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EALS REVIEWER 4. Earthquake-induced ground subsidence and lateral spreading Subsidence or lowering of the Lesson 5: Natural Disasters...

EALS REVIEWER 4. Earthquake-induced ground subsidence and lateral spreading Subsidence or lowering of the Lesson 5: Natural Disasters ground surface - occurs during an earthquake due to downward vertical Earthquake displacement on one side of the fault - (AKA Quake, Tremor, or Tremblor) Lateral spreading - Occurs when - The perceptible shaking of the surface of sloping grounds start to move the Earth, resulting from the sudden release downhill, causing cracks to open up of energy in the crust that creates seismic waves 5. Tsunami Also known as Seismic Wave Seismic Waves: Vibration generated by an A series of waves in a water body earthquake, explosion, or similar energetic caused by the displacement of a source large volume of water Seimology: Study of earthquakes and 6. Earthquake-induced landslides seismic waves Landslides - A wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep Geologist: A person who studies failure of slopes, and shallow debris earthquakes and seismic activity flow - An important secondary earthquake hazards 1. Ground Shaking or Ground Motion - Frequently triggered by Earth Shakes with the passage of strong ground motion earthquake waves, which radiate energy “stored” in stressed rocks and are released when a fault BEFORE, DURING, & AFTER breaks and the rocks slip to relieve EARTHQUAKE the pent-up stress 2. Ground or Surface Rupture Before Earthquake Surface Rupture - An offset of the ground surface when fault rupture Engage yourself in training extends to the Earth’s Surface activities Participate in Earthquake drills 3. Liquefaction Share your knowledge and skills Soil liquefaction - A phenomenon in with others which the strength and stiffness of the soil are reduced by earthquake-shaking Usually occurs in saturated soils (the space between soil is filled with water)  During Earthquake Lesson 6: Theories of Life and the Cell Stay Indoors (If you are within a building) Quickly Open the door exit if you Theories of Life feel the building is not safe 1. Spontaneous Generation Duck, Cover, and Hold - An archaic scientific theory which Stay away from heavy and sharp stated that living organisms could objects arise from nonliving matter If you’re outside, move to an open - A piece of bread and cheese left in a area and follow the ff: corner could give rise to mice and - Stay away from trees, maggots power lines, posts, and concrete structures 2. Cell Theory - Stay away from steep - The fundamental scientific theory of slopes biology which cells are held to be the - Move to higher ground if basic units of all living tissues you’re near the inshore - The basis of how cells originate Get Out if you are in the vehicle Cell Theory Postulate and its Proponents 1. All living organisms are made up of Philippine Institute of Volcanology and one or more cells Seismology (PHILVOCS): Principally (by Schleiden & Schwann) mandated to mitigate disasters that may 2. The cell is the fundamental unit of arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, structure and organization tsunamis and other geotectonic phenomena (by Schleiden & Schwann) 3. Pre-existing cells give rise to new Department of Science and Technology cells (by Virchow) (DOST): People Involved in Cell Theory After Earthquake 1. Robert Hooke Take the fastest and safest way - 1665 / English Polymath out of the building - Used a compound microscope to Do not use elevators observe a cork Do not enter damaged buildings - Give the term “cell” Do not use telephones unless necessary 2. Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek Do not panic - 1670 / Dutch Microbiologist Evacuate as soon as possible - He used a more powerful microscope than Robert Hooke - The first scientist to refer to living Types of Cell and Their Difference cells, naming them “animalcules” Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell 3. Matthias Schleiden - 1838 / German Botanist - Focused on Plant Cell 4. Theodor Schwann - 1839 / German Physician, Physiologist - Focused on Animal Cell No true Nucleus Have Nucleus 5. Rudolf Virchow Does not contain Contains a - 1855 / Physician membrane-bound membrane-bound - Created the 3rd postulate of Cell organelles organelles Theory (Cells arise from pre-existing