DT notes forr BA, BCom, BSc.-2.pdf

Unit I: 1.1 Introduction and Evolution of Digital System. ❖ Introduction to Digital System: A system is a set of related components that work as a whole to achieve a goal. A system contains inputs, behavior and outputs. Behavior is a function that translates inputs to output. Components...

Unit I: 1.1 Introduction and Evolution of Digital System. ❖ Introduction to Digital System: A system is a set of related components that work as a whole to achieve a goal. A system contains inputs, behavior and outputs. Behavior is a function that translates inputs to output. Components are electronics blocks - digital, analog, or mixed signal. Digital signal is a system in which signals have a finite number of discrete values. Analog Signal has values from a Mixed Signal System has both Digital and continuous set. Analog parts. Generally, signals are represented by two method ie. Digital Signal and analog system a) Digital system is limited to only a few possible Digital values, generally represented by Binary logic 0 (0-0.8 volts) and logic 1 (2.0-5.0 volts). b) Whereas Analog Signal varies continuously. Characteristics of Digital System: i. Data is represented in a digital system as a vector of binary variables. ii. Digital Systems can provide accuracy (dynamic range) limited only by the number of bits used to represent variables. iii. Digital systems are less prone to error than analog systems. iv. Data representation in a digital system is suitable for error detection and correction. v. Digital systems are designed in modules. Benefits/ Advantage of Digital system: i. It is economical and easy to design. ii. It is very well suited for both numerical and non-numerical information processing. iii. It has high noise immunity. iv. It is easy duplicate similar circuits and complex digital ICs are manufactured with the advent of microelectronics Technology. v. Adjustable precision and easily controllable by Computer. vi. It can be stored accessed and retrieved quickly and efficiency. vii. automatic task, reduce human efforts, increase efficiency. Disadvantage of Digital system: i. Depends on Power. ii. Security concerns- Cyberattack, Bank Fraud. iii. designing and maintaining digital system can be challenging and costly. iv. The production and disposal of digital devices can contribute to electronic waste and environmental concerns. v. Increasing Unemployment.  ❖ Evolution of Digital system: i. In 1939, Harvard university build the Harvard Mark I, which went into operation in 1943. ii. It was used to compute ballistic tables for the U.S Navy. iii. Next few years more machines were built in research Laboratories around world. iv. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was placed in operation at Moore school of Electrical Engineering at university of Pennsylvania in June 1944. v. Initiating Unit and Function table in September 1945. vi. Dividers and Square Root Unit in October 1945. ❖ Digital Technology: i. The term "digital" originates from Latin and refers to counting with fingers. Digital technology processes and transmits information using binary code (0s and 1s). ii. Relies on microprocessors and computers, including the Internet, as well as devices like video cameras, mobile phones, and PDAs. iii. Digital technology contrasts with analog by converting information into binary (0s and 1s), whereas analog uses varying electric signals. iv. Digital technology functions are electronic tools, automated systems, and devices that generate, process, or store information. v. It is Enable to easy recording, analysis, and optimization of campaigns in fields like marketing, leveraging digital tools for precise measurement and improvement. Impact of Digital Technology: i. Enhanced Performance: Improves productivity, efficiency, safety, and accuracy across industries, enabling faster and more effective operations. ii. Flexibility: Enables agile responses to market demands and operational changes, enhancing adaptability and resilience in production processes. iii. Supply Chain Reorganization: Facilitates significant restructuring of supply chains through real-time data sharing, predictive analytics, and optimized logistics, resulting in cost reductions and improved efficiency. iv. Mass Customization: Empowers businesses to personalize products and services at scale, meeting individual customer needs efficiently and effectively. v. Impact Across Industries: Revolutionizes various sectors during the digital revolution and virtual era, driving innovation and creating opportunities for rapid advancement and competitiveness. Impact of Digital Technology on society: i. Industry Transformation: Digital technologies are pervasive across industries, revolutionizing sectors such as finance, employment, and competition. ii. Economic Influence: Technology has created new job opportunities while transforming existing ones, contributing to economic growth and global competition. iii. Digitization Trends: Services and products across various sectors, from travel systems to entertainment like film, music, and multimedia, are increasingly transitioning to digital formats. iv. Technological Growth: Information technology has been a driving force behind digitization, continually advancing and