Anatomy and Physiology I PDF
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This document provides detailed information on the muscular system, endocrine system, senses, and the reproductive system, suitable for anatomy and physiology students. It includes detailed descriptions and examples.
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lOMoARcPSD|37165740 Anat 1052 12-15 - Includes: Muscular System, Endocrine System, The Senses, Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology I (George Brown College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by an...
lOMoARcPSD|37165740 Anat 1052 12-15 - Includes: Muscular System, Endocrine System, The Senses, Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology I (George Brown College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 Unit 12: The Muscular System c. Endomysium: each muscle finer is enclosed in a delicate connec8ve 8ssue Types of Skeletal Muscles Fasicles: bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium Skeletal: a. Shape: cylindrical Origin: a=ached to the immovable or less movable bone b. Stria,ons: obvious stria8ons c. Nuclei: mul8-‐nucleate Inser,on Site: a=ached to the movable bone, when the d. Func,onal Characteris,cs: voluntary muscle contracts e. Examples: i. A=ached to bones Tendon/ Aponeurosis: ii. Some facial muscles a. Epimysia (epimysium) blend into either cordlike tendons iii. Skin or sheet like aponeuroses f. Skeletal, striated, voluntary b. These a=ach muscles indirectly to bones/car8lage/ connec8ve 8ssue coverings Smooth: a. Shape: Synovial Membrane: b. Stria,ons: no stria8ons a. Composed of areolar connec8ve 8ssue c. Nuclei: uni-‐nucleate b. No epithelial cells d. Func,onal Characteris,cs: involuntary c. Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints e. Examples: d. To provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubrica8ng i. Walls of hollow organs fluid ii. Such as stomach/urinary bladder e. Also line small sacs of connec8ve 8ssue called bursae f. Visceral, non-‐striated, involuntary and the tubelike tendon sheaths. Cardiac: Bursae and Tendon Sheath: cushion organs moving against a. Shape: each other during muscle ac8vity such as the movement of a b. Stria,ons: striated tendon across a bone’s surface. c. Nuclei: uni-‐nucleated d. Func,onal Characteris,cs: involuntary e. Examples: heart Func8ons of Skeletal Muscles f. Cardiac, striated, involuntary Func,ons: a. Maintains posture Structure of Skeletal Muscles b. Stabilizes joints c. Generates heat Membranes: a. Epimysium: “overcoat” of connec8ve 8ssue that covers the en8re muscle b. Perimysium: several sheathed muscle fibres wrapped by a coarser membrane Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 How contrac6on of skeletal muscle results in movement of bone: a. Skeletal muscle contrac8ons pull on tendons, which are a=ached to bones b. If the contrac8on of the muscle causes the muscle to shorten the bone, then the body part will move Types of Skeletal Muscle: a. Prime Mover: muscle that has major responsibility for causing a par8cular movement b. Synergist: help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements c. Antangonists: muscles that oppose or reverse a movement Contrac6ons: a. Isotonic: muscle contrac8ons are isotonic; muscle shortens and movement occurs b. Isometric: muscle does not shorten but it's tension increases Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 Unit 13: The Endocrine System Func,on: a. Along with nervous system, it coordinates and directs the ac8vity of the body's cells. b. Uses chemicals called hormones, that are released into the blood to be transported through the body Endocrine Gland: a. Ductless glands b. Produce hormones that are released into the blood and lymph. c. Has a rich blood supply d. Thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary Exocrine Gland: a. Have ducts b. Release products at the body surface or cavi8es. c. Sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 Unit 14: The Special Senses Tarsal (Meibomian) Glands: modified sebaceous glands The Special Sense Organs: associated with the eyelid edges a. Nose b. Mouth c. Ear d. Eyes The General (Soma6c) Sense Organs: a. Free Nerve Endings: pain receptors b. Tac,le (Meissner) Corpuscles: touch receptors c. Bulbous (Ruffini) Corpuscles: mechanoreceptor d. Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles: deep pressure receptors e. End-‐bulbs (Krause) Corpuscles: cutaneous receptors f. Golgi Tendon Receptors: proprioceptor; sense change in muscle tension g. Muscle Spindles: detect change in length of muscles Structure and Func8on of the Eyeball The Eye Fibrous Layer: (outermost layer) a. Sclera: protec8ve (anterior/white of the eye) The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe b. Cornea: transparent (window where light enters the eye) Accessory Organs Vascular Layer: (middle layer) Conjunc,va: membrane that lines the eyelids and covers a. Choroid: most posterior region/ blood rich nutri8ve part of the eyeball tunic that contains dark pigment. Eyebrows: hair above eyes i. Anteriorly modified into two