Chronic ulceration of the rectum and colon; the cause is unknown, but may involve autoimmunity volvulus Twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction. Usually involves the sigmoid colon and occurs most often in children and in the elderly. May be caused by congenital malformation, a foreign body, or adhesion, Failure to treat immediately may result in death Diagnosis and Treatment anastomosis A passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May be normal or pathologic or may be created surgically Barium study Use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for fluoroscopic or radiographic study of the digestive tract. Can show obstruction, tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and motility disorders, among other conditions cholecystectomy Surgical removal of the gallbladder Dukes classification A system for staging colorectal cancer based on degree of bowel wall penetration and lymph node involvement; severity is graded from A to C endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) A technique for viewing, the pancreatic and bile ducts and for performing certain techniques to relieve obstructions. Contrast medium is injected into the biliary system from the duodenum before radiographs are taken endoscopy Use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI studies include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy (rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon) ostomy An opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to create such an opening (see stoma) stoma A surgically created opening to the body surface or between two organs (literally \"mouth\") ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V. **SUPPLEMENTARY TERMS:** - **[Normal Structure and Function]** ------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Terms** **Meaning** bolus A mass, such as the rounded mass of food that is swallowed cardia The part of the stomach near the esophagus, named for its closeness to the heart chyme The semi-liquid partially digested food that moves from the stomach into the small intestine defecation The evacuation of feces from the rectum deglutition Swallowing duodenal bulb The part of the duodenum near the pylorus; the first bend (flexure) of the duodenum duodenal papilla The raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum; papilla of Vater (FA-ter) greater omentum A fold of the peritoneum that extends from the stomach over the abdominal organs hepatic flexure The right bend of the colon, forming the junction between the ascending colon and the transverse colon ileocecal valve A valve-like structure between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine messentery The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the intestine mesocolon The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the colon papilla of Vater See duodenal papilla rugae The large folds in the stomach\'s lining seen when the stomach is empty sphinter of Oddi The muscular ring at the opening of the common bile duct into the duodenum splenic flexure The left bend of the colon, forming the junction between the transverse colon and the descending colon ------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - **[Disorders]** -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Terms** **Meaning** achalasia Failure of a smooth muscle to relax, especially the lower esophageal sphincter so that food is retained in the esophagus achlorhydria Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; opposite is hyperchlorhydria anorexia Loss of appetite. Anorexia nervosa is a psychologically induced refusal or inability to eat (adjectives: anorectic, anorexic) aphagia Inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing, refusal or inability to eat aphthous ulcer An ulcer in a mucous membrane, as in the mouth bruxism Clenching and grinding of the teeth, usually during sleep bulimia Excessive, insatiable appetite. A disorder characterized by overeating followed by induced vomiting, diarrhea, or fasting cachexia Profound ill health, malnutrition, and wasting cheilosis Cracking at the corners of the mouth, often caused by B vitamin deficiency (root cheil/o means \"lip cholestasis Stoppage of bile flow. Also pronounced ko-LES-ta-sis constipation Infrequency or difficulty in defecation and the passage of hard, dry feces dyspepsia Poor or painful digestion eructation Belching familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) A heredity condition in which multiple polyps form in the colon and rectum, predisposing to colorectal cancer Flatulence Condition of having gas or air in the Gl tract flatus Gas or air in the gastrointestinal tract; gas or air expelled through the anus hematemesis Vomiting of blood irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) A chronic stress-related disease characterized by diarrhea, constipation, and pain associated with rhythmic intestinal contractions. Mucous colitis, spastic colon megacolon An extremely dilated colon. Usually congenital but may occur in acute ulcerative colitis melena Black tarry feces resulting from blood in the intestines. Common in new borns. May alsobe a sign of gastrointestinal bleeding obstipation Extreme constipation pernicious anemia A form of anemia caused by the stomach\'s failure to secrete intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 pilonidal cyst A dermal cyst in the sacral region, usually at the top of the cleft between the buttocks. May become infected and begin to drain thrush Fungal infection of the mouth and/or throat caused by Candida; appears as mucosal white patches or ulcers Vincent disease Severe gingivitis with necrosis associated with the bacterium. Treponema vincenti, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis; trench