CTCC0113-Course-Packet-05.pdf

CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Learning Module 02 Principles and Concepts of Computing Systems Course Packet 05 Computer Hardware 52  CTCC0113 Intro...

CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Learning Module 02 Principles and Concepts of Computing Systems Course Packet 05 Computer Hardware 52  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Course Packet 05 Computer Hardware Introduction In this learning packet, the student will learn the elements, characteristic, classification and purpose of a computer. The student will understand the current limitations of a computer Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to: Understand the parts and components of a computer Know the proper maintenance and how to handle basic troubleshooting of computer Familiarize with the elements and main function of a computer Know what are the limitations of the computer Learning Management System (To be provided by the individual who will use this LM) Duration Topic 03: Computer Hardware = 5 hours (3 hours of self-directed learning with practical exercises and 2 hours of assessment) Delivery Mode These materials will be delivered online (Synchronous and Asynchronous). Assessment with Rubrics (Discuss the assessment tool to be used along with the corresponding rubrics.) Requirement with Rubrics (Discuss the requirement along with the corresponding rubrics.) Readings (In order to help learners make sense of and/or actively read required material, it’s recommended to provide them with relevance (why are they reading this?) and guiding questions. This helps them focus their reading and be prepared for activities related to the readings. For web-based or Google Drive-stored readings, you may list them here or embed them in the topic pages.) 53  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Pre-assessment List the things that a computer is built for. (Give at least 5 things) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) The Components of a Computer-Based Information System 1. Hardware It consists of computer paraphernalia used to make input, processing, and output activities on a computer system. 2. Software It consists of the computer programs that manipulates the operation of the computer. These programs allow a computer to process user control, customers support, operate the program and provide users with information to manipulate the software. 3. Database The collection of raw facts and information which consist of two or more connected data files in the computer. 4. Telecommunications It is the automated broadcast of signals for communications which allows governments to hold out their processes and tasks through actual number of computer server and networks. 5. Networks Computers that are linked in an establishment or around the world to enable electronic communications share resource. 54  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing 6. Internet Also known as the world’s superhighway where anyone can get any information around the world through interconnected networks. Hardware Any type of equipment with circuits that supports in the input, processing, storage, and output actions of an information system through technology. Hardware Components 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The part of the computer that consists of three associated elements: the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register parts. 2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) The part of the CPU that performs mathematical calculations and makes logical evaluations. 3. Control Unit The central processing unit that accesses algorithm instructions and process It coordinates the movement of information in and out of the ALU, registers and primary storage. The secondary storage and various output devices. 4. Register A high-speed storage area in the CPU used to temporarily hold small units of computer-generated instructions and data immediately before, during, and after execution by the CPU. 55  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing 5. Primary Storage (main memory; memory) The part of the computer that process program instructions and data. 6. Instruction time (I-time) The time it takes to perform the make-instruction and decode instruction steps of the instruction phase. 7. Execution time (E-time) The period it processes to run an instruction or data and store the results in the memory. 8. Machine Cycle The process stage followed by the execution phase. 9. Pipelining It is the form of central processing unit operation in which huge number of processing phases are done and generated in a single machine cycle of the computer. Data Storage Data storage has also grown in capacity and shrunk in size as dramatically as have computers. Today a single data DVD will hold around 4.8 gigabytes. It would take 90,000,000 punch cards to hold the same amount of data. And, there is talk of a new high density video disk (HVD) that will be able to hold fifty times that much data. That's more than 240 gigabytes. 