layers of smooth Eyelids: protect the eye muscle: Extrinsic Eye Muscles: necessary for proper eye ii. Ciliary body: where lens is a=ached by a func8on/help with following moving objects ligament Lacrimal Apparatus: includes series of ducts and the iii. Iris lacrimal gland that drain secre8ons into the nasal a. Lacrimal Glands: con8nually releases a dilute salt Lens: solu8on to anterior surface a. Flexible biconvex structure where light entering the Medial/Lateral Canthus: places where eyelids meet/ eye is focused onto the re8na separate b. Divides the eye into two segments/chambers: Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 c. Anterior Chamber contains: i. Aqueous Humour: clear watery fluid similar Neural Layer: to blood plasma that is con8nually secreted a. Transparent inner layer by a special area of the choroid b. Photoreceptor Cells: d. Posterior Chamber contains: i. Rods and cones i. Vitreous Humour: gel-‐like substance that ii. Respond to light helps prevent the eyeball from collapsing c. Bipolar Cells: inward i. Two-‐neuron chain ii. Where electrical signals go a]er passing Re,na: layer of eye that contains rods and cones through photoreceptors Op,c Disc: blind spot; point where all op8c nerves leave d. Ganglion Cells: where electrical signals go a]er the back of the eye ball passing through bipolar cells Op,c Nerve: electrical signals leave the eye through this nerve as impulses to the op8c cortex Rods: a. Most dense at periphery of re8na b. Allow us to see gray tons in dim light and provide peripheral vision Cones: a. Most dense in center of re8na b. Allow us to see colour in bright light condi8ons Macula Lutea Fovea Centralis: a. Tiny pit lateral to each blind spot b. Contains only cones c. Greatest area of visual acuity The Ear The two sensory centers of the ear: a. Hear receptor Structure of the Re8na b. Balance organs Pigment Layer: Outer Ear a. Composed of pigmented cells b. Absorb light and prevent light from sca=ering Auricle (pinna): inside the eye a. The “ear” c. Act as phagocytes to remove dead receptor cells b. Shell-‐shaped structure; surrounds auditory canal d. Store vitamin A c. Directs sounds in most animals but not in humans Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 External Ausitory Canal: a. Suspended in perilymph’s system of membrane a. External acous8c meatus sacs that follows shape of bony labyrinth b. Short b. Endolymph: thicker fluid in membranous labyrinth c. One in chamber carved into the temporal bone Three Divisions of Bony/Membranous Labyrinth: Middle Ear a. Cochlea: hearing func8ons b. Semicircular Canals/Ducts: Tympanum: space between outer and inner ear i. Dynamic equilibrium Ossicles: ii. Movement func8ons a. Malleus (hammer): hammer moves with eardrum c. Ves,bule: then transfers vibra8ons to the incus i. Sta8c equilibrium b. Incus (anvil): the passes vibra8ons to the stapes ii. Res8ng func8ons c. Stapes (sKrrup): which presses on the oval window Oval Window: moves and set the fluid of the inner ear in Ves,bulocochlear (acousKc) Nerve: mo8on a. Cranial nerve VIII Round Window: gives the membrane a place to bulge b. Transmits sound/equilibrium from inner ear to brain when fluid moves Auditory (pharyngotympanic) Tube: links middle ear with throat How structures of Middle/Inner Ear func6on: a. Eardrum receives sounds: i. Air molecules pushes eardrum and it vibrates b. The li=le bones subsequently start to vibrate c. Vibra8ons of the tympanic membrane are transferred to stapes which opens and closes the oval window d. This vibrates against the fluid (perilymph) that is in the osseous labyrinth Inner Ear Bony/Osseous Labyrinth: a. Deep within temporal bone behind eye socket b. Perilymph: fluid between semicircular canals and bone Membranous Labyrinth: Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 Unit 15: The Reproduc>ve System a. Scrotum: Gamete: sex cells produced by gonads b. Tunica Albuginea : a. Ova: female gamete (or egg) i. Surround each teste b. Sperm: male gamete ii. "White coat" Zygote: fer8lized egg; first cell of new born; when sperm iii. Fibrous, connec8ve 8ssue combines with ova c. Seminiferous Tubules: i. Sperm-‐forming factories ii. Which empty sperm into rete tesKs The Male Reproduc8ve System iii. Then sperm con8nue to epididymis d. Inters,,al Cells: Gonads: primary sex organs; testes i. Suround seminiferous tubules a. Produce gametes (called sperm) ii. Produce testosterone (androgens) b. Which secrete sex hormones iii. Sperm-‐producing and hormone-‐producing is by separate cell popula8ons Exocrine: sperm producing e. Testosterone: Endocrine: testosterone producing f. Epididymis: storage site for immature sperm coming from testes Accessory Structures: ducts/glands that aid in delivery of sperm Ducts of the Male Reproduc8ve System "Label These Nuts!” Sequence of Ducts that Carry Mature Sperm from Testes to Exterior: a. Epididymis to ductus/vas deferens b. End of ductus deferens expands as the ampulla c. Emp8es into ejaculatory duct d. Through prostate gland to merge with urethra Ductus (vas) Deferens: a. Carrying away b. Func8onal to propel sperm c. Enclosed