Developmental Practice Midterms PDF

1. The scientific method is a way to answer questions using: a) Subjective opinions b) Empirical research and data-based conclusions c) Random assumptions d) Guesswork 2. Replication in the scientific method is important because: a) It helps ensure that findings can be generalized to various popula...

1. The scientific method is a way to answer questions using: a) Subjective opinions b) Empirical research and data-based conclusions c) Random assumptions d) Guesswork 2. Replication in the scientific method is important because: a) It helps ensure that findings can be generalized to various populations b) It provides an alternative hypothesis c) It ensures that only one outcome can be found d) It tests a hypothesis once, to avoid bias 3. The scientific method involves the following steps: a) Hypothesis, Test, Analyze, Draw Conclusions, Ignore Results b) Curiosity, Hypothesis, Test, Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions, Report Results c) Only Curiosity, Hypothesis, Test d) Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Report Results, Ignore Data 4. Which of the following describes the goal of developmental psychology? a) To analyze physical changes only b) To understand patterns of growth and behavior throughout life c) To limit the scope of human development to early childhood d) To prove the dominance of either nature or nurture 5. Descriptive methods in developmental psychology include all except: a) Case studies b) Naturalistic observations c) Randomized controlled trials d) Surveys 6. In experimental methods, causal hypotheses are used to: a) Observe phenomena without manipulation b) Explain why certain phenomena occur c) Assign participants randomly to groups d) Test the relationship between independent and dependent variables 7. Quasi-experimental methods are used when: a) Participants are randomly assigned to groups b) Groups are naturally occurring and cannot be manipulated c) The experimenter controls all variables d) The environment is strictly controlled 8. Which of the following is an example of ethnography? a) Observing how people respond to advertisements in different cities b) Comparing different cultural practices by immersing in a specific culture c) Analyzing the genetic factors influencing behavior d) Measuring stress levels in an experiment 9. Epigenetics refers to: a) The study of genetic mutations b) How environmental factors influence whether genes are turned on or off c) The process of genetic inheritance d) The DNA sequence of an individual 10. The diathesis-stress model suggests that: a) Only genetic factors determine life outcomes b) Life experiences and stress interact with genetic vulnerabilities to influence disorders c) Disorders are entirely a result of environmental influences d) Stress cannot impact genetic expression 11. Polygenic inheritance means that: a) Only one gene determines a trait b) Multiple genes contribute to a single trait c) Traits are inherited only from the mother d) There are no environmental influences on genetic traits 12. Mitochondrial inheritance is the passing of: a) DNA from father to child b) Mitochondrial DNA only from the mother to the child c) Both genetic and environmental influences d) Inherited traits via the Y-chromosome 13. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, human behavior is influenced by: a) Rational decision-making b) Irrational, unconscious drives and childhood experiences c) Genetic predispositions alone d) Conscious awareness of motives 14. Freud’s three personality structures include all except: a) ID (libido) b) Superego (moral standards) c) Ego (self-preservation) d) Temperament (mood tendencies) 15. The main goal of studying human development is: a) To measure changes in an individual’s personality b) To get a baseline for what is normal/abnormal and address life’s issues c) To predict the future of individuals' personal lives d) To evaluate genetic inheritance patterns 16. Knowledge of development can be used to: a) Create social media trends b) Influence social policies, such as when a child can testify in court c) Determine how people will behave in society d) Predict the future of an individual’s education 17. The nature vs nurture debate focuses on: a) Whether personality traits are determined by genetics or environment b) The amount of change that occurs in adulthood c) Whether development can be shaped through social policy d) How cultural beliefs shape development 18. The interactionist model in developmental psychology acknowledges: a) That genetics are the only determining factor in development b) That development is shaped exclusively by environmental influences c) The complex reciprocal interactions between nature (biological) and nurture (behaviourism) d) That childhood development stops after adolescence 19. The lifespan perspective believes that: a) Development stops at adulthood b) Life phases are static and do not change c) Human development is multidirectional, multi-contextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic d) People are locked into the development they experience in childhood 20. Multidirectional development refers to: a) Development being linear and predictable b) Development occurring in a straight path from birth to adulthood c) Development that is rarely perfectly linear and can go in different directions d) Development that is restricted to childhood only 21. Multi-contextual development highlights how: a) Cultural norms do not influence development b) One’s environment and resources (e.g., rural vs urban) affect developmental outcomes c) Genetics are the primary factor in development d) All individuals experience the same developmental trajectory 22. Plasticity in human development means: a) Development is fixed and cannot be changed b) Development can be altered, but is also resistant to change c) Development stops once adulthood is reached d) Development only occurs in infancy 23. Continuity development refers