Growth and Development PDF

Introduction to Growth and Development by Prof. Sabah Al Sharkawi 1  Objectives By the end of this lecture, each student will be able to: Define growth and development. Identify the importance of G & D Identify the types of G & D...

Introduction to Growth and Development by Prof. Sabah Al Sharkawi 1  Objectives By the end of this lecture, each student will be able to: Define growth and development. Identify the importance of G & D Identify the types of G & D Describe patterns of development Identify the stages of growth & development Describe the principles of G & D Recognize the factors affecting growth and development.  Outlines Definition of growth and development. Importance of G & D Types of G & D Patterns (Directions) of development Stages of growth and development Principles of G & D Factors affecting growth and development. 3 Concepts(definition) of growth and development 4 Growth It is an increase in physical size of the whole body or any of its parts. It is a quantitative change in the child’s body. It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches, ….. etc  Development It is a progressive increase in skills and capacity of function. It is a qualitative change in the child’s functioning. It can be measured through observation.  Importance of Growth and Development for Nurses: Differentiate between normal and abnormal G&D Help in formulating the plan of care. Help in parents’ education to achieve optimal growth & development of their children at each stage. Types of G&D Types of Growth and Development Growth: - Physical growth (Ht, Wt, head & chest circumference) - Physiological growth (vital signs …) Development: - Motor development - Cognitive development - Emotional development - Social development Patterns (Directions) of Growth & Development Ex. the child control his neck before his leg and feet 11 Ex. the child sit and stand, before the usage of fine muscles of hands 12 Stages of G &D 13  Stages of G &D ❑ The prenatal period - Embryonic (conception- 8 ws) - Fetal stage (8 ws- birth) ◼ Newborn (birth to one month) ◼ Infancy (one month to less than one year) ◼ Toddler (1- to less than 3 years) ◼ Preschool (3 -5 years) ◼ School age (6- to less than 12 years) ◼ Adolescent (12 to 18 or to less than 21 years) ◼ Adulthood ( 21 – 60 years ) ◼ Geriatric Age ( more than 60 years) Sport Books Publisher 15 Principles of Growth & Development Growth and development are continuous process Growth and development are don’t progress at the same rate (↑ periods of GR in infancy and adolescents & ↓ periods of GR in preschool and school) Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time. Each human grows in his/her own unique way. Each stage of G&D is affected by the preceding types of growth and development. Factors Affecting Growth & Development 17  Factors Influences on Growth & Development ◼ Factors affect growth and development are related to: Heredity Age Environment Prenatal Postnatal 18  Heredity ◼ Heredity and genetic factors that is passed on from generation to generation e.g. there is positive correlation between parental height and their off springs 19 Sex: ◼ After birth, the male is longer and heavier than the female infant ◼ Girls mature earlier 20 Environment Prenatal Environment: ◼ Nutritional status of the mother ◼ Diseases of the mothers ◼ Smoking or the use of certain drugs 21  Environment..etc Postnatal Environment: External: 1. Cultural influences: such as selected diet, child learning 2- Socioeconomic Status ◼ Body size is positively related to socioeconomic status ◼ That is, socioeconomic status affects Nutrition Education Illness and infection 22 Environment…etc External: 3- Climate and seasons ◼ Gain in weight and height are lowest in spring and early summer and greatest in late summer and autumn ◼ Climate variations influences the infant's health ◼ The summer season: children are more prone to suffer from diarrhea ◼ The winter season: children are more prone to suffer from respiratory problems 23 Environment…etc External: 4. Exercise: ◼ Active children and teenagers show: ▪ An increase in lean body mass ▪ A decrease in percent body fat ▪ Muscle hypertrophy with exercise Environment….etc Internal ◼ Intelligence ◼ Hormonal influences 25 The End