Spoken Interaction - Enhance Communication Skills PDF

SPOKEN INTERACTION MELMA A. DOLORITOS SUBJECT INSTRUCTOR  SPOKEN INTERACTION spoken interaction belongs to the area of discourse, which can be defined as 'any unit of language be in the sentence', such as dialogue in a and paragraph in writing.  DISCOURSE The...

SPOKEN INTERACTION MELMA A. DOLORITOS SUBJECT INSTRUCTOR  SPOKEN INTERACTION spoken interaction belongs to the area of discourse, which can be defined as 'any unit of language be in the sentence', such as dialogue in a and paragraph in writing.  DISCOURSE The word discourse is derived from the latin prefix dis- meaning "away" and the root word currere meaning "to run". Discourse, therefore, translates to "run away" and refers to the way that conversations flow. To study discourse is to analyze the use of spoken or written language in a social context. Discourse is spoken or written communication between people, especially serious discussion of a particular subject.  What is typical of spoken interaction? Spoken interaction is a joint social activity that is governed by two main principles: speakers cooperate speakers take turns  Speakers Take Turns Turn-taking occurs in a conversation when one person listens while the other person speaks. As a conversation progresses, the listener and speaker roles are exchanged back and forth (a circle of discussion).  Verbal Fillers Are sounds, words or phrases that doesn’t mean anything in the context of what someone is saying. Examples: umm, uhh, hmm & etc. Vocabulary Enhancement  Vocabulary a vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language. A vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. It is commonly defined as all the words known and used by a particular person. - Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2022), vocabulary is knowledge of words and words meaning in both oral and print language and in productive and receptive forms which is used in listening, speaking, reading and writing. - stated in Pusat Dunia Ilmu (2022), Types of Vocabulary  1. Reading vocabulary Reading vocabulary refers to the words that a student can read and understand. When students know more words, they are more able to understand what they read. There is a strong connection between understanding the meaning of words and understanding a story, textbook or other reading materials.  2. Listening Vocabulary Listening vocabulary words recognized when listening to speech - cues such as the speaker’s tone and gestures may convey the meaning of an unfamiliar word.  3. Speaking Vocabulary comprises the words used in speech and is generally a subset of the listening vocabulary.  4. Writing Vocabulary words appears in regidters as different as formal essay and social media feeds. How many words people know? a person starting school: 500-6,000 English vocabulary words; a person without a formal education: 35,000 English vocabulary words; a high-school educated person: 50,000 English vocabulary words; a college-educated person 50,000-75,000 English vocabulary words. Types of Vocabulary Words Involves Three Tiers  Tier 1 - Basic Words Below are the types of vocabulary referring to simple common words under Basic Words (Tier 1) for English Beginners such as: good; new; first; last; long; little; own; old; right; big; high; different; great; own; same, and able.  Tier 2 – High Frequency Words High frequency words are the words most commonly used in the English language. These are the words used by mature language users with multiple meanings, and used in many settings (cluster, sympathy, estimate).  Table 1 100 High Frequency Words  Tier 3 – Low Frequency Words Words under this type of vocabulary refers to words that are not commonly used;  Table 2 70 Low Frequency Words  Appropriateness of Words Appropriateness as an optimal mapping between context and speech, or as ‘natural speech’, is also connected intrinsically with the socio-cultural notions of politeness and impoliteness. Frequently polite speech acts are seen as appropriate speech acts, and impolite speech acts are seen as inappropriate speech acts. When students are not taught how to deal with the differences in status there can be strange consequences. One is that learner may search for a means of expressing respect and choose an inappropriate one and use of informal language which should be restricted to peers. Teenagers have always had a sort of private language, loosely based around slang and popular culture, and it has a firm role in development of both self and of language in general. In fact, the evolution of a vibrant language in any culture involves adopting and adapting elements of street talk into more formal speech.  A high school teacher and a student who are talking to each other in an English speaking country may both use the same polite phrases. Even though both speakers are of a different social status, the key factor in the appropriateness of language they use is their level of politeness. The polite English phrases an employee uses when they leave work might be the same phrases spoken by their boss back to them. Language teaching has traditionally been concerned with linguistic accuracy. Relating language to the situation involves making inferences which are essential for more than very basic communication. And then, perhaps, we’ll find that common ground of acceptable communication that is so necessary to self-presentation and understanding.  Word Choice A word is the simplest part of any language. While communicating or delivering any ideas or thoughts, one must use a proper word. Word choice is a person’s choice or selection of words. There are many factors that determine or compel a person to a word choice. A word choice is an important part of any communication.  Importance of Word Choice A person must develop the habit of using correct words. While speaking or writing, one must use the most appropriate word. One must learn the importance of correct word choice. Some of them are : If a person is using an incorrect word, the message delivered is not meant. Incorrect word choice leads to the misunderstanding among the audience. It sometimes makes a situation awkward and unclear. Correct word choice increases the impact on one’s mind.  Ways of Improving the Choices of Words Focus on the tone of diction or communication. Pick words that match with the tone. Use a dictionary or thesaurus for finding synonyms and antonyms. Focus on the age group of the audience. Improve your vocabulary. Learn some metaphors. Learn the meaning of the words as much as you can. Use new words in sentences for practice. Differentiate between parts of speech. Learn the difference between the words used as a noun, adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Avoid redundancies. Avoid awkward, vague, and unclear words.  Do not use the word only because others are using it. Replace general words with more specific ones. Learn to use a single word in different situations to give different meanings. Use bias-free language or words. Use politically correct words. Try to use words clearly and only when needed. Try to simplify your content or writing before delivering. Use proper diction. Avoid slang. Avoid jargon. Practice a lot.