integrating into daily life. v. Global Connectivity: Digital advancements facilitate instant communication and collaboration globally, reshaping social interactions and cultural exchanges. vi. Challenges and Opportunities: While technology brings benefits like accessibility and efficiency, it also poses challenges such as digital divide, privacy concerns, and ethical implications. Types of digital technology: i. Video technologies for working from home  ii. GPS, What3Words and Location iii. 5G and Virtual Reality iv. Smart homes v. Cloud and SaaS vi. Artificial Intelligence (AI) vii. Deep fake and Al viii. Bitcoin and blockchain ix. Cybersecurity and Biometrics x. Combination of tech such as Al, IOT, Drones and connectivity xi. Mobile phone roaming and digital connectivity using e-SIMs. Application / Use of digital technology: i. Efficient Information Storage: Massive amounts of data, including photos, music, videos, and documents, can be stored in compact devices and online platforms. ii. Global Accessibility: Data stored online can be accessed from any internet-connected device, enhancing mobility and convenience. iii. Transformation of Industries: It has transformed travel, work, shopping, entertainment, and communication sectors, integrating into everyday activities. iv. Enhanced Device Functionality: Devices are made more compact, faster, lighter, and versatile due to digital advancements. v. Instant Data Transfer: Facilitates rapid movement of information locally and globally, boosting efficiency and productivity. vi. Expanded Definition of Information: Beyond words and numbers, digital technology includes multimedia content like photos, audio, and video. Digital Technology Benefits: i. Social Connectivity ii. Communication Speeds iii. Versatile Working iv. Learning Opportunities v. Automation vi. Information Storage vii. Editing viii. Accurate Duplication ix. GPS and Mapping x. Transportation xi. Low Cost xii. Entertainment xiii. News xiv. Warfare xv. Banking and Finance ❖ Role and Significance of Digital Technology: 1. Role: a) Enhanced Connectivity: Facilitating communication and collaboration across geographical boundaries through platforms like email, social media, and video conferencing. b) Automation and Efficiency: Streamlining processes and operations in industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and more through automation and digital tools. c) Data Management: Enabling efficient storage, retrieval, and analysis of large volumes of data, leading to insights and informed decision-making. d) Innovation and Creativity: Driving innovation in product development, services, and business models through digital platforms and tools.  e) Education and Learning: Transforming educational experiences with online learning platforms, interactive resources, and virtual classrooms. 2. Significance: a) Empowers Individuals: Provides individuals with access to information, resources, and opportunities for personal and professional growth. b) Boosts Economic Growth: Stimulates economic growth by fostering entrepreneurship, improving efficiency, and creating new markets and job opportunities. c) Improves Quality of Life: Enhances quality of life through advancements in healthcare, entertainment, transportation, and communication. d) Addresses Global Challenges: Offers solutions to global challenges such as climate change, healthcare access, and poverty through innovative technologies and digital solutions. e) Promotes Sustainability: Supports sustainability efforts by optimizing resource management, reducing carbon footprint, and promoting eco-friendly practices. ❖ Information and Communication Technology and Tools: ICT Impact on Life and Work  ICT has transformed all life spheres, including learning, problem-solving, and work.  Tools like communications, networked computers, and media are crucial for efficient professions.  Without ICT, organizations cannot function.  ICT tools have altered learning and working spaces, benefiting students and professionals. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) comprises two main parts: 1. Information Technology (IT): a) Focuses on the use of computers and software to manage and process information. b) Includes hardware components such as computers, servers, storage devices, and networking equipment. c) Involves software applications like operating systems, databases, productivity software (e.g., word processors, spreadsheets), and specialized applications for various tasks. 