mouth -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - **[Diagnosis and Treatment]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Terms** | **Meaning** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | appendectomy | Surgical removal of the appendix | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | bariatrics | The branch of medicine concerned | | | with prevention and control of | | | obesity and associated | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | bariatic surgery | Surgery to reduce the size of the | | | stomach and reduce nutrient | | | absorption in the treatment of | | | morbid obesity. Most common is | | | gastric bypass surgery, which | | | involves division of the stomach | | | and anastomosis of its upper part | | | to the small intestine | | | (jejunum)Other methods are | | | gastric stapling, partitioning of | | | the stomach with rows of staples, | | | and | | | | | | gastric banding, which involves | | | laparoscopic placement of an | | | adjustable loop (Lap-Band) that | | | reduces stomach capacity | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Billroth operation | Gastrectomy which anastomosis of | | | the stomach to the duodenum | | | (Bullroth 1) or to the jejunum | | | (Ballroch II) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | gavage | Process of feeding through a | | | nasogastric tube into the stomach | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | lavage | Washing out of a cavity; | | | irrigation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | manometry | Measurement of pressure; | | | pertaining to the GI tract, | | | measurement of pressure in the | | | portal system as a sign of | | | obstruction | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Murphy sign | Inability to take a deep breath | | | when fingers are pressed firmly | | | below the right arch of the ribs | | | (below the liver). Signifies | | | gallbladder disease | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | nasogastric (NG) tube | Tube that is passed through the | | | nose into the stomach May be used | | | for emptying the stomach, | | | administering medication, giving | | | liquids, or sampling stomach | | | contents | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | parenteral hyperalimentation | Complete intravenous feeding for | | | one who cannot take in food. | | | Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | percutaneous endoscopic | Tube inserted into the stomach | | gastrostomy (PEG) tube | for long-term feeding | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | vagotomy | Interruption of vagal nerve | | | impulses to reduce stomach | | | secretions in the treatment of a | | | gastric ulcer. Originally done | | | surgically but may also be done | | | with drugs | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - **[Drugs ]** ------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Terms** **Meaning** antacid Agent that counteracts acidity, usually gastric acidity antidiarrheal Drug that treats or prevents diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lining antiemetic Agent that relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting antiflatulent Agent that prevents or relieves flatulence emetic Agent that relieves spasm, usually of smooth muscle histamine H2 antagonist An agent that causes vomiting laxative Drug that decreases secretion of stomach acid by interfering with the action of histamine at H, receptors. Used to treat ulcers and other gastroiritestinal problems. Hy-receptor blocking agent proton pump inhibitor Agent that promotes elimination from the large intestine. Types include stimulants, substances that retain water ------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **CHAPTER 10** **URINARY SYSTEM** This chapter reviews the concepts on the anatomy and physiology and medical terminology in reference to the urinary system. It helps the learners interpret abbreviations and terminologies to be able to communicate well with other health care workers in taking care individual clients with urinary problems/disorders. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **MAJOR TOPICS** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1. 2. 3. 4. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Before you proceed...** **Intended Learning Outcomes:** - Discuss the general function of the urinary system - Describe the different terms related to the structure and function of the urinary system - Give the terminologies needed for physical examination of the urinary system - Recognize tests that help diagnose urinary system disorders - Identify and define clinical symptoms and disorders of the urinary system and their treatments. **Key Terms:** **Let's Begin!** The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing urine, which is made up of extra fluid. For normal urination to occur, all body parts in the urinary tract need to work together, and in the correct order. Part of the urinary tract: **1. Kidneys (2)** - 2 bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. The kidney filters about 120-150 quarts of blood to remove wastes and balance fluids **2. Ureters (2)** - Thin tube of muscle that connects kidneys to the bladder and carry urine to the urinary bladder. **3. Bladder** - A hollow, muscular balloon-shaped organ that expands as it fills with urine. The bladder acts like a reservoir which can hold 1.5-2 cups of urine **4. Urethra** - A tube located at the bottom of the bladder that allows urine to exit the body during urination **Note:** All parts of the urinary tract---the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra---must work together to urinate normally. urinary tract  **KEY TERM** I. **[Normal Structure and Function]** ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Terms** **Definition** Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) A hormone release by a pituitary gland that causes water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine. Angiotensin A substance that increases blood pressure, activated in the body by a renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys Calyx A cup-like cavity in the pelvis of the kidneys; also calix (plural:Calices) (roots: cali, calic) Diuresis Excretion of urine; usually meaning increased urinary excretion Diuretic A substance the increases the excretion of urine; pertaining to diuresis Erythropoietin (EPO) A hormone produce by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow Glomerular capsule A cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and received material filtered out of the blood; Bowman capsule Glomerular filtrate The fluid and dissolve materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron through the glomerular capsule Glomerulus The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule (plural: glomeruli) (roo:glomerul/o) Kidney An organ of excretion (root: re/o, nephr/o); the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine, which contain metabolic waste products and other substances as needed to regulate the water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the body fluids Micturition The voiding of urine, urination Nephron A microscopic functional unit of the kidney; working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and blood balances the composition of urine. Renal cortex The kidney's outer portion; contains portions of the nephrons Renal medulla The kidney's inner portion, contains portions of the nephrons and ducts that transport urine toward the renal pelvis. Renal pelvis The expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney; Greek root pyel/o means basin Renal pyramid A triangular structure in the renal medulla; composed of the nephrons' loops and collecting ducts Renin An enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood Trigone A triangular at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the 2 ureters and the urethra Tubular reabsorption The return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peri-tubular capillaries Urea The main nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) waste product in the urine Ureter The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder (root: ureter/o) Urethra The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (root: urethr/o) Urinary bladder The organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys (root: cyst/o, vesic/o) Urination The voiding of urine; urination Urine The fluid excreted by the kidneys. It consists of water, electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigments. A variety of other substances may appear in the urine in cases of disease. (root: ur/o) ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. **[Roots Pertaining to the Urinary System]** ----------------- ---------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ **Root** **Meaning** **Example** **Definition of example** Ren/o kidney Suprarenal above the kidney Nephr/o Kidney Nephrosis Any noninflammatory disease condition of the kidney Glomerul/o Glomerulus Juxtaglomerular Near the glomerulus Pyel/o Renal pelvis Pyelectasis dilatation of the renal pelvis Cali/o, calic/o Calyx Caliceal Pertaining to a renal calyx (note addition of e);also spelled calyceal Root Meaning Example Definition of example ur/o Urine, urinary tract Urosepsis Generalized infection that originates in the urinary tract Urin/o Urine Nocturia Urination during the night Ureter/o Ureter Ureterostenosis Narrowing of the ureter Cyst/o Urinary bladder Cystocele Hernia of the urinary bladder Vesic/o Urinary bladder Intravesical Within the urinary bladder Urethr/o Urethra Urethrotome Instrument for incising the urethra ----------------- ---------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ II. **[Clinical Aspect of the Urinary Bladder]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Terms** | **Definition** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Acidosis | Excessive acidity of the body | | | fluids | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Bacteriuria | Presence of bacteria in the urine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cast | A solid mold of a renal tube | | | found in the urine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary | | | bladder, usually as a result of | | | infection | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Dysuria | Painful or difficult urination | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney | | | primarily involving the | | | glomeruli. | | | | | | The acute form usually occurs | | | after an infection elsewhere in | | | the body;the chronic form varies | | | in cause and usually | | | | | | Leads to renal failure | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hematuria | Presence of blood in the urine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hydronephrosis | Collection of urine in the renal | | | pelvis caused by | | | obstruction;results in distention | | | and renal atrophy | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hypokalemia | Deficiency of potassium in the | | | blood | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hyponatremia | Deficiency of sodium in the blood | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hypoproteinemia | Decreased amount of protein in | | | the blood;maybe caused by kidney | | | damage resulting in protein loss | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hyperkalemia | Excess amount of potassium in the | | | blood | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hypernatremia | Excess amount of