Apuntes para una cronología de los medios de comunicación en México - PDF

Here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format: # Apuntes para una cronología de los medios de comunicación en México ## Introducción To understand and contextualize the media situation in Mexico, one needs to know when they arise and under what circumstances. This t...

Here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format: # Apuntes para una cronología de los medios de comunicación en México ## Introducción To understand and contextualize the media situation in Mexico, one needs to know when they arise and under what circumstances. This text is not about analyzing all those elements, but about presenting an elementary chronology that opens the interest in delving into the study of the written press, radio and television that form part of the country's communication system. ## Prensa escrita It is not easy to point out the moment in which the written publications with the purpose of informing or reflecting on the event appear in the public life of a country. There are innumerable references that make us assume that the press was used to communicate, safeguard or leave testimony of facts and events that could be of interest to social groups, through flyers, loose sheets or brochures. They were used by both the church and governments and it is difficult to distinguish in them when it came to giving news, mandates or recommendations of moral order. Although we recognize in the nineteenth century the main indications of a more systematic informative intention through newspapers, journalism was born in Mexico in the eighteenth century with the appearance of the first more or less regular newspaper in 1722, the Gaceta de México, which monthly manages to leave six times. With that name, uncertain periodicity and diverse objectives, some publications barely circulate during the 18th century. It should not be forgotten that the literate population in this region of the world was not abundant. The nineteenth century is definitive for the formalization of Mexican journalism, characterized as an informative work, favoring independence in the early years, defender of Mexicanity and often confronted the Church. From the early years of this century, journalistic activity was linked to freedom of the press and worked to ensure that this guarantee appeared in the constituent documents of 1824. Later in the century, journalism in Mexico is characterized by the division between centralists and federalists, or between conservatives and liberals. In the mid-century, we find a clear struggle between an opposition journalism, which sometimes had to work in secrecy, and a pro-government press, specifically during the long period presence from Antonio López de Santa Anna in power. In that interval, with a more or less combative journalism, actions are taken to limit freedom of the press and support the one who favored the regime. For example, in 1833 the federal legislature authorized the government to "allocate up to thirty thousand pesos annually to subsidize newspapers"; and on one occasion , it decreed the closure of all newspapers that criticized it. Meanwhile, there are several attempts to legislate on freedom of the press and the issue of censorship is discussed. In 1852, Santa Anna issued the Laws, which advocated prior censorship and the registration of vocadors and indicated serious penalties for those who did not submit to it. This was repealed and the Regulations were rescued From 1847, which prohibited censorship, and the Law Otero of 1848, which only indicated defamation as fault. Throughout territories arise newspapers and journalists. Some of the most significant newspapers are: * Diario de México, appeared in 1805, the very first newspaper. * El Despertador Americano, newspaper of the uprising. * El Pensador Americano, by Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi. * El Iris, in 1826, the first illustrated and with political caricature. * El Correo, the most combative in the decade of the twenties, who opposed other newspapers subsidized by the government. * El Monitor Republicano. * El Demócrata, where one of the symbols of independent journalism stood out: Francisco Zarco. * And the most important of all, El Siglo Diez y Nueve, which appeared in 1841 and is considered the dean of the liberal press. At some point in his career, the most representative journalists of the time wrote in this newspaper: Mariano Otero, Guillermo Prieto, Ignacio Ramírez "El Nigromante". In the last part of the 19th century and before the Porfiriato, newspapers of the workers emerged with a marked socialist inclination, such as El Socialista and Hijo del Trabajo For the period of government of Porfirio Díaz, journalism was more dichotomized. On the one hand, El Imparcial arises, which is very favorable to Díaz and which already uses more modern techniques such as the linotype and the rotation. On the other hand, we find a journalist, Filomeno Mata, who leads the press contrary to Díaz. In 1874 a newspaper was born, El Ahuizote, which was dedicated to scathing criticism and suffered from the repressions of the time. Thus, it gave rise to numerous publications that arose, closed and were reborn with more force: El Hijo del Ahuizote, El Nieto of the Ahuizote, The Grandfather of the Ahuizote. From this period we must also highlight Jesús and Ricardo Flores Magón as important journalists. After the journalistic effervescence of the Porfiriato and the bad press that Francisco I. Madero suffered, journalism fell significantly during the years of the revolutionary struggle. Instead, in