Early Man and River Civilization Tests PDF

Early man and River civilisation tests Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4 BCE and BC= same things, before common era, on religious one not AD and CE=same things, after common era, one religious Bias: Allowing personal feelings or other background factors infl...

Early man and River civilisation tests Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4 BCE and BC= same things, before common era, on religious one not AD and CE=same things, after common era, one religious Bias: Allowing personal feelings or other background factors influence your judgment Distortion: Changing or reshaping the story Perspective : Viewpoint from which information is told Fragmentation: Only revealing parts of the story Judgment: The ability to make considered decisions or come to conclusions Historiography: Study of historical writing Mental baggage: Bias that archeologists have based on their preconceived notions Legends: traditional story sometimes popularly regarded as historical but unauthenticated. Evidence: the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. Primary and secondary Primary source: Original records created at the time that historical events occurred or after events in the form of memoirs Secondary source: Created later by someone who did not experience the events Artifact: An object manufactured, modified, or used by humans (pottery, paintings, cooking pot) PERSIAT+G: Politics: How power is maintained Economics: Trade contribute to stability and sense of well being of society Religion: How does the religious and philosophical worldview shape lives of people Social: How do status, class,social mobility affect the lives of people Intellectual: How do intellectual pursuits improve society Artistic: How do cultural and artistic represent values of society Technology: How is it used to benefit the societies lives Geography: How does this society benefit by the geographical factors Civilization: Society in an advanced state of social development with complex organizations Society: People living together in organized communities with shared laws, traditions or values. The people of a particular area/time Archeology : The Scientific excavation and study of material remain Paleolithic: “Paleo” means old in greek, Old Ages Neolithic: “Neo” means new in greek, new ages Neanderthals: “The missing link” between apes and humans 100,000-40,000 years ago Lived in europe during ice age Powerfully built, heavy set and muscular Stocky with low craniums Neanderthals Inventions: Stone tools used for hunting, notches in human bone medicine or cannibalism? Great Leap Forward: 35,000 years ago Beginning of modern anatomy Beginning of innovative behaviors and ideas ex blades and trading New artistic expression and technology that allows us to “speed history up” Agricultural Revolution: The climate change at the end of the ice age prompted growth in plants and growing food was possible using the plants that already grew naturally in the areas they lived in Otzi the Iceman: Mummified body of someone who lived in approximately 3300 BCE who gave us an insight into that time period. Suffered from injuries and diseases Indus River Civilization also known as the Harappans: 3300-1300 BCE Extended from modern day northeast Afghanistan to pakistan and northwest india Innovations include standardized weights and measures, seal carving and metallurgy(process that extracts metal in their pure form) Little is known about the indus script and therefore little about the society Likely ended due to climate change and migration Urban Revolution Sargon Ur-Nammu: oldest known law code surviving today, written on tablets in summerian. Laws are arranged in IF(crime) THEN(punishment). Reveals what society was like at this time Hammurabi: Hammurabi’s code is one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes and was proclaimed by the babylonian king. This king expanded his empire along the euphrates river to unite southern mesopotamia Nile River: Most important river to egypt. All civilizations were built around this river. It was their lifeline. it was where sun goes up and comes to die. Transportation-boats. Tigris and Euphrates often hurt mesopotamia, Nile helped Egypt Pharaoh :Complete and total ruler over all. Total monarchy, people believed they could speak to God and they were considered Gods. Earthly embodiment of Amon-Re’s (king of God) son Horus Mastabas: Low rectangular structure made of brick or stone, built on the west side of the Nile known as the land of the dead because of where the sun sets, contained tombs filled with all necessary possessions, what pyramids evolved from Djoser: King who commissioned the first pyramid(the step pyramid, looked like stack mastabas) wanted to remind future generations of his brilliance and power Imhotep: was commissioned by Djoser to build this pyramid Hatshepsut: A woman who ruled Egypt for about 22 years, expanded Egypt through trade Akhenaten: Originally named Amenhotep IV, was a pharaoh who promoted religion only worshiping Aten who he invented, legacy attempted to be erased Nefertiti: Ahkenaten’s wife Tutankhamun: Akhenaten’s son, rejected the belief of Aten Women in Ancient Egypt Know the different types of historical sources and their strengths and weaknesses: Primary Sources Original records created at the time that historical events occurred or after events in the form of memoirs Ex: Letters, manuscripts,pictures Strengths: original sources of someone who experienced firsthand Limitations: Limited perspective Secondary sources Created later by someone who did not experience the events Ex: books, articles Strengths: Provide a broad overview Limitations: Only as good as the primary source they are based on Know the difference between the paleolithic and neolithic ages. Greek “Paleo” means old Upper paleolithic age was 50,000-10,000 years old Neolithic in greek means “new” Neolithic revolution occurred between 9000-4000 BCE Neolithic age had permanent settlements, paleolithic was nomadic Neolithic age had trading Neolithic started farming, paleolithic lived on what nature provided Be able to discuss the similarities and differences between Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens (Cro Magnon).  