in spermaKc cord Ejaculatory Duct: Urethra: a. Carries both urine and sperm b. Has 3 regions: i. ProstaKc urethra ii. Intermediate part/membranous urethra iii. Spongy (penile) urethra: leads to the external urethral orifice Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 Glandular Structures of the Male Reproduc8ve System Scrotum: a. Pouch/sac of skin Seminal Fluid: b. Provides lower temperature for healthy sperm a. Semen c. Will pull closer to body if environment is cold b. Sperm/accessory gland excre8ons Penis: c. Alkaline pH a. Designed to deliver sperm into female reproduc8ve d. Dilutes sperm for greater mo8lity tract Seminal Vesicles: b. Contains 3 cylinders: 1 corpus spongiosum; 2 corpus a. Produces 60% of seminal fluid caverosa Prostate Gland: i. Corpus Spongiosum: mass of erec8le 8ssue that a. Doughnut-‐shaped; size of peach pit lies along underside of penis b. Secretes fluid that helps ac8vate sperm ii. Corpora Caverosa: contain spongy erec8le 8ssue; Bulbourethral Gland: facilitates penile erec8ons a. Produces mucus which is the first secre8on when c. Glans: enlarged 8p at the end of the sha] sexually excited d. Prepuce: foreskin covering penis b. This mucus cleanses the urethra of acidic urine The Female Reproduc8ve System Male External Genitalia Gonads: ovaries; produce oocytes/hormones Accessory Structures: a. Uterine (Fallopian) tubes b. Uterus c. Vagina d. External Genitalia (vulva) i. Mons pubis, labia, clitoris, urethral, vaginal orifices, and greater ves8bular Ovaries of the Female Reproduc6ve System: a. LocaKon: i. Secured to the lateral walls of the pelvis by suspensory ligaments ii. Anchoring to ovarian ligaments iii. Enclosed in place by a fold of peritoneum (broad ligament) b. Structure: i. Shape of almonds ii. Twice the size of almonds Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 c. Gametes: (ova) c. FuncKon: i. Produced during oogenesis (the beginning of an i. Receive the ovulated oocyte egg) ii. Provide the site for fer8liza8on to occur ii. In a process called meiosis. iii. At puberty ovaries become more ac8ve and start Uterus (fundus, body, cervix): to produce gametes a. LocaKon: d. Hormones: i. In the pelvis between the urinary bladder and i. Estrogen rectum ii. Progesterone ii. Suspended by the broad ligament iii. Anchored anteriorly/posteriorly by round/ Estrogen: uterosacral ligaments a. Comes from follicle cells of the growing and mature b. Structure: follicles i. Hollow organ b. Causing the appearance of secondary sex characteris8cs ii. In a woman who has never been pregnant it is the (such as breast, pubic hair, enlargement of accessory size of a pear structures) c. FuncKon: Progesterone: i. Receive, retain, and nourish a fer8lized egg a. Produced by the glandular corpus luteum d. Body: major por8on of the uterus b. Inhibits the contrac8on of myometrium during e. Fundus: superior region of the entrance of the uterine pregnancy tubes c. Placenta is a source of progesterone f. Cervix: narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina Ducts of the Female Reproduc8ve System Myometrium: a. LocaKon: bulky middle layer of the uterus Fimbriae: b. Structure: interlacing bundles of smooth muscle a. LocaKon: c. FuncKon: i. Distal end of the uterine tube i. More ac8ve during the deliver ii. Par8ally surround the ovary ii. When it contracts rhythmically to force the baby b. Structure: finger-‐like projec8ons out c. FuncKon: i. As the oocyte is expelled during ovula8on, the Endometrium: waving fimbriae create fluid currents that carry a. LocaKon: inner layer or mucosa part of the uterine wall the oocyte. b. Structure: mucosa c. FuncKon: where the fer8lized egg burrows Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes: a. LocaKon: Vagina: i. Ini8al part of the duct a. LocaKon: ii. Connec8ng the uterus and ovaries i. Lying between the bladder and rectum b. Structure: Are about 10cm (4 inches) long ii. Extending from the cervix to body exterior b. Structure: thin-‐walled tube 8-‐10cm (3-‐4 in) Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|37165740 c. FuncKon: Mons Pubis: overlays the pubic symphysis and is covered with i. Provides a passage way for infant delivery pubic hair ii. Passage for menstrual flow from the body Clitoris: small protruding structure that corresponds to the iii. Receives the penis during sexual intercourse male penis. Orifice of Urethra: where urine is discharged from the body Glandular Structures of the Female Reproduc8ve System Labia Minora: delicate hair free folds Orifice of Vagina: vaginal opening, and the narrowest por8on Greater Ves,bular (Bartholin's) Glands: of the canal a. A pair of mucous producing glands Labia Majora: encloses the labia minora and ves8bule b. Create secre8ons that lubricate the distal end of the vagina during intercourse Breasts: a. Lac,ferous Ducts: i. Milk is passed through here from alveolar glands (produce milk during lacta8on) ii. Which open to the outside at the nipple b. Areola: i. Below the centre of each breast ii. Surrounds the central protruding nipple. Female External Genitalia Downloaded by dazz smith ([email protected])