Course HCS1070: Respiratory System PDF

Course HCS1070: Respiratory System 1. Define common terms related to the respiratory system using a list of prefixes, roots, and suffixes. Pulmo- lungs Hyper- above, excessive Dys- difficult, painful Alveol/o- Alveolus Bronch/o - Bronchus Diaphragrat/o - Diaphragm Hem/o - Blood Lobe/o - Lobe Ox/i-...

Course HCS1070: Respiratory System 1. Define common terms related to the respiratory system using a list of prefixes, roots, and suffixes. Pulmo- lungs Hyper- above, excessive Dys- difficult, painful Alveol/o- Alveolus Bronch/o - Bronchus Diaphragrat/o - Diaphragm Hem/o - Blood Lobe/o - Lobe Ox/i- Oxygen Nas/o - Nose Capn/o - Carbon dioxide Orth/o- Straight 2. Define respiration. It is defined as a metabolic process wherein, the living cells of an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP) by taking in oxygen and liberating carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances. 3. What is the first stage of respiration? Describe it. The first stage of respiration is gycolysis which involves eight enzymes breaking glucose into two 3-carbon molecules, releasing energy to ATP and NADH, which temporiatly stores energy for later ATP building. 4. What is the second stage of respiration? Describe it. The Krebs cycle is likely the most important part of the process of respiration because it drives the formation of electron carriers. These carriers are important. They carry the energy used to create a large number of ATP molecules in the final steps of respiration. 5. What is the third stage of respiration? Describe it. In this phase (oxidative phosphorylation), electrons from NDH and FADH2, move through the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. This generates a proton gradient that drives ATP production, with oxygen acting as the final electron acceptor and forming water. 6. What is the mechanism of inhalation and compliance in pulmonary ventilation? Diaphragm moves down and contracts. Your intercostal muscles move your rib cage up, lowering air pressure, allowing more room. 7. What is the mechanism of exhalation in pulmonary ventilation? Diaphragm moves up and expands. Your intercostal muscles move your rib cage down, increasing air pressure, allowing less space (being squished). 8. Explain the process of gas exchange in lungs and tissues, including the role of blood. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs when oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed. Blood carries oxygen to tissues and returns crbon dioxide to the lungs. In tissues, oxygen is delivered to cells, and carbon dioixde is picked up for transport back to the lungs. 9. What is the importance of hemoglobin? Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen in the lungs and carries it to tissues, where it releases the oxygen for cells to use. It also picks up carbon dioxide from tissues and carries it back to the lungs. This process ensures efficient oxygen delivery and waste removal. 10. What is the process of diffusion at the cellular level? Oxygen moves from the blood, where its concentration is high into cells, where it is needed. Carbon dioxide, produced by cells, moves from the tissues into the blood, where its concentration is lower. This exchange happens across capillary walls by simple diffusion. 11. What is the interpretation of basic blood-gas values? Blood - gas blues, like po2, and PC02, show how well the lungs are exchanging gases. Normal po2 is around 75-100 mmHg, indicating healthy oxygen levels, while pC02 is usually 35-45 mmHg, showing normal C02 levels. Abnormal levels can signal breathing or metabolic problems. 12. What is the regulation of pH? The body keeps blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45 using the bicarbonate buffer system. When Co2 levels rise, the body releases more hydrogen ions, lowering pH (making it more acidic), and breathing helps remove C02 to balance pH. The kidneys also help by adjusting bicarbonate levels. 13. Where are central chemoreceoptors located and what is their function? Central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla of the brainstem. They detect changes in C02 level by monitoring the pH of cerebrospina; fluid. When C02 increases, they signal the brain to increase the breathing rate. 14. Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located and what is their function? Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in the carotid bodies (at the bifurcation of the carotoid aerteries) and the arotic bodies (near the arotic arch). They mainly sense oxygen levels in the blood and signal the brain to increase breathing if oxygen is too low. 15. Define hyperventilation. It is when a person breathes rapidly and deeply leading to an excessive expulsion of C02, which can result in respiratory alkalosis (increased pH). This can occur due to anxiety, fear or other factors. 16. Define hypoventilation. It is when breathing is slow and shallow, leading to insufficient removal of C02, which can cause respiratory acidosis (decreased pH). It may occur in conditions like obesity, drug overuse, or lung diseases. 17. Define a normal breathing pattern. Normal breathing is quiet, regular, and occurs at 12-20 breaths per minute in adults. The breaths are of moderate depth and occur smoothly without effort. There is an unusual pause or difficulty in breathing. 18. Define recognizing types of altered breathing. Altered breathing can include tachypnea (rapid breathing), bradypnea(slow breathing), or dyspnea(shortness of breath). Hyperventilation is deep, rapid breathing, while hypoventilation is shallow, slow breathing. These changes often signal health issues. 19. Define describing results of altered breathing. Altered breathing can cause low oxygen levels (hypoxia) or high carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia). Hyperventilation may cause dizziness, while hypoventilation can lead to confusion or fatigue. These issues may need medical attention depending on the cause. 