2. Communication Technology (CT): a) Encompasses technologies and platforms that facilitate communication and information exchange. b) Includes telecommunications infrastructure such as internet services, mobile networks (3G, 4G, 5G), and satellite communication. c) Covers communication tools like email, instant messaging, video conferencing, social media platforms, and collaboration software. ie. ICT (Information and Communication Technology) are encompasses technologies that facilitate the management and exchange of information through computing and communication devices and systems. Various component of ICT: i. The word ICT is widely accepted as representing all technologies that enable individuals, association to connect in the digital world together. ii. Communication technology iii. Cloud computing iv. Software v. Hardware vi. Internet access vii. Data viii. Transaction The Importance of ICT:  i. ICT is a fundamental requirement for modern society. ii. Business organizations utilize ICT in multiple ways to improve profitability, get clients, enhance their efficiency, and so on. iii. ICT systems are introducing other smart or intelligent functionality to current technologies. iv. The ICT sector has both a direct and indirect effect on economic development. v. The modern communications network can also be used to improve enterprise advertising and development. vi. Many of the products and services rely knowingly or unknowingly on ICT. Advantages: i. Enhanced Communication: Allows instant global communication through various digital channels. ii. Information Access: Provides access to vast amounts of information and resources online. iii. Efficiency: Streamlines processes, increases productivity, and reduces costs in various sectors. iv. Globalization: Facilitates international trade, collaboration, and cultural exchange. v. Education: Enables flexible learning opportunities and access to educational resources worldwide. Disadvantages: i. Digital Divide: Unequal access to ICT resources creates disparities between regions and socioeconomic groups. ii. Cybersecurity Risks: Vulnerabilities such as data breaches, identity theft, and cyberattacks. iii. Dependency: Over-reliance on technology can lead to disruptions in case of failures or outages. iv. Privacy Concerns: Issues related to the collection, storage, and misuse of personal data. v. Social Impact: Potential for isolation, addiction, and negative impacts on social interaction and mental health. vi. Balancing these advantages and disadvantages requires thoughtful management of technology adoption, regulation, and ethical considerations to maximize benefits while mitigating risks. ❖ ICT tools: ICT tools stand for Information, Communication Technology tools. The ICT tools means to digital infrastructures like computers, laptops, printers, scanners, software programs, data projectors, and interactive teaching box. The ICT devices are the latest tools, concepts and techniques used in student-to-teacher, student-to-student interaction for example: clicker devices. mobile applications, flipped classroom) for information and communication technology. Advantages of ICT Tools: i. There are various advantages of ICT Tools: ii. Cost-efficient iii. Provide the facility for easy student management iv. Direct classroom teaching v. Improved modes of communication vi. Eco-friendly-Eliminate the usage of paper vii. Direct classroom teaching viii. Minimize cost and saves time ix. Improved data and information security Disadvantages of ICT Tools: i. There are various disadvantages of ICT Tools: ii. Unemployment iii. Lack of security/privacy iv. Cyber bullying v. Reliance on technology vi. Social media vii. Preparation time Applications of ICT tools: i. Education: E-learning platforms, digital classrooms, and educational software enhance learning experiences and accessibility to educational resources. ii. Business and Commerce: E-commerce platforms, CRM systems, and ERP solutions streamline operations, improve customer relationships, and manage business processes. iii. Healthcare: Telemedicine, electronic health records (EHR), and medical imaging technologies facilitate remote patient care, data management, and diagnostic imaging. iv. Government and Public Services: E-government services, emergency management systems, and public safety technologies improve service delivery and citizen engagement. v. Finance and Banking: Online banking, financial analytics tools, and blockchain technology enable secure transactions, data analysis, and decentralized financial systems. vi. Telecommunications: Mobile networks, VoIP services, and satellite communication ensure global connectivity and efficient voice and data transmission. vii. Media and Entertainment: Digital media creation tools, streaming platforms, and gaming technologies support content creation, distribution, and interactive entertainment. viii. Research and Development: Scientific research tools, data analytics software, and collaborative platforms facilitate scientific discovery, data analysis, and research collaboration. ix. Transportation and Logistics: Fleet management systems, supply chain management tools, and smart transportation technologies optimize logistics operations and enhance urban mobility. x. Environmental Monitoring and Sustainability: Environmental sensors, green technologies, and conservation tools monitor environmental conditions, promote sustainability, and manage natural resources. ❖ Computer System & it's working: ❖ Computer Systems: A computer is a system made of two major components: hardware and software. The computer hardware is the physical equipment. The software is the collection of programs (instructions) that allow the hardware to do its job. 1. Computer Hardware: i. Computer hardware is the physical components of a computer that we can touch and feel. ii. These are machinery or primary electronic devices that are used to build up the computer or data processing system. iii. Computer hardware consists of interconnected electronic devices that we