cells) Unicellular Unicellular & Multicellular Through Binary fission Through Mitosis Cell and its Organelle (Cell Division) (Cell Division) Cell Complex The basic unit of life Microscopic Can only be observed through a microscope Simple just like him Function of Cell Small Big Respiration - set of metabolic Bacteria and Archaea Plant and Animal reactions and processes Regulation - control and coordination of the body's activities Reproduction - production of new cells/organism Excretion - removal of waste products Growth - increase in the size of organisms as a result of increase in number and size  Animal vs Plant Ribosomes: Site of Protein Synthesis Animal Cell Plant Cell Mitochondria: The powerhouse of Irregular or round Rectangular shape the cell that produce energy that shape needed for cell’s survival Heterotrophic Autotrophic Golgi Body / Golgi Apparatus: Have Lysosome Few or no Lysosome Helps process and package proteins present and lipid molecules No Cell Wall Have Cell Wall Cytoskeleton: Help cells maintain No Plastids Have Plastids their shape and internal organization Small Vacuole Large Vacuole Lysosome: Trash can of the cell, digest and remove waste inside No Chloroplast Have Chloroplast Have Centriole No Centriole Peroxisome: Responsible for lipid metabolism and the processing of reactive oxygen species Organelle - A subcellular structure that has one Chloroplast: Convert light energy or more specific jobs to perform in into chemical energy via the cell photosynthesis Nucleus: An organelle containing Cell Wall: Provides shape, support, chromosomes and the cell's control and protection to the cell and its center organelles. Nucleolus: A spherical structure Centriole: They help determine the found in the cell's nucleus, serving locations of other organelles within its brain and ribosome factory. the cell. Groups of microtubule triplets organized in a cylindrical Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: shape Place for Ribosomes to synthesize and sort protein Vacuole: Storage for food and water of a cell Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Responsible for lipid synthesis and Vesicle: Used to move molecules, production and secretion of some secrete substances, digest material, hormones. No appearance of and regulate cells' pressure ribosomes Cytoplasm: Jelly-like liquid that fills inside and hold organelles of a cell  Lesson 7: Proliferation Sexual Reproduction in Plants of Life 1. Autogamy: Self-fertilization on the same flower Reproduction - A process in which an organism 1.1. Geitonogamy: Self-fertilization produces offspring in which when pollen grains from one flower on a plant is transferred Types of Reproduction to another flower on the same plant - Sexual - Asexual 2. Allogamy: Cross-fertilization Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction in Animal - Offsprings are produced without any 1. External fusion of sex cells 2. Internal - Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, Annelids, and Echinoderms are Hermaphroditism: An organism that examples of Asexual Animal has both testes and ovaries Types of Asexual Reproduction Sequential Hermaphroditism: - Fission: Division to generate more Numerous species of fish can - Budding: Creating a mini version of change their sex a parent - Fragmentation: Generating organism Allogamy or Xenogamy: Transfer of through broken pieces gametes from one to another - Parthenogenesis: Multiplication, Reproduction from an ovum without External Fertilization: Release of fertilization gametes into an external environment Sexual Reproduction - The fusion of female and male Internal Fertilization: The sperm reproductive cells fertilizes the egg within the female Haploid: A cell with a single set of - Oviparity: Process of laying chromosomes or half of the number. eggs Sperm and Egg Cells are haploid - Viviparity: Give birth to live young Diploid: A cell with a two set of - Ovoviviparity: A combination chromosomes or two copies of each of oviparity and viviparity chromosome. Zygote: A fertilized egg cell  REMEMBER: EALS IS MORE ON CONCEPTS, SO MEMORIZE/FAMILIARIZE CONCEPTS STUDY MORE ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC & ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL FAMILIARIZE WHAT’S THE ORGANELLE AND ITS IMAGE (BAKA KASE MAGPAKITA NG PICTURE) MEMORIZE NALANG TALAGA EZ PEAZY, LEZGOOOOO KAYA NATIN TO Made by: Jay Lawrence Matibag / Aquamarine