56  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Present 2020 Most of the computer in today’s generation adopts a lot of changes from the previous computers up to the mobile device. Below are the list of computer and mobile device operating system that creates impact: Android OS IOS Windows OS LinuX OS Ubuntu OS Characteristics of computer Speed It calculates and can read data at very high speeds. It is like a one million mathematicians working in a minute. Reliability Computers are extremely reliable. Sometimes, errors are caused by humans, not by computers. Computers are capable of loading enormous amounts of data that must be placed and saved very quickly. Multitasking Modern computers can accomplish multiple tasks at once. i.e. they can execute a set of works simultaneously. Sample –it can play a game & printing your document at the same time. 70  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Diligence Unlike a human, a computer merely does not get tired or bored. Tedious work does not affect the computer. Accuracy Computers rarely make faults. Storage capacity It supplies a huge amount of data/information Classification of Computers General and Special Purpose Computers These are planned to perform a range of tasks. They have the ability to store frequent programs, but lack in speed and productivity comparatively. Specific purpose computers are designed to handle a detailed problem or to perform a specific task. A set of commands is built into the machine. On the Basis of Size: Microcomputers Microcomputers are associated to networks of other computers. The price of a microcomputer differs from each other depending on the capacity and structures of the computer. Microcomputers make up the popular of computers. A single user can cooperate with this computer at a time. It is a small and all-purpose computer. 71  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Mini Computer Mini Computer is a small and all-purpose computer. It is more luxurious than a microcomputer. It has more storing capacity and speed. It designed to instantaneously handle the needs of multiple users. Mainframe Computer Large computers. Mainframe computers process data at very high rates of speed, restrained in the millions of instructions per second. Mainframes are designed for multiple users and process massive amounts of data quickly. Super Computers The biggest computers are Super Computers. They are the most powerful, the most exclusive, and the fastest. They are capable of processing trillions of instructions per second. On the Basis of Functionality/ Data Handling: Analog Computers An Analog Computer is a form of computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, hydraulic, or mechanical amounts to model the problem being solved. They work on the principles of measuring in which the measurements obtained are interpreted into data. 72  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Digital Computers A computer that completes calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system. They process data into a digital value (0s and 1s). They give outcomes with more accuracy at a faster rate. Hybrid Computers A combination of computers, those who are proficient of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A Hybrid computer system set up offers a money- making method of performing complex simulations. Limitations of Computer The computer cannot function without the instructions given by humans. It is programmed to work effectively, fast, and precisely. The computer cannot think by the situation and does not have common sense. It is totally reliant on humans. Rest on the user’s input. The computer has no mind. Cannot sense an error in logic. An only a skilled user can work on it. Cannot take its own choices. 73  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing When building computer hardware, the following components are as follows: 1. Motherboard; 2. CPU (Central Processing/Processor Unit); 3. RAM (Random Access Memory); 4. HDD (Hard Disk Drive); 5. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit); and 6. PSU (Power Supply Unit) Motherboard A Motherboard (Mainboard, Main Circuit board, or Mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer system. It is a connectivity point of many electronic components, allowing them to communicate with one another. Figure 22. Motherboard 75  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing CPU A CPU (Central Processor, Main Processor, or Processor) is the physical heart of a computer system that executes instructions comprising a computer program. It can be Input/Output operations, Logic, Arithmetic, and controlling. Figure 23. CPU RAM A RAM is an electronic device that stores working data and machine code. It provides the application a place to store and access on a short-term basis. It is also an example of Volatile Memory. Figure 24. RAM 76  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing HDD An HDD (Harddrive, HD, or HDD) is the hardware component that stores and retrieves all digital data using magnetic storage. Data such as operating systems, personal files and installed software. It is also an example of Non-volatile Memory. Figure 25. HDD GPU A GPU is a programmable processor specialized for rendering all images on the computer's screen. It is intended to accelerate the production of images in a frame buffer allocated for output. Figure 26. GPU 77  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing PSU A PSU is a hardware component that converts the alternating high voltage current (AC) into direct current (DC). It does not supply the power for the computer system but converts the energy from the outlet into usable power. Figure 27. PSU A peripheral such as Input, Output, and storage devices allows the interaction between human and computer by transferring digital data in and out of the computer system. Input devices are utilized to interact, provide data and instructions to the computer. Examples of input devices include Mouse, Keyboard, and Microphone. Figure 28. Input Devices 78  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Output devices are utilized to produce the results of data processing. Examples of output devices include Monitor, Printer, and Speaker. Figure 28. Output Devices Storage devices are utilized to store the processed data. A non- volatile memory such