D & F Block Elements | Lakshya NEET 2025 PDF

d – Block transition elements (group 3–12) Uses Compounds of d-block elements Electronic configu...

d – Block transition elements (group 3–12) Uses Compounds of d-block elements Electronic configuration : (n –1)d1–10 ns1–2  In production of iron and steels. Cr=4s13d5 Non-typical transition elements TiO in pigment industry Exceptions MnO2 in dry battery cells. Cu=4s13d10,Pd=5s04d10 Zn,Cd & Hg As catalysts in industry. Physical properties: Ni complexes:polymerization of Potassium permanganate KMnO4 alkynes and other organic compounds Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 -High melting and boiling point Melting point : s-block metals < d-block metals AgBr in photographic industry. Preparation : Preparation : 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 → 2KMnO4 + 2H2O Sc < Ti < V < Cr > Mn < Fe > Co > Ni > Cu > Zn (3d Series) 3MnO42-+ 4H+ →2MnO4− + MnO2 + 2H2O 4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2→8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 +8CO2 2Mn2+ + 5S2O82- + 8H2O →2MnO4− + 10SO42− + 16H+ Zn > Cd > Hg 2Na2CrO4 + 2H+→ Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O Intense colour Melting point Cu > Ag ≤ Au Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl Paramagnetism -High enthalpies of atomization(Highest for V in 3d, series) Catalysts Properties : Strong oxidising agent Strong oxidising agent MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e– →Mn2+ + 4H2O Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e–→2Cr3+ + 7H2O Atomic Radius: Contact process = V2O5 3d series: Sc > Ti > V > Cr > Mn ≥ Fe Co  Ni≤ Cu < Zn Haber process = Fe 2O3+ Al2O3 + K2O – MnO4 (Purple) Decomposition of KClO 3 = MnO2 Cr2O72– (Orange) - In a group 3d 4d 5d (Lanthanide contraction) C 2O4 2– CO2 SO2 SO4 2– O Ostwald process = Pt/Rh SO2 SO4 2– Smallest radius – Ni eg : Ti Zr Hf H2S S 2– Largest radius – La Zeigler Natta catalyst = TiCl4+(C2H5)3Al O H2S S 2– 2– O O pm SO3 SO4 S2 O32– SO4 2– Mn Hydrogenation of Alkene = Ni/Pd 9 126° 17 - – Density: NO2 NO3 O Cr Cr O NO2 – NO3 – Wilkinson‛s catalyst=RhCl(PPh3)3 I– I2 16 3p – O O s-Block < d-Block O m O I I2 Br– Br2 – O Br Br2 3d series: Sc < Ti < V < Cr < Mn < Fe Zn S2O3 2– SO42– Cl – Cl 2 In a group C 2H5OH CH3COOH C 2H5OH CH3 –COOH Ionisation enthalpy:increases from left to right Sn2+ Sn4+ Sn +2 Sn +4 Oxidation states : Variable; higher O.S. stable down the group Ln2S3 Fe 2+ Fe 3+ +2 +3 Trends in E°M2+/M : E° for Mn, Ni and Zn are more negative Fe Fe Ln2O3 than expected. +3 Trends in E°M3+/M: variable Cr (green) Mn+2 Chemical reactivity and E° values : Variable Ti2+ , V2+ and Cr2+ are strong (Purple colour decolourises) ted Hea S s Burn reducing agents + 2– H 2– CrO4 Cr2O7 Strongly 2 – 2– h MnO4 MnO4 in O t – Basic Magnetic properties : Diamagnetism and paramagnetism. µ = n(n + 2) BM OH i H2 (Orange) w (Yellow) (purple) solution (green) Formation of coloured ions : due to d – d transitions LnN neutral Form a large number of complex compounds MnO 4 – MnO2 Brown ppt medium Forms interstitial compounds : Non - stoichiometric and are neither He ith ionic nor covalent. wit ated W ids Alloy formation : Due to similar atomic sizes.(15% difference in metallic radius) hN ac Actinoids Ln Electronic configuration : [Rn]5f1–14 6d0–1 7s2 Ionic sizes : Gradual decrease along the series Lanthanoids PHYSICS Wit Oxidation states : Most common is +3. They show h Lnx3 halo gen s O.S. of +4, +5, +6 and +7. Electronic configuration: 4f1–14 5d0–1 6s2 (Gd:4f7 5d1 6s2) C th General characteristics : LnC2 Wi 3 K WALLAH Atomic and ionic sizes: Decreases from La to Lu(Eu is the largest) 7 –Highly reactive metals Oxidation states: Most common is +3. 27 –Irregularities in metallic radii,greater than in Lanthanoids. Wi Some elements: exhibit +2 and +4. H 2O –Magnetic properties more complex than lanthanoids th General characteristics - Silvery white soft metals and tarnish rapidly in air. Actinoid Contraction > Lanthanoid Contraction - Hardness increases with increasing atomic number. Ln(OH)3+H2 - Metallic structure and good conductors of heat and electricity. - Variable density - Trivalent Lanthanoid ions are coloured. Ionisation Enthalpies : Low third ionisation enthalpies. Good reducing agents. MISCH METAL-Alloy of Ln (95%), Fe (5%) & S,C,Ca,Al etc.. The element that usually does not Which of the following is not show variable oxidation state is ? formed when H2S reacts with acidic K2Cr2O7 solution ? a) Cu b) Ti a) CrSO4 b) Cr2(SO4)3 d & f Block c) Sc d) V c) K2SO4 d) S