sodium in the | | | blood | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Nephrotic syndrome | Condition that results from | | | glomerular damage leading to loss | | | of protein in the urine | | | (proteinuria). There is low | | | plasma protein (hypoproteinemia), | | | edema and increased blood lipids | | | as the liver releases | | | lipoproteins. Also called | | | Nephrosis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Oliguria | Elimination of small amounts of | | | urine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Proteinuria | Presence of protein, mainly | | | albumin, in the urine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis | | | and kidney, usually by infection | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pyuria | Presence of pus in the urine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Renal colic | Radiating pain in the region of | | | the kidney associated with the | | | passage of a stone | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Uremia | Presence of toxic levels of urea | | | and other nitrogenous substances | | | in the blood as a result of renal | | | insufficiency | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra, | | | usually due to infection | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Urinary stasis | Stoppage of urine flow; urinary | | | stagnation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ III. **[Diagnosis and Treatment ]** ------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Terms** **Definition** Catheterization Introduction of tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine Cystoscope An instrument for examining the interior of the urinary bladder. Also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery and for other forms of treatment Dialysis Separation of substances by passage through a semi-permeable membrane. Dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing. The two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis Removal of unwanted substances from the blood by passage through s semipermeable membrane Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) Intravenous urography Intravenous urography (IVU) Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine;also called excretory urography or intravenous pyelography, although the latter is less accurate because the procedure shows more than just the renal pelvis Lithotripsy Crushing of a stone Peritoneal dialysis Removal of unwanted substances from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid Retrograde pyelography Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below, by way of the ureters Specific gravity The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. the specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025. This value may increase or decrease in disease. Urinalysis Laboratory study of the urine. Physical and chemical properties and microscopic appearance are included Indwelling Foley Catheter A urinary tract catheter with a balloon at one end that prevents the catheter from leaving the bladder Lithotrite Instrument for crushing a bladder stone ------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Anion gap A measure of electrolyte imbalance Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea.An increase in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood and renal failure. Clean-catch specimen A urine sample obtained after thorough cleansing of the urethral opening and collection in midstream to minimize the chance of contamination. Cystometrography A study of bladder function in which the bladder is filled with fluid or air and the pressure exerted by the bladder muscle at varying degrees of filling is measured. The tracing recorded is cystometrogram Protein electrophoresis Laboratory study of urinary proteins; used to diagnose multiple myeloma,Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and lymphoid tumor Urinometer Device for measuring the specific gravity of urine --------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hysterectomy Surgical removal of all part of the urinary bladder Ileal conduit Diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum. One end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall. A procedure used when the bladder is removed or nonfunctional. Also called ileal bladder. Lithotomy Incision of an organ to remove a stone Renal transplantation Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient ----------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------- **Terms** **Definition** ----------- ---------------- IV. **[Surgery]** ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Terms Definition Aldosterone A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys Clearance The volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a substance per unit of time;renal plasma clearance Creatinine A nitrogenous byproduct of muscle metabolism. An increase in blood creatinine is a sign of renal failure Detrusor muscle The muscle in the bladder wall Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) The amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys Maximum transport capacity ( TM) The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported across the renal tubule;tubular maximum Renal corpuscle The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit;the filtration device of the kidney ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V. **[Normal Structure and Function : Supplementary terms: ]** VI. **[Symptoms and Conditions]** --------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Terms** **Definition** Anuresis Lack of urination Anuria Lack of urine formation Azotemia Presence of increased nitrogenous waste, especially urea in the blood Azoturia Presence of increased nitrogenous