as HDD can store data even without power. Contrary to Volatile memory such as RAM, that requires power to maintain the stored information. Assembling a PC means connecting different components of a computer in order that users can use the PC or computer. Assembling a Computer System First, we need tools to use assembling PC: Screw drivers Flat Anti-static wrist / rubber head / Philips head mat 79  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Set up your building workspace at a decent height and ensure there is good lighting, plenty of room for you to work. Static Electricity can damage your parts. Discharge yourself on metal casing and don't work on a conductive surface. Always disconnect and unplug all sources of power before working on your computer Some parts can store charge even after power has been disconnected. allow some time for these to discharge naturally. Never assemble individual parts like your power supply or monitor. Take care of sharp edges on your computer case which can cause cuts or injury. 80  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Alright we’ve done discuss the safety precaution, Let’s start and build Computer System. Figure 29. How to Open the Case STEP 1: Open the casing. Remove back screws Take side cover off 81  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing STEP 2: Mount the motherboard. Screw motherboard standoffs into the case The motherboard sits on top of the motherboard standoffs which screw into the computer case mounting points. Figure 29. How to Mount the Motherboard Motherboard Standoff Punch out rear I/O plate from the case (If existing) and replace it with the motherboard I/O plate Fasten the motherboard in place on top of the mounting standoffs. 82  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing STEP 3: Mount Processor (CPU) Figure 30a. How to Mount the Processor (CPU) Locate CPU socket holder on the motherboard Lift up the latch lever to release and hinge open the CPU socket cover Figure 30b. How to Mount the Processor (CPU) Holding the CPU by its sides, line up any alignment notches or the triangle on the corner of the CPU to the triangle marked on the motherboard ensure the correction orientation. Gently place it straight down into the motherboard socket to seat the CPU. Lower the CPU socket cover over the CPU and lower the latch lever cloase again to secure the CPU socket holder closed. 83  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing STEP 4: install CPU cooler If required, apply thermal paste to the back of CPU (processor). Figure 31. How to Install CPU Cooler Set CPU heatsink/ cooler and fix in position. Plug the power cable attached to the cooler fan into the motherboard connector. 84  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing STEP 5: Install Power Supply (PSU) Mount the power supply and fasten with screws to the case mounting points Plug the largest cabling connector from the power supply cabling into the motherboard power connector. Plug the 8-pin cabling connector from the power supply cabling into the CPU power connector. Figure 32. How to Install Power Supply (PSU) 85  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing STEP 6: Mount memory (RAM) Press to open th clips at both ends of the RAM mounting slots. Line up the notch on the RAM stick with the mounting slot. Set the RAM and press it firmly down into the slot. The tabs should automatically latch closed as you press the RAM down, securing the RAM in place. Install any other RAM sticks using the same process. Figure 32. How to Mount Memory (RAM) 86  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing STEP 7: Install Graphic Card Remove the expansion slot covers from the rear of your case where the graphics card will sit. Figure 33a. How to Install Graphic Card The Graphic card slots into a PCI expansion slot on the lower half of the motherboard. Line it up and press down firmly to seat the card. Put in the screws to hold the graphics card in place. Figure 33b. How to Install Graphic Card Plug in the power supply into the graphics card power connector (if existing -not all graphics cards required external power). 87  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing STEP 8: Mount Storage Drives Figure 34a. How to Mount Storage Drives Mount the storage drives in the case bays. Fix the storage device in place with screws through the case frame into the case mounting holes located on the storage drive. Connect the storage device to the motherboard using a SATA cable. Plug in power cabling to the storage device. Mount any other storage drives in the same way. Figure 34b. How to Mount Storage Drives 88  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing STEP 9: Mount Optical Drive Remove any front panels from the computer case where the optical drive will sit. Mount optical drive in the case by fixing with screws through the case frame into the case mounting holes located on the optical drive Connect the optical drive to the motherboard using a SATA cable. Plug in the cabling from your power supply to the optical drive. Figure 35. How to Mount Optical Drive 89  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing STEP 10: Connect case fans and Front Panel Connectors Mount any case fans within your case as required using the supplied screws or clips Connect any case fan power connectors to the multiple fan headers located at various places on the motherboard. Identify the cabling from the front panel ports of your Computer System These front panel connectors will need to be plugged into the motherboard so that buttons and inputs / outputs (I/O) on your case front panel will work. Connect any front panel audio connectors to the motherboard front audio