Neanderthals: Lived in Europe, short and stocky, low cranium, brow ridges, large faces and brains, adapted to colder climate, became extinct 45000-25000 years ago Homo Sapiens: Lived in Africa, modern sized brain, modern face and height Both: created art, hunted, worked together to survive, used tools to hunt Why was the Neolithic Revolution so significant? How did it change human society? Farming starts It made it possible to feed large groups of people Roles in society formed Allowed regular food production Prompted domestication of animals Shifted their survival strategy Left behind hunter-gatherer lifestyle Men and women had separate roles How was Otzi a product of the Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution? He had food , tattoos, medicine, shoes,shoemaker, shot with an arrow. This shows development in society. Found in ice and therefore he is from the ice age, they also found different types of food which prove that agriculture was here, which was large in the neolithic revolution. Also found copper tools with him and neolithic age was beginning of copper revolution Be able to label a map of Egypt. What was the Urban Revolution and how did it change human history? When society went from small towns to fully made societies, fully made roads, government etc. Changed human history bc this is where we are today and it was a large jump in human history What form of government developed in the Indus River Valley. The priest was above all, they ruled society. Theocracy type of government. Why did a monarchical system develop in Mesopotamia? High frequency of war was the downfall of structured government Monarchs came in which allowed kingship which was hereditary Compare and contrast the development of the Indus River civilization, Egyptian civilization, and Mesopotamian civilization. Indus river: Politics: No king, only priests ad very religious Economics: traded with mesopotamia bc pottery found there. Trade is very important Religion: Very heavy on religion, no temples important bc people always built temples Social: Priest, citizens/workers and then slaves Intellectual: how much are they doing to learn? We don't know how much they were doing and if they were educated. NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE Artistic: made stamps and trading, cultural creations Technology: made the wheel and made weights so lost of improvement Geography: near river so good crops, trading, transportation Other things to know: calm no war, ate lots of fish, most likely declined because of natural disasters, river drying up. Mesopotamia: in between two rivers Tigris and Euphrates. So very swampy and watery. Natural leave allowed for good crops and protection Politics: 4 groups 1. Summarians 2. Akkadians 3. Hittites 4. Hurrians. Through the rule people/ culture stayed the same. Early times were democratic and Simplistic. As society grew the government needed more power bureaucracy. Societies became more complex, Little villages popped up and would rival each other. Bureaucracy didn't work out because villages wanted more power and would take over. Lots of wars in a very violent country, Turned to kings and queens Economics: lots of trading with both Indus River and Egypt Religion: worshiped gods and built temples but also had a king outside of that. Also believed in witchcraft Social: upper class= money lower class has no money. Have some laws and two laws set. They value material over people. Intellectual: had written languages Artistic: Pots and pottery Technology: used stamps wheels Geography: the water All close to each other Egypt: Old Kingdom: This is when the pyramids were built. It was the evolution of their burial practices. 1. Mastabas 2. Pyramids 3. Valley of kings Mastabas: low rectangle brick built on west side of nile(bc land of death) pyramids evolved from these Pyramids: Pharaoh seen as a God and lived in the spirit world and upon death he had to be able to return to his body on earth. Tomb has to have everything needed when the spirit returns to the body. Valley of Kings: 18th-19th dynasty, kings abandoned pyramids and cut tombs into limestone. Had a similar pattern 1. Three corridors 2. Antechamber 3. Sunken sarcophagus chamber Step Pyramid at Saqqara: 6 mastabas stacked, world's first building made entirely of stone, King Djoser commissioned Imhotep to build a tomb that would remind people of his greatness Bent Pyramid: Pharaoh Sneferu, built at least 4 before it worked, smooth pyramid’s angle was too sharp and it collapsed, changed the angle and left a bent appearance Red Pyramid: First perfect pyramid shape, Dashur, second largest base of any pyramid in Egypt, reddish sandstone Pyramid of Giza: Built by Pharaoh Khufu 4 corners align perfectly with a compass Center of all the land area in the world Estimated 20-80 year construction Burial chamber 20m beneath the foundation First intermediate Period: Central government broke down Nile floods were bad, famine and high death rate Egyptian government fell apart, provincial officials became more powerful 10th and 11th dynasties fought for control Mentuhotep II conquered 10th dynasty, reunified egypt, founded the middle kingdom Middle Kingdom:  12th dynasty, strong central authority, building projects, flourishing art and culture, vast trading on the mediterranean (copper, pottery, tin, amber, glass and ivory) Decline of middle kingdom Amenmemhet IV was ousted by his sister, Sobekneferu Sobekneferu ruled absolutely as king (even though she was queen regent) and died without heirs, ending the 12th dynasty Second Intermediate Period: Slow infiltration of Hyksos because of Egyptian political weakness Chariots and archers 6 Hyksos kings Hyksos: Rulers who looked and behaved like people