20. Summarize the role of the respiratory system in achieving and maintaining wellness. The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide, which is essential for energy production and cell function. It also helps maintain the body's pH's balance by regulating C02 levels in the blood. By ensuring, efficent gas exchange, the respiratory system supports overall health, organ function, and vitaltity. 21. Summarize the basic effects of aging on the function of the respiratory system. As we age, lung elasticity decreases, making it harder to breathe deeply and efficiently. Breathing muscles weaken, which can reduce cough effectiveness and increase vulnerability to respiratory functions. Additionally, the number of alveoli declines, leading to less efficient gas exchange and lower oxygen levels in the blood. 22. Predict the effect of lifestyle choices on wellness of the respiratory system, incluindg choices related to cultural beliefs and practices. Lifestyle choices, such as smoking or exposure to pollution, can damage the lungs and increase the risk of respiratory diseases like COPD and lung cancer. Regular exercise helps strenghten the respiratory system, improving lung capacity and oxygen exchange. Cultural practices, such as the use of traditional remedies or smoking, can affect respiratory health, depending on whether they are beneficial or harmful. Diets rich in antioxidants, often emphasized in various cultures, can support lung health. In some cultures, practices like indoor cooking with open flames may increase respiratory risks, making healthier choices important for wellness. 23. Define active living to respiratory health. Regular exercise strengthens the lungs and improves oxygen flow throughout the body. Activities like walking, swimming, or cycling help increase lung capacity and reduce the risk of respiratory disease. Staying active also supports overall fitness, which benefits breathing efficiency. 24. Define proper nutrition to respiratory health. A healthy diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables provides antioxidants that protect the lungs from damage. Nutrients like Vitamin C and E help reduce inflammation and support respiratory function. Maintaining a balanced diet also helps prevent obesity, which can strain the respiratory system. 25. What are the signs and symptoms of asthma? Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing (espescially at night or early morning), difficult exhaling. (asthma can result in GERD). 26. What is it caused by? Inflammation and narrowing of the airways, often triggered by allergens, exercise, cold air, smoke, etc. 27. What is it diagnosed by? Medical history, physical examination, spirometry (measuring air flow), peak flow, monitoring, etc. 28. What are the treatments? Medications, lifestyle (avoidance of triggers), and severe cases (oral corticsteroids), biologic therapies (eg. omalizumab). 29. What are the signs and symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Chronic cough, wheezing, shortness of breath (espescially with exertion), chest tightness, frequent respiratory infections. 30. What is it caused by? Long-term exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke (main cause), air pollution, dust or chemical fumes. 31. What is it diagnosed by? Medical history, physical examination, chest X-ray, arterial blood gases, and spirometry (showing reduced airflow). 32. What are some treatments? Medications, lifestyle (pulmonary rehabilitation), and surgery (lung volume reduction surgery). 33. What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia? Cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, rapid breathing, and confusion. 34. What is it caused by? Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. 35. What is it diagnosed by? Chest X- ray, blood tests, sputum culutre, pulse oximetry, and sometimes CT scan. 36. What are treatments? Antibiotics, supportive care (rest, fluids), and vaccination. (also antiviral & antifungal medications). 37. What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB)? Persistent cough, blood tinged sputum, night sweats, fever, weight loss, fatigue, chest pain. 38. What is it caused by? Mycobacterium tubercuolois bacteria. 39. What is it diagnosed by? Tuberculin skin test (TST), Chest X-ray, sputum culture, and PCR testing. 40. What are treatments? Medications, directly observed therapy, and preventive measures (isolation). 41. Describe the impact of pathologies of the respiratory system on other body systems. They can strain the heart by reudcing oxygen levels, leading to cardiovascular problems. They can also cause fatigue and muscle weakness due to decreased oxygen supply. Infections like pneuomnia or tuberculosis may spread to other organs, causing further complications. 42. Explain the social, emotional, and economic impact of respiratory conditions on the individual, family, peers and community. Respiratory conditions can lead to social isolation and emotional stress for both the individual and their family. They often cause anxiety and depression due to health concerns and limitations. Economically, treatment costs and lost income can place a financial burden on individuals and their families. 43. Summarize community resources available for people living with respiratoery system pathologies. Community resources for people with respiratory conditions include support groups, healthcare services like respiratory therapy, and public health programs for disease management. Non Profit organizations also offer financial assistance and educational resources. These services also help individuals manage their conditions and improve quality of life.