Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Module 1 PDF

Senior High School Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Module 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk AIRs - LM LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  DI...

Senior High School Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Module 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk AIRs - LM LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION Module 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk Second Edition, 2021 Copyright © 2021 La Union Schools Division Region I All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the copyright owners. Development Team of the Module Author: Aurie Amor Quinones Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team Content Reviewer: Jodel Maria Ragpala Language Reviewer: Joan Guerrero Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr. Design and Layout: Ronnel M. Barrientos Management Team: Atty. Donato D. Balderas Jr. Schools Division Superintendent Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph D Assistant Schools Division Superintendent German E. Flora, Ph D, CID Chief Virgilio C. Boado, Ph D, EPS in Charge of LRMS Rominel P. Sobremonte, Ed D, EPS in Charge of Science Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________ Department of Education – SDO La Union Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046 Email Address: [email protected] LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  Senior High School Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Module 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  Target Every year, millions of individuals, young and old, around the world are affected by either natural disasters or human-caused disasters. Loss of lives, livelihood as well as properties are the common end results. Also, we are aware of the fact that the number of natural disasters has been increasing and their aftermath to the population, properties and communities exceeded our expectations. The geographical location of our country has a great contribution to our exposure to different disasters. However, if the population understand better the locally experienced hazards, we can implement preventive or mitigating measures to ease the effect. This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you understand the meaning of disaster and the underlying risk factors. After going through this learning material, you are expected to: 1. explain the meaning of disaster (DRR11/12-Ia-b-1) 2. differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters (DRR11/12-Ia-b-2) 1 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1 Pre-Test Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Inherently unexpected happening that comes quickly without any warning A. Disaster B. Hazard C. Phenomenon D. Risk 2. Which of the following is an example of man-caused disaster? A. Storm surges B. Flooded coastal areas C. Landslides on mining sites D. Oil spills from shipping boats 3. Disaster risk can be determined by the presence of the following elements of disaster EXCEPT _________. A. Coping capacity B. Hazard (natural or man-made) C. Phenomenon D. Vulnerability to a hazard 4. The increased polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale is the result of __________. A. Climate change B. Poverty and inequality C. Environmental degradation D. Globalized economic development 5. It’s the result of unwillingness to assume their roles and responsibilities in governing disaster risk unit A. Climate change B. Weak governance C. Poverty and inequality D. Environmental degradation 6. The following are examples of hazards that leads to disaster. Which is NOT a natural hazard? A. Car accident B. Earthquake C. Tornado D. Typhoon 7. A natural disaster is said to be a(n) _________ event. A. Expected B. Planned C. Scheduled D. Unexpected 8. Which of the following is NOT a contributor to the worst outcomes of a disaster when it happened? A. Can handle stress B. Death of someone close C. Displacement D. Massive loss of property 9. The following are elements that causes disaster EXCEPT _____. A. Exposure B. Hazard C. Risk D. Vulnerability 10. What risk factor underlying disaster is to be considered when deforestation leads to landslide? A. Climate Change B. Weak Governance C. Environmental Degradation D. Globalized Economic Development 2 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  Jumpstart Activity 1: Guess the Phenomena! Identify the event being illustrated in the following figures. Write your answer on the space provided before the number. 1. ____________________________________ 2. ____________________________________ 3. ____________________________________ 4. ____________________________________ 5. ____________________________________ 3 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1 Activity 2: My After Effect! Based on the above pictures, determine at least one effect of each of the given phenomena. 1. ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5. ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  Discover Definition of Disaster What makes an event a disaster? The answer lies with how the population is eventually affected: both the direct effects on the people as well as the indirect effects or damage to infrastructure. The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2015) defines disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of vulnerability and exposure, leading to widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts. Disasters are a type of hazardous event in which there is a significant disruption of the function of all or part of society. The impact of the disaster is often widespread and could last for a long period of time. The impact may test or exceed the capacity of a community or society to cope using its own resources, and therefore may requires assistance from external sources, which could include neighboring jurisdictions, or national or international levels. Disaster results from the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences. Consequences may include injuries, disease and other negative effects on human physical, mental and social well-being, together with damage to property, loss of services and environmental degradation. Although there are many definitions for disaster (Refer to Box 1), there are common factors. First, there is an event or phenomenon that impacts a population or an environment. Second, a vulnerable condition or characteristic allows the event to have a more serious impact. For example, a typhoon will cause much greater damage to life and structures if it directly strikes an area with poorly constructed dwellings compared to striking a community of well-built homes with greater structural support. Identifying these factors has practical implications for communities’ preparedness and provides a basis for prevention. Third, local resources are often inadequate to cope with the problems created by the phenomenon or event. Disaster affects communities in multiple ways. Their impact on the health care infrastructure is also multi-factorial. The disaster event can cause an unexpected number of deaths. In addition, the large numbers of wounded and sick often exceed the local community’s health care delivery capacity. 