from an area in Syria and Israel The pharaohs briefly lost control of Egypt to them and it was described as a foreign invasion, but they are most likely a group that had already immigrated to Egypt previously and were just seen as foreigners Had control for 200 years REUNIFICATION OF EGYPT Ahmose I Founded the 18th dynasty Drove the Hyksos from Egypt after 200 years New Kingdom: Revolved around religion and traditions, burial practices Built temples, every element of life had religious figure Golden age Most prosperous time Building empire 19th and 20th dynasties (Ramses) Late dynastic period separated the nation and their expansion was erased because of a struggle for power between priests and nobility, and pressure from other nations surrounding them 3RD INTERMIDIATE PERIOD A period of political instability Characterized by territorial division and conquest by foreigners However life for ordinary Egyptians changed very little NUBIANS: Began invading Egypt Kashta invades the south Successor Painkhi founds the Nubian dynasty, Egypt’s 25th dynasty ASSSYRIANS: Under Ashurbanipal invaded egypt in 667 BCE established in 26th dynasty Masters of war, Egypt/Nubians didn't stand a chance PERIANS: 525 BCE Egypt Perians invade Egypt revolted against persian rule Regain independence because alliance with spartans and athenians Lasted 63 years 341 BCE Persians re rule GREEKS 3232 BCE Alexander the great conquers Persia and Egypt Egypt a greek province for 300 years Greek official language Egyptian culture is mixed with greek culture Temples and statues were made in their honor ROMAN PERIOD Alexandria becomes new capital Male rulers took the name Ptolemy Cleopatra VII ruled with each of her 2 brothers  Took power for herself by forming alliances with the romans, Julius Caesar and Marc Anthony Octavian defeated Marc Anthony What were the 6 civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia? Be able to compare and contrast them. Sumer ○ Advanced cities, specialized workers, WRITING, record keeping, improved technology ○ Trade system, innovation (wheel, plow, irrigation) ○ City states, city walls with bricks Akkad ○ Gilgamesh ○ First empire and unified city states - Sargon the Great ○ Akkadian religion became dominant in the region ○ Postal system, surveyed properties Assyrians (1500 years between Akkad and Babylon) ○ Everything belongs to deity (Ashur) ○ Everyone had rights and were considered human beings, even slaves ○ Revolved around military, ruled with terror ○ Had provinces ○ Created a big empire 650 BC (between the Hittites and the Chaldeans) Babylon ○ Hammurabi’s Code (law), inscribed on stone pillars in the public halls ○ Women could own property ○ Sell yourself into slavery ○ Invaded by Hittites then the Kassites The Hittites ○ First people to master iron working ○ Fell to sea raiders/peoples Chaldeans ○ Only 50 years ○ Restorative approach ○ Nineveh ○ Nebuchadnezzar 2 - hanging gardens of Babylon Persians ○ 550-325 BC ○ Nomadic Indo-Europeans from modern Iran ○ Tolerant approach, Darius the Great (522-486 BC)  ○ 20 ethnic provinces ○ Efficient communication ○ Defeated by Alexander the Great Explain the significance of the development of cuneiform. It is one of the oldest forms of writing known It created better communication between groups and made recording things much easier and possible We know more about civilizations with writing Told stories from Mesopotamia and showed their advanced political structure through records of taxation Be able to discuss the importance of Hammurabi’s Code and the Code of Ur-Nammu. The Code of Ur-Nammu is the oldest extant law-code known to history It’s very advanced for the time because of the monetary compensation for bodily damage Hammurabi’s Code is one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes Punishments fit the crime Established standards for commercial interactions If (crime) then (punishment) Be able to compare and contrast the developments of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Why did they develop differently? Its geographical boundaries - Egypt was sheltered from outside influences Stability was the primary goal of Egyptian society, any change was slow and cautious Flooding from the Tigris and Euphrates destroyed Mesopotamia, flooding from the Nile helped Egypt Map, Upper Egypt- Nile river valley, high cliffs and mountains, river flows in a single stream all the way to Cairo Lower Egypt- Start where Nile separates into branches very fertile and good farming Explain the importance of Egyptian geography to its development. Nile River: Most important river to egypt. All civilizations were built around this river. It was their lifeline. it was where the sun goes up and comes to die. Transportation-boats. Tigris and Euphrates often hurt mesopotamia, Nile helped Egypt  The black land- most fertile land bc the rest is desert The desert: protected egypt on two sides, separated ancient egypt from neighboring countries and invading armies, gave them an abundance of metals and semimetals, also material for mummification. Desert gave egypt more time to develop Mediterranean: access to this increased and expanded trade and culture Be able to discuss Egyptian trade. Happened over the mediterranean. Found a boat with an abundance of metals that were being transported from egypt to other countries. Mesopotamia and Egypt did ,ots of trading Explain the process and significance of mummification. To keep the body preserved bc the believed that the pharaoh should be able to come in and out of spirit world and that can only happen if he is preserved correctly in a tomb Be able to discuss continuity and change in Ancient Egypt. Body must be intact on earth for this to happen. They remove organs, make sure the bodies are dry, covered in oil, wrapped in linen and then put jewelry and their possessions in, sometimes servants as well. Archeology: Piece together past with evidence, civilisations. In order to learn about human condition we have to learn what they were like