Growth and Development PDF

Growth and Development Marwa Abd Elkreem  Growth ▪ Refers to quantitative changes in size which include physical changes in height, weight, size, internal organs, etc ▪ Quantitative changes brought about in the structure and functions of the human anatomy and physiology. ▪...

Growth and Development Marwa Abd Elkreem  Growth ▪ Refers to quantitative changes in size which include physical changes in height, weight, size, internal organs, etc ▪ Quantitative changes brought about in the structure and functions of the human anatomy and physiology. ▪ It can be measured easily  Development ▪ Refers to qualitative changes taking place simultaneously with quantitative changes of growth. ▪ A progressive series of qualitative changes that occur as a result of maturity and experience ⚫ It includes, social, psychological , cognitive, moral and emotional development ⚫It requires special tools to measure the developmental capabilities of the child. Stages of Children G & D ∙ Infancy 1st year of life Period ∙ Newborn 1st 28 days after birth ∙ Infant 1st month till the end of 1st year ∙ Toddler 1 – 3 years ∙ Pre-school 3-6 years ∙ School-age 6 – 12 years: -Early school-age 6- 8 years - Middle school-age 8 – 10 years - Late school-age 10 – 12 years ∙ Adolescence 12 – 18 years  AGE RANGES ⚫ Newborn: birth to 1 month ⚫ Infant: 1 month to 1 year ⚫ Toddler: 1 to 3 years ⚫ Preschooler: 3 to 6 years ⚫ School-age child: 6 to 12 years ⚫ Adolescent: 12 to 20 years ⚫ Young adult: 20 to 40 years ⚫ Middle-aged adult: 40 to 60 years ⚫ Young-old adult: 60 to 80 years ⚫ Old-old adult: 80 years +  Sitting Up at infant age Age 2 months Age 8 months Toddlers Pre-School School-Age School Age 13 to 18 Year Old Adolescents Types of growth and development  Physical growth ⚫ Physical growth includes weight, height, head circumference, chest circumference, abdominal and pelvic measurements as well as muscular control.  Development 1. Motor development 2. Sensory development 3. Mental development 4. Emotional / Psychosocial development 5. Social development 1. Cephalocaudal Law: It means growth starts from the head and proceeds to the feet 1. Proximodistal Law: It means that growth starts from the center of the body outward to the peripheral parts 3-Growth goes from general to specific: Growth and development starts as a general process before it becomes specific 4-Each child has his own rate of growth 5-The rate and speed of changes varies from one individual to another but it follows a definite and predictable pattern. 6-Children are individuals, not little adults 8-Children G & D are influenced by genetic factors, home , environment, prenatal factors and cultural factors. 9-Rate and pattern of growth can be modified most obviously by nutrition 10-There are specific sequences for achieving G & D 11-Each stage of G & D is affected by the pervious one and affects the next stage. 12-Development is closely related to the maturation of the nervous system. 13-As primitive reflexes disappear, they replaced by voluntary activity The rate differs according to the stage of G & D: ⚪ Prenatal : Head grows the fastest ⚪ Infancy: Most rapid period of growth ⚪ Preschool-puberty: Slow and uniform rate of growth ⚪ Puberty: Growth very rapid ⚪ After puberty: Decline in growth rate till death  The Origin of Development of an Individual 26 The origin of development of an indivdual  The beginning of life 27 ⚫ Male reproductive cell (Sperm) + Female reproductive cell (Ovum) Conception Fertilized ovum Mitosis cell division Embryo The origin of development of an indivdual  Forces the affect human development 28 1. Heredity: ⚪ Genotype (totality of an individual's genetic) ⚪ Phenotype (inheritance can be measure or visible ) Classifications of phenotype: * Physiological phenotypes * Morphological phenotype * Behavioral phenotype The origin of development of an indivdual  Classifications of phenotype: 29 ⚫ Physiological phenotype: measures of nervous system receptor, and endocrine glands ⚫ Morphological phenotype: measures of physical or body built ⚫ Behavioral phenotype: measures anything the individual dose or reports The origin of development of an indivdual  Forces the affect human development 30 cont,. 2-Ecology The origin of development of an indivdual  Forces the affect human development 31 cont,. 3-Environment and Human Development Environment (It refers to all the external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of an individual ) 4-The family 5-The community The origin of development of an indivdual Heredity and genetic factors Phenotype Characteristics of parents Race Sex Genetic disorders  Environmental factors ⚪ Pre-natal environment ⚪ Post-natal environment Nutrition Infections Culture Emotional factors Trauma Chronic illness Socioeconomic level Heredity and genetic factors  Phenotype ⚫ Is any observable character or trait of an organism such as its morphology, physiological properties, or behavior. ⚫ Parental traits are transmitted to their children. As height, size of the head, structure of the chest, fatty tissues  Characteristics of parents ⚫ Parents of high IQ having children have the same and vice versa (further enhanced by environmental stimulation)  Race ⚫ Growth potential of children of different racial groups is different e.g. African, American, Asian  Sex ⚫ Boys are heavier and taller than girls at birth and this is maintained till 11 years of age ⚫ Pre-pubertal growth spurt occurs earlier in girls ⚫ Some diseases are sex-linked as Hemophilia in boys  Genetic disorders ⚫ G & D are adversely ⚫ affected by certain ⚫ genetic disorders ⚪ Chromosomal abnormalities ⚪ e.g. Turner & Down syndromes ⚫ Gene mutations: such as error of metabolism, as Galactosmia, and PKU Environmental Factors ⚫ Physical surrounding, ⚫ Sunshine, ⚫ Hygiene, ⚫ Living standards, ⚫ Relations with others, family members, teacher and peers affects the child's G & D  Pre-natal environment Maternal nutritional deficiencies Mal-position Metabolic, endocrine disturbances Infectious diseases Rh incompatibility, Smoking, Intake of drugs during pregnancy  Socio-economic level ⚫ High socio-economic level = superior nutritional status and fewer infections ⚫ Poverty = diminished growth