compounds,especially urea in the urine Cystocele Herniation of the bladder into the vagina;vesicocele Dehydration Excessive loss of body fluids Diabetes insipidus A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme thirst Enuresis Involuntary urination,usually at night; bed wetting Epispadias A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis as a groove or cleft; anaspadias Glycosuria Presence of glucose in the urine, as in cases of diabetes mellitus Horseshoe kidney A congenital union of the lower pole of the kidneys, resulting in a horseshoe-shaped organ Hydroureter Distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction Hypospadias A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis or into the vagina Hypovolemia A decrease in blood volume Neurogenic bladder Any bladder dysfunction that results from a central nervous system lesion Nocturia Excessive urination at night Polycystic kidney disease A hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts Polydipsia Excessive thirst Polyuria Elimination of large amounts of urine;as in diabetes mellitus Retention of urine Accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate Staghorn calculus A kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calices to give a "staghorn" appearance Ureterocele A cyst-like dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder. Usually results from a congenital narrowing of the ureteral opening. Urinary frequency A need to urinate often without an increase in average output Urinary incontinence Inability to retain urine; may originate with a neurologic disorder,trauma to the spinal cord,weakness of the pelvic muscles, urinary retention, or impaired bladder function.In urgency incontinence,an urge causes sudden urination before one has enough time to reach a bathroom. In stress incontinence,urine leaks during a forceful activity such as coughing,sneezing or exercise. Urinary urgency Sudden need to urinate Water intoxication Excessive intake or retention of water with decrease in sodium concentration.May result from excess drinking ,excess ADH,or replacement of a large amount of body fluid with pure water. Causes an imbalance in the cellular environment,with edema and other disturbances. Wilms tumor A malignant kidney tumor that usually appears in children before the age of 5 years --------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **CHAPTER 11** **ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** This chapter reviews the concepts on the normal structures, functions, disorders, diagnostic procedures and terms used related to the endocrine system that may facilitate the learners to correctly communicate terms with the allied health care workers in taking care of the patients having endocrine related problems. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **MAJOR TOPICS** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Organization of the and endocrine system | | | | - Roots/ Word parts pertaining to the endocrine system | | | | - Clinical signs and symptoms, disorders involving endocrine system | | | | - Common abbreviations and other medical terminologies related to | | endocrine system | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Before you proceed...** **Intended Learning Outcomes:** - Identify general functions of endocrine system - Describe the terms related to endocrine system and exocrine glands - Give the terminologies needed for physical examination of the endocrine system - Recognize tests that help diagnose endocrine system disorders - Identify and define clinical symptoms and disorders of the endocrine system and their treatments. **Key Terms:** - - Exocrine - Endocrine - Glands - Pituitary - Thalamus - Hypothalamus **Let's Begin!** The\_Endocrine\_System I. **[Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Gland** | **Hormones** | **Principal | | | | Function** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | anterior pituitary | GH (growth hormone), | Promote growth of all | | | also called | body tissue | | | somatotropin | | | | | Stimulate thyroid | | | TSH | gland to produce | | | (thyroid-stimulating | thyroid hormone | | | hormone) | | | | | Stimulates adrenal | | | ACTH | cortex to produce | | | (adrenocorticortopin | cortical hormones; | | | hormone) | aids in protecting | | | | body in stress | | | FSH | situations (injury, | | | (follicle-stimulating | pain) | | | hormone) | | | | | Stimulates growth and | | | LH (luteinizing | hormonal activity of | | | hormone) | ovarian follicles; | | | | stimulates growth of | | | PRL (prolactin) | testes; promotes | | | | sperm cell | | | | development | | | | | | | | Causes development of | | | | corpus luteum at site | | | | of ruptured ovarian | | | | follicle in female; | | | | stimulates | | | | testosterone | | | | secretion in male | | | | | | | | Stimulates milk | | | | secretion by mammary | | | | gland | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | posterior pituitary | ADH (antidiuretic | Promotes water | | | hormone; vasopressin) | reabsorption in | | | | kidney tubules; | | | oxytocin | causes blood vessels | | | | to constrict | | | | | | | | Causes uterine | | | | contraction; causes | | | | milk ejection from | | | | mammary gland | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | thyroid | thyroxine or | Increase metabolic | | | tetraiodothyronine | rate and heat | | | and triiodothyronine | production, | | | | influencing both | | | | physical and mental | | | | activities; required | | | | for normal growth | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | parathyroid | parathyroid hormone | Regulates calcium | | | | exchange between | | | | blood and bones; | | | | increases blood | | | | calcium level | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | adrenal