5 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  Box 1. Definitions of a Disaster “Disaster is a sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, or destruction” https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disaster “Disaster is a major hazard event that causes widespread disruption to a community or region that the affected community is unable to deal with adequately without outside help.” https://graphylaunchpad.weebly.com/definition-of-disaster.html “A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.” https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster- management/about-disasters/what-is-a- disaster/#:~:text=A%20disaster%20is%20a%20sudden,disasters%20can%20h ave%20human%20origins. “Disaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected community.” https://apps.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf How and when an event becomes a disaster? An event, either human-made or natural, becomes a disaster when it is sudden or progressive, causing widespread human, material, or environmental losses. Let’s take an example, typhoon Yolanda. Typhoon Yolanda is a natural phenomenon. However, it became a disaster for some factors: its strength (290 km/hr); the storm surge it brought was sudden and unexpected; and it is devastating to human, material, and environment. More than 7,000 people perished. The entire City of Tacloban was literally flattened to the ground. Our country, the Philippines, is frequently visited by typhoons on the average of 20 every year. Thus, we can consider typhoons as natural events. However, in 2009, Typhoon Ondoy turned into a disaster because the amount of precipitation brought by its torrential rains lasted for several days causing floods and flash floods in Metro Manila. Thousands of houses were submerged in flood water. Hundreds of shelters along riverbanks and esteros were washed out. Power and water supplies were cut off for several weeks. Hundreds of lives perished. Wow Wowie, hosted by Willie Revillame, a popular singer-comedian, became so popular. Thousands of fans flock to ULTRA (a huge event venue during that time) to watch the noon time variety show. However, that event turned out to a disastrous tragedy when there was a human-induced disturbance among the watching crowd that caused a stampede. Many spectators were hurt and some even died which led to the dissolution of the said TV program. 6 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1 Classisfication of Disasters Disasters can be divided into two large categories: A. Natural Disasters – a natural phenomenon caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and extreme temperatures. They can be classified as rapid onset disasters and those with progressive onset, such as droughts that lead to famine. These events, usually sudden, can have tremendous effects. B. Man-made Disasters – caused by man in which direct causes are identifiable intentional or non-intentional human actions. Three categories of man-made disasters: 1. Technological/industrial disasters – Unregulated industrialization and inadequate safety standards increase the risk for industrial disasters. Examples: leaks of hazardous materials; accidental explosions; bridge or road collapses, or vehicle collisions; power cuts 2. Terrorism/Violence – The threat of terrorism has also increased due to the spread of technologies involving nuclear, biological, and chemical agents used to develop weapons of mass destruction. Examples: bombs or explosions; release of chemical materials; release of biological agents; release of radioactive agents; multiple or massive shootings; mutinies 3. Complex humanitarian emergencies – The term complex emergency is usually used to describe the humanitarian emergency resulting from an international or civil war. In such situations, large numbers of people are displaced from their homes due to the lack of personal safety and the disruption of basic infrastructure including food distribution, water, electricity, and sanitation, or communities are left stranded and isolated in their own homes unable to access assistance. Examples: conflicts or wars and genocide that deliberately kills a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Risk and Risk Factors Risk has various connotations within different disciplines. In general, risk is defined as “the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences” (UNISDR, 2009). It is usually associated with the degree to which humans cannot cope (lack of capacity) with a situation (e.g. natural hazard). Relative to disaster, a salient factor that needs to be addressed properly is disaster risk. Disaster risk is the potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity (UNDRR, 2019). From the definition, disaster risk is widely recognized as the consequence of the interaction between a hazard and the characteristics that make people and places vulnerable and exposed. Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability 7 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  As we can see from the mathematical equation of risk, disaster risk has three important elements: 1. Exposure – the elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event (Quebral, 2016)) 2. Hazard – a potentially dangerous physical occurrence, phenomenon or human activity that may result in loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation 3. Vulnerability – the conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards (UNDRR, 2019). Disaster risk has many characteristics. In order to understand disaster risk, it is essential to understand that it is: Forward looking the likelihood of loss of life, destruction, and damage in a given period of time Dynamic: it can increase or decrease according to our ability to reduce vulnerability Invisible: it is comprised of not only the threat of high-impact events, but also the frequent, low-impact events that are often hidden Unevenly distributed around the earth: hazards affect different areas, but the pattern of disaster risk reflects the social construction of exposure and vulnerability in different countries Emergent and complex: many processes, including climate change and globalized economic development, are creating new, interconnected risks The following are taken into consideration when risk factors underlying disaster are involved (ADPC, 2012): a. Severity of exposure. The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental problems. At highest risk are those that go through the disaster themselves. Next are those in close contact with victims. At lower risk are those who only had indirect exposure, such as news of the severe damage. Injury and life threat are the factors that lead most often to mental health problems. b. Gender and family. Women or girls suffer more negative effects than do men or boys. Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in the home. Women with spouses also experience more distress during recovery. Having a family member in the home who is extremely distressed is related to more stress for everyone. Marital stress has been found to increase after disasters. Also, conflicts between family members or lack of support in the home make it harder to recover from disasters. c. Age. Adults who are in the age range of 40–60 are likely to be more distressed after disasters. The thinking is that if one is in that age range, he/she has more demands from job and family. d. Developing countries. Disasters in developing countries, like the Philippines, have more severe mental health impact than do disasters in developed countries. This is true even with less serious disasters. For 8 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  example, natural disasters are generally thought to be less serious than human-caused. In developing countries, however, natural disasters have more severe effects than do human-caused disasters in developed countries. e. Low or negative social support. Social support can weaken after disasters. This may be due to stress and the need for members of the support network to get on with their own lives. Sometimes the responses from other disaster victims rely on for support are negative. For example, someone may play down their problems, needs, or pain, or expect them to recover more quickly than is realistic. Factors which underlie disasters 1. Climate Change – can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways – by altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure patterns. For most people, the expression “climate change” means the alteration of the world’s climate that we humans are causing such as burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and other practices that increase the carbon footprint and concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 2. Environmental Degradation – changes to the environment can influence the frequency and intensity of hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability to these hazards. For instance, deforestation of slopes often leads to an increase in landslide hazard and removal of mangroves can increase the damage caused by storm surges (UNISDR, 2009). It is considered both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs. Over consumption of natural resources results in environmental degradation, reducing the effectiveness of essential ecosystem services, such as the mitigation of floods and landslides. This leads to increased risk from disasters, and in turn, natural hazards can further degrade the environment. 3. Globalized Economic Development – it results in an increased polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale. Currently increasing the exposure of assets in hazard prone areas, globalized economic development provides an opportunity to build resilience, if effectively managed. By participating in risk sensitive development strategies such as investing in protective structure, environmental management, and upgrading informal settlements, risk can be reduced. Dominance and increase of wealth in certain regions and cities are expected to have increased hazard exposure. 4. Poverty and Inequality – impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. The lack of access to insurance and social protection means that people in poverty are often forced to use their already limited assets to buffer disaster losses, which drives them into further poverty. Poverty is therefore both a cause and consequence of disaster risk, particularly extensive risk, with drought being the hazard most closely associated with poverty. The impact of disasters on the poor can, in addition to loss of life, injury and damage, cause a total loss of livelihoods, displacement, poor health, food insecurity, among other consequences. Vulnerability is not simply about poverty, but extensive research over the past 30 years has revealed that is generally the poor who tend to suffer worst from disasters. 5. Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development – a new wave of urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and with it, new opportunities for resilient investment emerge. People, poverty, and disaster 9 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  risk are increasingly concentrated in cities. The growing rate of urbanization and the increase in population density (in cities) can lead to creation of risk, especially when urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and occurring in a context of widespread poverty. Growing concentrations of people and economic activities in many cities are seen to overlap with areas of high-risk exposure. 6. Weak Governance – weak governance zones are investment environments in which public sector actors are unable or unwilling to assume their roles and responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic services and public services. Disaster risk is disproportionately concentrated in lower-income countries with weak governance. Disaster risk governance refers to the specific arrangements that societies put in place to manage their disaster risk within a broader context of risk governance. This reflects how risk is valued against a backdrop of broader social and economic concerns. Certain factors are related to a survivor’s background and recovery is hampered if survivors were not functioning well before the disaster, have no experience dealing with disasters, must deal with other stressors after the disaster, have low self- esteem, feel uncared for by others, think they exercise little control over what happens to them, and unable to many stresses. More factors contributory to worse outcomes are death of someone close, injury to self or family member, life threat, panic, horror, or similar feelings, separation from family, massive loss of property and displacement. 