History of Journalism in Mexico

Media Chronology in Mexico

• "Notes for a chronology of the media in Mexico" discusses the timeline of media in Mexico, including written press, magazines, radio, and television
• It is published by ITESO's Department of Socio cultural Studies
• It is written by Cristina Romo

Introduction and Purpose

• The presentation and arrangement of the "Notes for a chronology of the media in Mexico" are the property of the editor
• The document is copyrighted (D.R. 2005) by the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente (ITESO)
• Reproduction is prohibited without express written permission from the editor
• The document aims is to provide an elementary timeline that sparks interest in delving deeper into the study of written press, radio, and television which are parts of the Mexican media system

Presentation

• From instruments that conquer distances and extend mankind to today's media which construct and disseminate public knowledge
• The media shapes and spreads views on events that may later count as history
• Media incorporate and adapt technological innovations, reproduce power concentration, and structure routines that favor certain social actors
• Deep-rooted forms of exclusion get reproduced while citizenship development and democracy strengthening get weakened

Cultural Changes and the Role of Media

• Cultural shifts and weaker states, increase the need to re-examine media's role at international, national, and local levels
• Understanding the history systematically i.e. the processes and practices that have shaped the media in its current form is vital including insight into power struggles.

Chronology as a Tool

• Romo's historical work offers an easy yet thorough look at the media's journey, showcasing the press and electronic media as key influencers in society, economics, politics, and culture
• Intended for communication students the chronology serves as a foundation for analyzing current media systems and creating fresh research approaches

Written Press

• Identifying the precise moment that written publications started to appear in order to inform or reflect isn't easy
• Many references suggest that print was used to communicate, safeguard, or record events of interest through flyers, loose sheets, or brochures for social groups for both the Church and government
• The 19th century saw organized press activity, with journalism beginning in Mexico in the 18th century
• The first regular newspaper called the Gazette of Mexico comes out in 1722

19th Century Formalism

• The nineteenth century marks the formalization of Mexican journalism, which becomes a form of disseminating information
• It favored independence efforts, defended Mexican identity, and frequently opposed to the Church
• From the early years of that century linking journalistic activity with freedom of the press

Government Involvement and control

• By 1833 the federal legislature authorized the government to allocate funds to subsidize periodicals with the aim of limiting press freedom and supporting the regime's own propaganda.
• Several attempts were made to legislate press freedom, but there was varying views on censorship
• Santa Anna issued the Lares Law in 1852 promoting censorship and penalizing those that didn't submit to it.
• Later the Lafragua Regulations of 1847 restored which prohibited censorship
• The Otero Law of 1848 which only considers defamation a fault

Significant periodicals

• Diario de México, appeared in 1805, the first daily newspaper
• El Despertador Americano, newspaper of the insurgency
• El Pensador Americano, by Joaquin Fernández de Lizardi
• The Iris, in 1826, the first illustrated with political caricature
• El Correo, faced subsidized papers.
• El Monitor Republicano
• El Demócrata, featured Francisco Zarco.
• El Siglo Diez y Nueve, appeared in 1841, considered the dean of the liberal press, with contributors like Mariano Otero, Guillermo Prieto, and Ignacio Ramírez.

Labor Press and Period of Porfirio Diaz

• Toward the end of the 19th century, worker newspapers like El Socialista and El Hijo del Trabajo appear with a strong socialist leaning
• During the government of Porfirio Díaz, the press was more separate
• El impartial which appears is very favorable to Diaz and it already using modern techniques such as the linotype
• Filomeno Mata runs anti-Diaz press by converting El Diario del hogar which was official to an opponent of the regime.
• In 1874, el Ahuizote was born, dedicated scathing criticism that closed and reemerged stronger as El Hijo de Ahuizote which also has additional derivatives as El Nieto del Ahuizote and El Abuelo del Ahuizote featuring journalistic figures such as Jesús and Ricardo Flores Magón.