medulla | epinephrine | Response to stress; | | | (adrenaline) | increases | | | | respiration, blood | | | | pressure, and heat | | | | rate | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | pineal | melatonin | Regulates mood, | | | | sexual development, | | | | and daily cycles in | | | | response to | | | | environmental light | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | adrenal cortex | cortisol | Aids in metabolism of | | | (hydrocortisone) | carbohydrates, | | | | protein, and fats, | | | aldosterone | active during stress | | | | | | | sex hormones | Aids in regulating | | | | electrolytes and | | | | water balance | | | | | | | | May influence | | | | secondary sexual | | | | characteristics | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | pancreatic islet | Insulin | Aids glucose | | | | transport into cells; | | | glucagon | required for cellular | | | | metabolism of | | | | nutrient, especially | | | | glucose; decreases | | | | blood sugar levels | | | | | | | | Stimulates liver to | | | | release glucose, | | | | thereby increasing | | | | blood sugar levels | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | testis | testosterone | Stimulate growth and | | | | development of sexual | | | | organs plus | | | | development of | | | | secondary sexual | | | | characteristics; | | | | stimulate maturation | | | | of sperm cells | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ovary | Estrogen | Stimulates growth of | | | | primary sexual organs | | | progesterone | plus development of | | | | secondary sexual | | | | characteristic | | | | | | | | Prepare uterine | | | | lining in | | | | implantation of | | | | fertilized ovum; aids | | | | in maintaining | | | | pregnancy; stimulates | | | | development of | | | | mammary glands' | | | | secretory tissue | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **KEY TERMS**  II. **[Normal Structure and Function]** ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ **TERMS** **MEANING** adrenal gland A gland on the superior surface of the kidney. The outer region (cortex) secretes steroid hormones; inner region (medulla) secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress (root: adren/o) endocrine Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes hormones into the blood hormone A secretion of an endocrine gland. A substances that travels in the blood and has a regulatory effect of tissues, organs, or glands hypophysis The pituitary gland; named from hypo, meaning "below" and physis meaning "growing" because of the gland develops below the hypothalamus (root: hypophysi/o) hypothalamus A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis pancreatic islet Cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes hormones to regulate glucose metabolism; also called islet of Langerhans or islet cells (root: insul/o means island) parathyroid gland A small endocrine gland on the posterior thyroid that acts to increase blood calcium levels; there are usually four to six parathyroid glands (root: parathyr/o, parathyroid/o); the names literally means "near the thyro" pineal gland a small gland in the brain, appears to regulate mood, daily rhythms, and sexual development in response to environmental light. Secretes the hormone melatonin pituitary gland A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulates other glands; the posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus (root: pituitary/I); hypophysis prostaglandins A group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation or uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, inflammation receptor A site on the cell membrane or within the cell to which a substance, such as hormone, attaches steroid hormone A hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex target tissues The specific tissue on which a hormone acts; may also be called target organ thyroid gland An endocrine on either side of the larynx and upper trachea. It secretes hormones that affects metabolism and growth (roots; thyr/o, thyroid/o) ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ III. **[Roots Pertaining to the Endocrine System]** --------------------------- ------------------------------ --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- **Root** **Meaning** **Example** **Definition of Example** endocrine/o Endocrine glands or system Endocrinopathy Any disease of the endocrine glands pituitar/o Pituitary glands, hypophysis Pituitarism Condition caused by any disorder of pituitary function hypophysi/o Pituitary glands, hypophysis Hypophysial Pertaining to the pituitary gland thyr/o, thyroid/o Thyroid gland Phyrolytic Destroying the thyroid gland parathyr/o, parathyroid/o Parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism Over activity of the parathyroid gland adren/o, adrenal/o Adrenal gland, epinephrine Adregenic Activated (erg) by or related to epinephrine (adrenaline) Adrenocortic/o Adrenal cortex Adrenocorticotropic Acting on the adrenal cortex) insul/o Pancreatic islet insular Pertaining to the islet cell --------------------------- ------------------------------ --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- IV. **[Clinical Aspects of Endocrine System]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Disorders** | **Definition** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | acromegaly | Overgrowth of bone and soft | | | tissue, especially in the hands, | | | feet, and face, caused by excess | | | growth hormone in an adult. The | | | name comes from acro meaning | | | extremity\" and | | | | | | Megal/o meaning enlargement | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Addison disease | A disease resulting from | | | deficiency of adrenocortical | | | hormones. It is marked by | | | darkening