can use to control a computer's- operation, input and output. Example→ Motherboard - it is the circuit board that contains IC sockets and slots. →Central Processing Unit (CP)- it is the heart of the computer. →Peripheral of CPU such as Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Speaker, UPS etc. 2. Computer Software: i. Computer Software is a programming code executed on a computer processor. ii. is a set of programs that can do particular work of the user. iii. The software simply is a collection of documentation, instructions, and procedures that are capable of performing different tasks on a computer system. Computer software is divided into two major parts: i. System Software: This type of software includes operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux), device drivers, firmware, and utilities that manage computer hardware resources and provide a platform for running application software. System software is essential for the basic operation of computers.  ii. Application Software: These are programs designed to perform specific tasks or applications for end-users. Examples include word processors (e.g., Microsoft Word, Google Docs), spreadsheets (e.g., Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets), media players (e.g., VLC Media Player, iTunes), web browsers (e.g., Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox), and many others. Application software serves various purposes, from productivity tools to entertainment and communication. ❖ Working of Computer System: 1. Hardware Components: CPU: Executes instructions and processes data. Memory (RAM): Temporarily stores data and instructions for fast access by the CPU. Storage: Holds data and programs persistently (e.g., hard drives, SSDs). Input Devices: Receive data and commands (e.g., keyboard, mouse). Output Devices: Display or present processed information (e.g., monitor, printer). 2. Software Components: Operating System: Manages hardware resources, provides services to applications (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux). Application Software: Programs users interact with to perform specific tasks (e.g., word processors, web browsers). 3. Processes: Boot Process: Initializes hardware and loads the operating system into memory. Execution Cycle: CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions from memory. Input/Output Operations: Transfer data between devices and memory for user interaction. 4. Communication: Network Interfaces: Enable connectivity for data exchange and internet access (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi). 5. Control and Coordination: Operating System: Manages resources, schedules tasks, handles errors, and ensures security and stability. ❖ Software and its types: Software Definition: Software is a collection of instructions or programs that tell a computer how to operate and perform tasks. Types of Software: i. System Software: Manages hardware resources and provides a platform for applications (e.g., operating systems, device drivers, utilities). ii. Application Software: Designed for specific tasks or applications for end-users (e.g., productivity software, media software, games). iii. Development Software: Tools for writing, testing, and debugging software (e.g., programming languages, IDEs, version control systems). iv. Embedded Software: Firmware embedded into hardware devices for specific functions (e.g., BIOS, device firmware). v. Open Source vs. Proprietary Software: vi. Open Source: Source code is freely available for modification and distribution (e.g., Linux, LibreOffice). vii. Proprietary: Owned and controlled by a company, with restrictions on use and distribution (e.g., Microsoft Windows, Adobe Photoshop). ❖ Operating System (OS): Definition: Software that manages hardware resources and provides a platform for running applications. Facilitates communication between software and hardware. Functions: i. Manages memory, processes, and files. ii. Provides user interface (UI) for interaction. iii. Ensures system security and stability. Types of Operating Systems: i. Single-user Operating Systems: Designed for individual use. Examples: Windows, macOS.  ii. Multi-user Operating Systems: Supports multiple users simultaneously. Examples: Linux distributions (Ubuntu, CentOS). iii. Real-time Operating Systems (RTOS): Processes data as it arrives, without delay. Examples: VxWorks, QNX. iv. Embedded Operating Systems: Runs on embedded systems with limited resources. Examples: Android, iOS (for mobile devices). v. Network Operating Systems (NOS): Manages network resources and user access. Examples: Windows Server, Linux (for servers). vi. Distributed Operating Systems: Manages a group of independent computers as a single system. Examples: Amoeba, Google's Fuchsia OS. Q. Define Digital system Explain it? Q. Write Evolution of Digital system? Q. Write Role and Significance of Digital Technology? Q. What is Digital Technology? Q: What are types of digital technology? Q. What is use of digital technology? Q. what is ICT? Q. Explain ICT Tools? Q. Write Applications of ICT Tools? Q. What is computer Hardware? Q. What is computer Software? Q. Explain the Working of Computer System? Q. What is Software and its Types? Q. What is Operating System?