Post-Revolution and Newpapers

• After the journalistic intensity of the Porfiriato and I. Madero’s bad press media presence lessened
• During the constitutionalism newpapers like El Universal (1916), excelsior(1917), El in formador(1917) emerged and continue to this day.
• In the 1920s additional newspapers emerge in the 1920s such as El Universal Gráfico a vesoptine, El siglo de Torreón, El Norte.
• El Dictamen is the oldest operating one in Mexico beginning in in Veracruz in 1898

PIPSA

• The creation of the Producer and importer of paper, SA by President Lazaro Gardena in 1935 intended to ensure supply to the newspapers since private companies had difficutlies with them
• PIPSA became a tool for influencing delivery depending on the behavior of papers and magazines .

Garcia Valseca

• In 1941 José García Valseca founds the tabloid,sepia and sport magazine Esto, then acquires El heralds de chihuahua
• By 1957 consolidated 32 papers that he founded/ purchased across the republic
• Chain was sold during the six year term of Luis echeverria Alvarez but was always suspect that it remained in L his name
• The paper passed to Mario vazquez Rana the Mexican Editorial Organization(OEM).

Contubernio

• 1950’s was the contubernio era
• in 50’s letters meant nothing e.g Miguel Aleman said its tolearte errors better than diminishing liberty of opinion he took supply from semanaio Presente
• In exchange for historical buidning the National association was given seat and built paper factory with them so that associations could have partners

Changes in Media and Politics

• Scherer Garcia and Acosta were impended from power
• In 1963 The day in 65 the herald emerged also El sol
• Daily press w/o exception of the Excelsior(Scherer director was still the director was the regime
• The ruptur ewith journalism is in the regime of Luis Echeverria Alvarez

Proceso and Further publications and Control

• 1876 the blow that terminates the problem w Excelsior occurs months prior threats emerge
• Coorpoerativists ousted Scher along with many from board abandoned offices
• This let to birth to many publications as such proceso was director under shcerer The daily Unomasuno appeared
• Government of Portillo was famous for info, estira afloja between press and govt because goocordination in press but then was removed
• The publication of prceso ceased with argument of i dont pay to be hit.

Reform in Politics and the Press

• The mandate if Hurt ado started In issues with media,
• There was a restictive standards, adjusts budget, lower govt publicisty
• There calls for popular consulted

Transformation and the Revista

transformation with new diarios like el financiero , el economist and la crinica the former has been a reform as the first group to rise inthe area

Magazines

• The twentieth century saw the role of magazines as significant to recognize the influence of journalism. three magazine cirulate amon them employers and leaders these magazines are critical and editorialize success.
• The start of the magazine siempre in 1953 was cuestioning Liergo
• From 960 to 836 in another magazine política of readers digest that circuit profousely.

Proceso the magazine and Business

• In 976 emerged the magazine proceso to reach a authentic water shed of 20th c journ
• Wit that experience the later years has seen publications
• And they are most intellectual like those that achieve expansion the line of economics
  • All those reviesws coexisted at post with internment and shows

Radio

• Guillermo Marconi did experiments with relegraphy an the united states Reginal Fessensen could transmit real sound
• The first stage of radio history known as radio diffusion begins

The Beginning

• 1921, where the brothers Gomez Hernandez broadcast their music
• At the same time there was an intent from the state to impulse expermintation

Expansion of Radio

• There was intent on transsmision and the national radion leauge was formed
• At 1923 where new beginnings came up and it was a bought by war and there has begun the forma land
• There began several radio stations this honor the second stage according to the division that it was not the fusion of the medium but the vehicle.

Regulation and Radio Laws

• It was not a neccessary to norm radio. it was an electricity law in 1966
• The Mexican radio began with the ewx where Emilio has it and xeb together
• The party national revoltionaria aired the xefo and the xeh and xh
• Were now be the radio industry

State Involvement and Early TV

• From participation there was a adjucation that made use of the rediodifsion station that makes it radio
• Then there was an intent to a state of rediofundacion that made use as stations Then la hora was created
• At national was created
• Fom that station began the university. Of Mexico The ahtre the that
• There wa s amundial confiagractn. From mexico and programs began

Explore the evolution of Mexican journalism from the 18th century to the mid-20th century, covering key newspapers, the impact of political figures like Cárdenas and Alemán, and governmental control. Examine the challenges faced by early journalism and the significance of events like the establishment of 'freedom of speech’s day'. Understand the term 'embute' or 'sobre' within the media context.