constitutionalism some newspapers that were born strong and remain to this day were. * In 1916 El Universal appears, in Mexico City. * 1917 Excelsior, also in Mexico City. * El Informador, in Guadalajara. * The Opinion, in Torreon. * 1918 El Mundo, from Tampico. * El Porvenir, from Monterrey. And in the early twenties: * El Universal Gráfico, the oldest afternoon. * El Siglo de Torreón. * El Norte, in Monterrey. At the end of that decade, in the capital of the country La Prensa and El Nacional emerge. The oldest newspaper in operation in the country today is El Dictamen, which began in Veracruz in 1898. In the history of Mexican journalism it is important to mention the creation of the Producer and Importer of Paper, in 1935 by President that intended to guarantee the supply of paper to newspapers Cardenas The PIPSA it was the only producer in the that was the only paper company, so sooner than desired, became an instrument to condition the delivery, according to the behavior of newspapers and magazines. As the decade of the forties begins, what will be the first newspaper chain is beginning to develop. In Jose Garcia Valseca founds the tabloid, sepia and sports newspaper Esto; shortly after, in 1944, he acquired El Héraldo de Chihuahua and from then until 1957 he consolidated the chain with 32 newspapers that he founded or bought throughout the entire republic, but not in the capital. As is to be assumed, the "colonel" Valseca is a person. From 1951, every June 7 was celebrated the "freedom of speech’s day". The words were only that, and they were empty of meaning. For example, Miguel Alemán said: "It is better to tolerate and bear the errors that are committed in the dissemination of ideas, than to diminish, even in the slightest part, the freedom of opinion", and at the same time the supply of paper was suppressed to the Present, which dared to criticize the six-year term of Alemanista. Although there were attempts at some independent journalism, especially through magazines, the practice of "embute" or "sobre" was something accepted as normal. Journalists who were holders of the source were a good entry, which was charged according to the information management. Three were the newspapers that brought together the readers of the capital and were required reading for politicians: Excelsior, El Universal and Novedades. Between the popular classes, La Prensa and La Prensa were the most. Two more newspapers appear in these years: El Día, in 1963, and El Heraldo de México, in 1965. Excelsior estaba all servicio del. The period between 1972 the government of the republic and Excelsior, the exit of many journalists almost immediately gives rise the birth of other publications. The rupture with journalism occurs in the regime of Luis Echeverría Allvarez. In November 1976 the magazine Proceso was born under the direction of Scherer In 1977, appeared under the leadership of Manuel Becerra Acosta. Cardenas and the newspaper "La Jornada in1984". Since the regime will probably be liberal with this new decree. ## Revistas In the 20th century, the role of magazines has been significant in recognizing the influence of written journalism. From the 1930s onwards, three magazines circulated among businessmen and governors. Todo and Hoy. The emergence of Siempre! Is in 1953, the magazine that is politically important in the middle of the . Among 1960 and 1968, another magazine is more. As the readers a version, a magazine. ## Radio At the same time that in Europe Guillermo Marconi was doing his telegraph experiments in the USA, radio broadcasting was emerging in Mexico. The government of Mexico was broadcasting these experimental sessions and in 1922 the radio was recognised as a national entity. In the 1940s, radio was used to transmit information, manipulation and distraction, it became established as a major business in society. In 1960, the Federal Radio and Television Law was published, and little attention was given to the public radio, but everything was permitted. Later, the state created, as an organisation which was governmentally funded that had a national network for cultural broadcasting and media outlets for education. By 1993, Mexico has established its radio system, which is now under threat of privatization and sale. ## Television When in the twenties the radio was already, practically, installed in the neighbour of the North, so much in the manufacturing companies of receivers as in universities and another type of institutions was experimented to transmit not only the voice but also the image. Gonzalez Camarena in 1947 , some technicians proposed the Executive to install the television Miguel Alemán Valdés to some technicians proposed to the Executive . Novo le proponian al de los sistemers. A great event happened # Bibliografía * Faus Belau, Ángel. La radio: introducción al estudio de un medio desconocido, Guadiana, Madrid, 1973. * González y González, Fernando. Historia de la televisión mexicana, México, 1986. * Mejía Barquera, Fernando. La industria de la radio y la televisión y la política del Estado mexicano (1920-1960), FMB, México, 1989. * Musacchio, Humberto. Historia gráfica del periodismo mexicano, Gráfica, Creatividad y Diseño, México, 2003. * Ortiz Garza, José Luis. La guerra de las ondas, Planeta, México, 1992. * Rodríguez Castañeda, Rafael. Prensa vendida. Los periodistas y los presidentes: 40 años de relaciones, Grijalbo, México, 1993. * Romo, Cristina. Ondas, canales y mensajes. Un perfil de la radio en México, ITESO, Guadalajara, 1991. * Sánchez de Armas, Miguel Ángel (coord.) Apuntes para una historia de la televisión mexicana, FMB, México, 1998.