10 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  Explore Activity 3: Understand Me! Identify the classification of disaster as well as the disaster risk of the given disaster situation. Classification Disaster Risks Disasters (Natural or Man-Made) (Effects) 1. typhoon 2. war conflicts 3. drought 4. floods in rivers and coastal areas 5. vehicular accident 11 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  Deepen Activity 4: Am I ready? You are invited by the SK Chairman in your barangay as a resource speaker in a webinar to your age group regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. You are asked to give emphasis on the risk factors underlying the said pandemic so that young people like you will be equipped with knowledge on how to mitigate the effects of the pandemic. Have a concept in mind of how you are going to deliver the information. Write down what you want to deliver to your audience. You will be scored using the given rubric below. 4 3 2 1 The speech The speech is The speech is The speech is adheres to on the topic on topic and neither on Content theme/topic. but substance the substance topic nor has is satisfactory. is fair. substance. The speech is Clear words Some pieces of Ideas and very well are used. information pieces of organized and are not clear information Organization informative. and hard to seem to be of Thoughts follow. randomly arranged and improvement is needed. 12 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  Gauge Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. A sudden, calamitous event, bringing great damage, loss, destruction, and devastation to life and property A. Disaster B. Hazard C. Phenomenon D. Risk 2. Which of the following is NOT an example of man-made disaster? A. Bomb explosions B. Earthquake C. Genocide D. Mutiny 3. Typhoons are considered as a natural phenomenon. When can we consider it as a disaster? A. It is devastating to human, material, and environment B. Its strength is 290 km/hr or stronger C. The storm surge it brought was sudden and unexpected D. All of the above 4. Marawi siege is an example of man-made disaster. What category does it fall? A. Complex humanitarian emergencies B. Industrial disaster C. Technological disaster D. Terrorism 5. Disaster has a great impact on which of the following aspect? A. Bacteria B. Human C. Invention D. Technology 6. Disaster risk can be considered as __________. A. Effect of the unjust use of resources B. Effect of the inability of human government to control environmental destruction C. Consequence of human actions because of deliberately exploiting the environment D. Consequence of the interaction between a hazard and the characteristics that make people and places vulnerable and exposed 7. The following are important elements of disaster risk EXCEPT __________. A. Exposure B. Hazard C. Risk D. Vulnerability 8. Which of the following risk factors BEST describes the cause of COVID-19 pandemic? A. Climate change B. Globalized economic development C. Poorly planned and managed urban development D. Weak governance 13 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1 9. How will reduction of the level of vulnerability and exposure be possible? A. By keeping people and property as distant as possible from hazards B. Increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard C. Potentially damaging physical even D. Proper knowledge on disaster risk 10. Which of the following risk factors affect with inequality? A. Climate change B. Globalized economic development C. Poverty D. Weak governance 11. Which of the following risk factors result in an increased polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale? A. Climate change B. Environmental degradation B. Globalized economic development D. Poverty and inequality 12. Which group of people are more likely to live in hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures? A. Impoverished people B. Middle class C. Senior citizens D. Young professionals 13. The occurrence of landslides in the Philippines is increasing. What risk factors are observed? A. Climate change and environmental degradation B. Climate change and globalized economic development C. Climate change and weak governance D. Poverty and inequality 14. The following are contributor to the worst outcomes when a disaster happened EXCEPT _________. A. Can handle stress B. Death of someone close C. Displacement D. Massive loss of property 15. It is both a driver and a consequence of disasters, thus, reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs A. Climate change B. Environmental degradation C. Poverty and inequality D. Weak governance 14 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1 15 JUMPSTART Activity 1 Activity 2 1. Landslide Answers may vary 2. Volcanic eruption 3. Flood 4. Earthquake 5. Fire EXPLORE Answers may vary DEEPEN Answers may vary GUAGE PRE-TEST 1. A 1. A 2. B 2. D 3. D 3. C 4. D 4. B 5. B 5. B 6. D 6. A 7. C 7. D 8. B 8. A 9. A 9. B 10. C 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. B Answer Key References Book: Disaster Reduction and Risk Management-Core Teacher's Guide. (2017). Pasig City: Department of Education. Quebral, V. S. (2016). Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Electronic Sources: Patrick Mahar, J. L. (n.d.). aap.org. Retrieved from aap. org website: https://www.aap.org/en- us/Documents/disasters_dpac_PEDsModule1.pdf Physiopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from physio-pedia.com: physio-pedia.com/Disaster_Management preventionweb.net. (2015, August). Retrieved from preventionweb.net: https://preventionweb.net/files/45462_backgroundpaperterminologyaugust20.pdf UNDRR. (2019, November 29). Retrieved from UNDRR website: https://www.undrr.org/terminology UNISDR. (2009). Retrieved from UNISDR: unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf 16 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1  For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – SDO La Union Curriculum Implementation Division Learning Resource Management Section Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500 Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127 Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046 Email Address: [email protected] [email protected] 17 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module1