header. Connect any front panel USB connectors to the motherboard USB headers. Connect the front panel case connectors to the motherboard front panel I/O headers. Figure 36. How to Connect Case Fans and Front Panel Connectors 90  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Figure 37. How to Close Casing and Connect Peripherals STEP 11: Close Casing and Connect Peripherals Place the side cover back on. Secure the side panel with case screws. Connect peripherals devices including mouse, monitor, keyboard, speakers etc. CONNECTING PERIPHERALS That’s it you assembling Computer system is done, now you can assemble by yourself. Assembling and disassembling computer system are same way, step to follow. Just make sure to practice, apply safety tips and precaution to avoid damage on the parts of the computer and to yourselves. Computer Maintenance The way of keeping the computer in good condition and repair all the problems that occurs in the computer. It is a set of task and procedure maintaining to keep the computer software and computer hardware updated and for the computer to operates in a good condition. 91  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing Computer Troubleshooting Resolve the problem or finding the problem in the computer. It is often includes the process of elimination. The technician monitors a set of steps to find the problem or solve the problem. Common Computer Problems and Issues 1. BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) Cause: Typically caused by Driver/Hardware conflict. Solutions: 1. Take a look at the dump file to figure out exactly what cause the error. 2. Update hardware drivers or consider the situation in which the BSOD happened (for example, you’ve installed new hardware, Software) 3. Run hardware diagnostic. 2. Missing.DLL files. Cause: Typically caused by incomplete software/program installation. Solutions: 1. Reinstall the software. 2. Find the missing DLL and copy it to system32 and or SysWOW6432 folder Register DLL if needed through CMD. Example: regsvr32 “name of DLL”. 92  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing 3. Software/Application will not install Causes: 1. Not enough drive space 2. Newer version already installed. 3. You didn’t install pre-requisite software (for example, vc_redist.x64, MS.Net, or DirectX). 4. Not compatible OS. Solutions: 1. Free up space on Hard Disk. 2. Look for previous installation of newer software. 3. Install all pre-requisites. 4. Acquire compatible OS. 4. Software or OS is running slow Causes: 1. Lack of resources (RAM, CPU, Hard Disk) 2. Virus/Malware infection 3. Missing Update Solutions: 1. Open Task Manager and look for RAM/Vmemory allocation (any applications use all of the RAM?) 2. Adjust Vmemory if necessary. 3. Check CPU usage levels. 4. Check your Hard Disk space. 5. Through Task Manager, check the System Processes and look for sketchy names using CPU/RAM(Virus can have similar name to common Window Components). 93  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing 6. Perform Full System Scan for Viruses. If you have a Virus that you can’t remove-consider OS reformat. 7. Install all update for your computer/let them finish/reboot(updates can take up resources and time). Note: You can also upgrade to an SSD for a huge boost in OS performance. 5. Computer Restarting Multiple Times Causes: 1. Software or Windows Updates. 2. Virus Infection. Solutions: 1. Let the Windows Updates Finish (Windows updates alone can restart many times and take a long time) 2. Run Virus Scan (Check problem #4: for steps) 6. Suddenly, applications or computer behaving abnormally. Causes: 1. Virus Infection 2. Hard Disk going bad. Solutions: 1. Run Virus Scan (Check problem #4: for steps) 2. Check Windows System logs for New Technology File System (NTFS) system errors/or other hard disk related logs. 3. Replace Hard Disk if necessary. 94  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing 7. Internet/Webs Site Issue: Error “404 Page not found.”. Causes: 1. Page is missing/deleted. 2. Wrong Website Link. 3. Website is down. Solutions: 1. If specific page is missing, search the website for desired content. 2. Double check the website link because it may have been changed. 3. If all pages are 404 contact website owners. 8. Computer is running Hot (Overheating) Causes: 1. Poor airflow (not enough system fans), dust/dirt accumulation. 2. CPU fan not working-CPU Heatsink is loose. 3. PSU fan is not working. 4. Computer case is open. 5. Overclocking 6. Room Temperature is too high. Solutions: 1. Add system/ Case fans. 2. Clean computer from dust. 3. If CPU is not working replace it, IF COU Heatsink is loose attach it. 4. If PSU fan is not working replace PSU. 5. Close the computer case 6. Stop Overclocking 7. Lower room temp or move the computer in cooler rooms. 95  CTCC0113 Introduction to Computing 9. Low Memory: RAM or HD Storage Causes: 1. Too many programs open (games, video editing, excel and etc.) See task manager. 2. HD storage too small. Solutions: 1. Close application that use too much RAM and only use one at a time. 2. Perform Disk Clean up to free up space (Recycle Bin, Download Folder, cache data, temp files, old OS restore points). 3. Alternatively, purchase more RAM or add a Second Hard Disk. 10. Very Slow Internet Connection Causes: 1. Too many downloads at the same time. 2. Too many computers sharing the internet connection. 3. Bad Internet Signal 4. Virus/Malware Infection. Solutions: 1. Limit downloads. 2. If too many people are sharing internet you can limit/set max speed in router for even distribution of bandwidth. 3. Check Signal and adjust in router. 4. Check PC for Virus/Malware. 5. Rest Router 6. Call the Internet Provider. 96