Natural Disasters: Earthquakes and Seismos

Perceptible shaking of the Earth's surface, caused by the sudden release of energy in the crust, creating seismic waves.

Vibrations generated by earthquakes, explosions, etc.

Study of earthquakes and seismic waves.

A person who studies earthquakes and seismic activity.

Lowering of the ground surface due to earthquake-related downward displacement.

Sloping ground moving downhill during an earthquake, causing cracks.

Series of waves in a water body caused by large-volume water displacement.

Various ground movements (rock falls, slope failures, debris flows) triggered by earthquakes.

The vibration of the Earth's surface caused by the release of energy from an earthquake.

The stored energy in stressed rocks is released, creating seismic waves that radiate outward.

An offset of the ground surface when a fault rupture extends to the Earth's surface.

The process where the strength and stiffness of soil is reduced by earthquake shaking, particularly in saturated soils.

Liquefaction happens when saturated soils lose their strength due to earthquake shaking.

An outdated idea claiming that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter, like mice from cheese.

It falsely suggested that non-living things could create life.

The fundamental theory in biology stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, independently proposed this crucial part of cell theory.

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, jointly proposed this fundamental part of cell theory.

Rudolf Virchow proposed this central part of cell theory.

An English polymath who, in 1665, used a compound microscope to observe a cork and coined the term 'cell'.

A Dutch microbiologist who used a more powerful microscope than Robert Hooke and was the first scientist to observe living cells, calling them 'animalcules'.

A simple type of cell that lacks a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells and are found in bacteria and archaea.

A complex type of cell that has a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are typically larger than prokaryotic cells and are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

States that all living cells arise from pre-existing cells, meaning life cannot spontaneously arise from non-living matter.

The basic unit of life, microscopic and observed only through a microscope, performing essential functions like respiration, regulation, reproduction, excretion, and growth.

A specialized subcellular structure within a cell that performs specific functions. Examples include the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simple, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, a simple process where a cell duplicates its DNA and splits into two identical daughter cells.

Eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis, a more complex process involving multiple steps to ensure accurate DNA replication and division into two identical daughter cells.

Animal cells are generally irregular, heterotrophic (obtain food from other organisms), and lack cell walls and chloroplasts. Plant cells are rectangular, autotrophic (produce their own food through photosynthesis), and have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles.

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing energy (ATP) that fuels the cell's activities.

Processes, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids within the cell, like a postal service for cell components.

The cell's recycling center, responsible for breaking down waste products and worn-out cell parts.

A type of reproduction where offspring arise from a single parent, without the fusion of gametes.

A type of reproduction that involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to create offspring.

Condition where an organism possesses both male and female reproductive organs.

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes, half the number found in a diploid cell.

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

A spherical structure found within the nucleus of a cell, responsible for the production and assembly of ribosomes.

Cylindrical structures found in animal cells, composed of microtubule triplets, which play a role in cell division and determining the location of other organelles.

A network of interconnected membranes studded with ribosomes, where protein synthesis and sorting occur.

A network of interconnected membranes lacking ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and hormone production.

A large, fluid-filled sac within a cell, primarily responsible for storing water, food, and other materials.

Small, membrane-bound sacs that transport materials, secrete substances, digest material, and regulate cell pressure.

The gelatinous substance that fills the interior of a cell, providing a medium for organelles to function and interact.

Self-fertilization occurring within the same flower on a plant.

Self-fertilization where pollen from one flower on a plant is transferred to another flower on the same plant.

Cross-fertilization, where pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of a flower on a different plant.