to: a) Sudden changes in an individual’s life b) Slow, measurable changes, such as growth in height c) Developmental stages that are abrupt and non-measurable d) A complete halt in development after childhood 24. Discontinuity development refers to: a) Gradual changes that can be easily measured b) A linear progression in skills over time c) Stage-like changes where an individual shifts significantly but not always measurably d) The impact of genetics on growth patterns 25. Physical changes in human development refer to: a) Shifts in cognitive abilities b) Changes in relationships with others c) Changes in size, shape, and body characteristics d) Changes in problem-solving abilities 26. Cognitive changes in human development refer to: a) Changes in emotional regulation b) Changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and intellectual skills c) Changes in physical appearance d) Changes in social interactions 27. Social changes in human development refer to: a) Changes in how a person’s body grows b) Changes in their thinking and problem-solving abilities c) Changes in relationships with others d) Changes in genetic inheritance 1. Which of the following methods is used to describe developmental phenomena in the simplest way? a) Experimental methods b) Case studies c) Predictive modeling d) Descriptive methods 2. Causal hypotheses in experimental methods are used to: a) Determine what happens in the natural world without manipulation b) Explain the "how" and "why" behind a phenomenon c) Formulate a descriptive narrative about development d) Identify the results that are unaffected by environment 3. Quasi-experimental methods are most commonly used when: a) Participants are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups b) You cannot randomly assign participants to groups c) The researchers need to measure a single outcome d) The focus is on understanding the biological factors of development 4. Ethnography in research refers to: a) Studying genetic influences on behavior b) Comparing developmental stages across cultures c) Immersing oneself in a culture to understand its practices d) The use of surveys to gather data 5. Which of the following is true about epigenetics? a) It suggests that behavior is entirely determined by genetic code b) It explores how environmental factors influence the expression of genes c) It looks only at physical characteristics passed through generations d) It implies that genes are fixed and unaffected by life experiences 6. The diathesis-stress model is used to explain how: a) Disorders are caused solely by genetics b) Positive life experiences reduce the likelihood of health problems c) Stress and vulnerabilities combine to influence the likelihood of disorders d) Environmental factors alone influence outcomes like stress 7. In polygenic inheritance, how are traits determined? a) By a single gene b) Through environmental interactions c) By multiple genes working together d) By epigenetic factors 8. Mitochondrial inheritance refers to: a) The inheritance of mitochondrial DNA from both parents b) The inheritance of mitochondrial DNA from the father only c) The inheritance of mitochondrial DNA from the mother only d) The passing of physical traits linked to mitochondrial function 9. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ID is driven by: a) Moral values and societal rules b) Irrational, unconscious urges and desires c) Rational thinking and reality d) Observations from the environment 10. According to Freud, the superego develops around: a) Birth b) Age 2-3 c) Age 6 d) Adulthood 11. The study of human development is important because it helps: a) Measure genetic impact on individual behavior b) Understand and address issues that arise as we go through life c) Create idealized models of normal development d) Predict the future of social policies 12. The study of developmental psychology can help improve social policies, such as: a) The right age for an individual to vote b) When a child is capable of making moral decisions in court c) Determining when children should enter school d) Making decisions on laws regarding environmental protection 13. The nature vs nurture debate seeks to determine the relative importance of: a) The impact of childhood trauma versus healthy upbringing b) Inherited genetic traits versus environmental influences c) Early childhood learning versus later cognitive development d) The effect of social media on self-esteem versus genetics 14. The interactionist model explains human development as: a) A conflict between genetics and environment b) A constant push towards genetic determinism c) A complex interaction between nature and nurture d) Based solely on social influences in the environment 15. According to the lifespan perspective, development is: a) Limited to childhood and adolescence b) Fixed once an individual reaches adulthood c) Multidirectional, meaning it can go in multiple directions and phases d) A one-way process, where adulthood marks the endpoint of growth 16. Plasticity in human development refers to: a) The ability of humans to stop developing after adulthood b) The resistance to change as humans grow older c) The ability for development to change based on life experiences d) The gradual and predictable progress of cognitive abilities 17. In the context of developmental psychology, continuity refers to: a) Sudden shifts in an individual's behavior or development b) Slow, measurable changes that are consistent over time c) A rapid phase of growth during adolescence d) Unpredictable stages of change 18. Discontinuity development includes: a) A constant, gradual shift in individual growth b) Large shifts in development that cannot always be measured c) The belief that development is a steady linear process d) A focus on physical changes alone 19. Physical changes in human development include: a) Cognitive growth and problem-solving abilities b) Emotional growth and self-regulation c) Changes in body shape, size, and