Endocrine and Reproductive System PDF

ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Presented by Dr/ Mennat Allah Abd El- fattah Saqr MBBS, MS, PhD Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. ENDOCRINE GLANDS  Endocrine Glands The endocri...

ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Presented by Dr/ Mennat Allah Abd El- fattah Saqr MBBS, MS, PhD Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. ENDOCRINE GLANDS  Endocrine Glands The endocrine glands are a group of glands which drain their secretion (hormones) directly into the blood without passage in a special duct system.  I. Pituitary gland Site: It lies in the base of the brain. Parts: 1. Anterior lobe. 2. Intermediate lobe. 3. Posterior lobe Function: It secrets a group of hormones which control the function of most endocrine glands in the body.  II. Thyroid gland Site: It lies in the lower anterior part of the neck. Shape: Butter-fly shaped. Function: It secretes thyroxin which regulates the metabolism thyrocalcitonin hormone that reduces blood Calcium level. III. Parathyroid gland Site: They are four in number and lie on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Function: It secretes parathormon hormone which raise blood Ca level  IV. Pancreas Site: It lies in the posterior abdominal wall behind the stomach. Functions: 1. It secretes insulin which decreases the blood sugar level. 2. It also secretes glucagon which increases the blood sugar level.  V. Suprarenal gland Site: It lies at the upper pole of the kidney on each side. Function: It secretes mainly cortisone which is responsible for stress conditions.  VI. Testis Site: It lies in the scrotum (two in number). Functions: 1. It produces sperms. 2. It secretes male sex hormone (testosterone).  VII. Ovaries Site: It lies in the side wall of the pelvis on each side (two in number). Functions: 1. It produces ova. 2. It secretes female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone). REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS MALE GENITAL SYSTEM  Arrangements of the pelvic organs in male (from anterior to posterior): 1. Urinary bladder. 2. Seminal vesicle. 3. Rectum.  Parts of the male genital organs A. Testis. B. Duct system: 1. Epididymis. 2. Vas deferens. 3. Seminal vesicle. 4. Ejaculatory duct. 5. Prostate. C. External genitalia  Testis Number: One on each side. Site: Inside the scrotum. - The testis is the male sex gland. - It is divided into lobes each contains 1-3 seminiferous tubules. Function: 1-Formation of the sperm. 2-Secretion of male sex hormone.  Types of cells in the testis a. Sertoli cells: - They provide support and protection for the germ cells - share in their nutrition - assist in the release of mature sperms. b. Spermatogonia: these are the male germ cells. Types of cells in the testis Male duct system  Epididymis Number: One on each side. Site: Above the testis Parts: a. Head b. Body c. Tail Function: Storage of the sperms  Vas Deferens Number: One on each side. It is a musculo-tubular structure. Site: It starts from the tail of epididymis in the scrotum and ends by united with the duct of the seminal vesicle in the pelvis to form the ejaculatory duct. Function: Transportation of the sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.  Seminal Vesicle Number: One on each side. Site: Just behind the base of the urinary bladder. - It has a duct at its lower end which unites with the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. Function: nutrition of sperms.  Ejaculatory Duct Number: One on each side. It is formed by the union of the vas deference and the duct of seminal vesicle. It opens in the prostatic urethera. Site: Inside the prostate. Function: Passage of contents of the vas, and the seminal vesicle (sperms, and the nutrient material) to the prostatic urethra.  Prostate Number: Only one in the midline. Site: It lies just below the neck of the urinary bladder It is pierced by prostatic urethera and ejaculatory duct. Function: Secretion of alkaline fluid during ejaculation for neutralization of the vaginal acidity.  External Genitalia Scrotum Penis FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM  Arrangements of the pelvic organs in female (from anterior to posterior 1. Urinary bladder. 2. Uterus & vagina. 3. Rectum.  Ovary A small gland lying close to the free end of the uterine tube in the female pelvis. It is 3 cm long, 2cm wide and 1cm thick. Function: 1. Production of ova. 2. Secretion of female sex hormones. Ovary  Fallopian (Uterine) Tubes - The Fallopian tube is one on each side. - Each tube is about 10 cm long. It has two ends: Medial or uterine end. Lateral or ovarian end. Function: Carry the ova from the ovary to the uterine cavity.  Uterus Definition: - It is pear-shaped muscular organ. Dimensions: It is about 3 X 2 X 1 inches.  - Uterus Parts: A. Fundus B. Body C. Cervix Cervical canal Internal os External os  Layers of the uterus Three layers: 1. Endometrium (mucosa) 2. Myometrium (musculosa) 3. Perimetrium  Normal position of the uterus - The uterus has a central position in the pelvic cavity. - It is anteverted and anteflexed (AVF).  Vagina A muscular canal connecting the cervix of the uterus with the vestibule. It is 10 cm long. Female External Genitalia