of the skin, weakness, | | | and alterations in salt and water | | | balance | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | adenoma | A neoplasm of a gland | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | adult hypothyroidism | A condition caused by | | | hypothyroidism in an adult. There | | | is dry, waxy swelling, most | | | notable in the face; formerly | | | | | | called myxedema (miks-e-DE-ma) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cushing disease | Overactivity of the adrenal | | | cortex resulting from excess | | | production of ACTH by the | | | pituitary | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cushing syndrome | A condition resulting from an | | | excess of hormones from the | | | adrenal cortex. It is associated | | | with obesity, weakness, | | | hyperglycemia, hypertension, and | | | hirsutism *(excess hair growth)* | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | diabetes insipidus | A disorder caused by insufficient | | | release of ADH from the posterior | | | pituitary. It results in | | | excessive thirst and production | | | of large amounts of very dilute | | | urine. The word insipidus means | | | \"tasteless,\" referring to the | | | dilution of the urine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | diabetes mellitus (DM) | A disorder of glucose metabolism | | | caused by deficiency of insulin | | | production or inadequate tissue | | | response to insulin. Type 1 | | | results from autoimmune | | | destruction of pancreatic islet | | | cells; it generally appears in | | | children and requires insulin | | | administration. Type 2 generally | | | occurs in obese adults; it is | | | treated with duct, exercise, and | | | drugs to improve insulin | | | production or activity, and | | | sometimes insulin. The word | | | mellitus. Comes from the Latin | | | root for honey, referring to the | | | urine\'s sugar content | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | exophthalmos | Protrusion of the eyeballs, as | | | seen in Graves disease | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | gigantism | Overgrowth caused by excess | | | growth hormone from the pituitary | | | during childhood; also called | | | gigantism | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test | A test that measures the binding | | | of glucose to hemoglobin during | | | the lifespan of a red blood cell. | | | It reflects the average blood | | | glucose level over two to three | | | months and is useful in | | | evaluating long-term therapy for | | | diabetes mellitus. Also called | | | A1c test | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | glycosuria | Excess sugar in the urine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland. | | | May be toxic or nontoxic. Simple | | | *(nontoxic)* goiter is caused by | | | iodine deficiency | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Graves disease | An autoimmune disease resulting | | | in hyperthyroidism. A prominent | | | symptom is exophthalmos | | | *(protrusion of the eyeballs)*. | | | Also called diffuse toxic goiter | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | hyperglycemia | Excess glucose in the blood | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | hypoglycemia | A abnormally low level of glucose | | | in the blood | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | infantile hypothyroidism | A condition caused by congenital | | | lack of thyroid secretion and | | | marked by arrested physical and | | | mental development; also called | | | congenital hypothyroidism | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | insulin shock | A condition resulting from an | | | overdose of insulin, causing | | | hypoglycaemia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ketoacidosis | Acidosis *(increased acidity of | | | body fluids)* caused by excess | | | ketone bodies, as in diabetes | | | mellitus; diabetic acidosis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | metabolic syndrome | A state of hyperglycemia caused | | | by cellular resistance to | | | insulin, as seen in type 2 | | | diabetes, in association with | | | other metabolic disorders;; also | | | called syndrome X or insulin | | | resistance syndrome | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | panhypopituitarism | Underactivity of the entire | | | pituitary gland | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | tetany | Irritability and spasms of | | | muscles; may be caused by low | | | blood calcium and other factors | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **SUPPLEMENTARY TERMS** I. **Normal Structure and Function** --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ **TERMS** **DEFINITION** sella turcica A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland (literally means \"Turkish saddle\") sphenoid bone A bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ II. **Symptoms and Conditions** addisons-disease  Graves-Disease  +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Terms** | **Definition** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | adrenogenital syndrome | Condition caused by | | | overproduction of androgens from | | | the adrenal cortex resulting in | | | masculinization; may be | | | congenital or acquired, usually | | | as a result of an adrenal tumor | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Conn syndrome | Hyperaldosteronism caused by an | | | adrenal tumor | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | craniopharyngioma | A benign tumor of the pituitary | | | gland | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hashimoto disease | A chronic thyroiditis of | | | autoimmune origin | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | impaired glucose | High blood glucos