appearance d) Alterations in intellectual capacities 20. Cognitive changes in human development involve: a) The development of physical motor skills b) Changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and reasoning abilities c) Shifts in interpersonal relationships d) Changes in self-concept and emotional regulation 21. Social changes in human development focus on: a) Cognitive abilities b) Relationships with others and the social environment c) The growth of motor skills d) Physical growth and development 1. What is the main goal of the scientific method in research? a) To create hypotheses without data b) To answer questions through empirical research and evidence c) To confirm pre-existing beliefs d) To manipulate the environment for desired results 2. What is a hypothesis in the context of the scientific method? a) A fact that is proven true b) An educated guess that is testable through research c) A type of experimental data d) The results of the study after analyzing data 3. Which of the following is an example of predictive research? a) Determining whether a child will grow taller over time b) Testing if environmental factors cause changes in behavior c) Describing how a specific group behaves under certain conditions d) Predicting future behavior based on past data 4. Replicability in scientific research refers to: a) The ability of results to be repeated under similar conditions in other populations b) The ability to collect data in a single study c) The initial hypothesis being confirmed in the results d) The unique aspects of each researcher's findings 5. Case studies are a type of research method that allows for: a) A broad, generalizable understanding of a population b) In-depth investigation of a single individual or small group c) Measurement of large, quantitative data sets d) Randomized trials with control groups 6. The main limitation of naturalistic observation is that it: a) Provides precise control over variables b) Often cannot determine cause and effect c) Only applies to laboratory settings d) Relies on experimental manipulation of variables 7. Cross-cultural research in developmental psychology often involves: a) Conducting studies in laboratory settings with limited population samples b) Comparing behaviors and norms across different cultures or societies c) Understanding the behavior of participants from only one cultural group d) The study of genetic differences between individuals 8. Causal hypotheses in experimental research help researchers determine: a) Whether two variables are related or correlated b) How one variable may influence another variable c) The average behavior of a group d) The consistency of a study's results 9. In the context of human development, continuity refers to: a) Gradual and consistent changes in development over time b) Sudden changes that occur in distinct stages c) The unchanging nature of an individual's development d) The reversal of developmental changes 10. Discontinuity in development is best illustrated by: a) Continuous growth in height over time b) Sudden shifts in behavior, like adolescence changing a child's behavior dramatically c) A gradual increase in problem-solving abilities d) The smooth transition between different stages of life 11. In the lifespan perspective, human development is considered to be: a) A static process that ends in adulthood b) Continuously changing with age and experiences c) A process with no significant changes after adolescence d) Determined by genetics alone 12. The biopsychosocial perspective is multidisciplinary because it: a) Combines biological, psychological, and social influences on development b) Focuses only on biological factors c) Studies social influences separately from psychological aspects d) Is limited to understanding genetic influences only 13. Plasticity in human development implies that: a) Humans cannot change their developmental trajectory after a certain point b) Development can be shaped by new experiences, but some aspects are resistant to change c) Individuals develop in a linear fashion without deviation d) Human development occurs only in the early stages of life 14. The interactionist model in developmental psychology views development as: a) A battle between nature and nurture b) A result of both biological and environmental factors interacting c) A purely social phenomenon influenced by external forces d) Based on deterministic genetic principles 15. A multi-contextual perspective in development suggests that: a) Development occurs in a vacuum, unaffected by context b) Environmental factors like urban or rural settings influence development c) Genetic traits are the only factors influencing development d) Development is the same across all cultures and societies 16. Ethnography is the study of: a) Social interactions among different generations b) Cultural differences and their influence on development c) The impact of social media on youth behavior d) Child development in laboratory settings 17. Epigenetics refers to the study of: a) The transmission of genes from one generation to the next b) The influence of environmental factors on gene expression c) How inherited traits determine behavior d) The unchanging nature of genetic material 18. Polygenic inheritance involves the interaction of: a) A single gene responsible for a trait b) Multiple genes contributing to a single trait c) Environmental factors alone d) Recessive genes overriding dominant ones 19. According to Freud, the ego helps individuals: a) Fulfill unconscious desires without regard for reality b) Control irrational urges through rational thinking c) Develop a sense of morality and ethical behavior d) Respond to external demands in an idealistic way 20. In Freud's theory, the superego is responsible for: a) Immediate, instinctual gratification b) Balancing the needs of the id and the constraints of reality c) Moral judgment, idealistic goals, and societal standards d) Preventing the ego from functioning properly