Respiratory Damage PDF - Anatomy and Physiology II

Al-Quds University Anatomy And Physiology II Kefah Zaben BSN,MSN, PHD lecture ‫‪Al-Quds University Anatomy And Physiology II Kefah Zaben BSN,MSN, PHD lecture one‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺪس ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺢ ووﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ‪ 2‬ﻛﻔﺎح زاﺑﻦ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﯾﻮس ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ ودﻛﺘﻮراه اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬...

Al-Quds University Anatomy And Physiology II Kefah Zaben BSN,MSN, PHD lecture ‫‪Al-Quds University Anatomy And Physiology II Kefah Zaben BSN,MSN, PHD lecture one‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺪس ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺢ ووﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ‪ 2‬ﻛﻔﺎح زاﺑﻦ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﯾﻮس ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ ودﻛﺘﻮراه اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (1‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  Respiratory System Breathing represents life! First breath of a newborn baby = Last gasp of a dying person All body processes directly or indirectly require ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) Most ATP synthesis requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide Drives the need to breath to take in oxygen, and eliminate carbon dioxide Respiratory System ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ Breathing represents life! !‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ First breath of a newborn baby = Last gasp of a dying person ‫ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻷول ﻟﻤﻮﻟﻮد ﺟﺪﯾﺪ = اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﯾﺤﺘﻀﺮ‬ All body processes directly or indirectly require ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) (‫ )ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻷدﯾﻨﻮزﯾﻦ‬ATP ‫ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ Most ATP synthesis requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide ‫ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ وﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ATP ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻖ‬ Drives the need to breath to take in oxygen, and eliminate carbon dioxide ‫ واﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬،‫ ﯾﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻷﺧﺬ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬3) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The respiratory system consists of a system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs. √ Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out Respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide – Considered jointly as cardiopulmonary system – Disorders of lungs directly affect the heart and vice versa Respiratory system and the urinary system collaborate to regulate the body’s acid–base balance The respiratory system consists of a system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs..‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ‬ √ Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out Respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide ‫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎزان اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ واﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ‬.‫ وﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬،‫√ ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪم‬ ‫ﻣ ًﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ وإزاﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ – Considered jointly as cardiopulmonary system ‫– ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎ ﻛﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﺮﺋﺔ‬ – Disorders of lungs directly affect the heart and vice versa Respiratory system and the urinary system collaborate to regulate the body’s acid–base balance ‫ ﯾﺘﻌﺎون اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ واﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬.‫– اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬4) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The Respiratory System The major organs of the respiratory system function 1. To provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration 2. Remove the waste product carbon dioxide 3. Help to maintain acid-base balance. 4. Portions of the respiratory system are used for non- vital functions: such as sensing odors, speech production, and coughing. The Respiratory System The major organs of the respiratory system function ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ To provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration ‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ Remove the waste product carbon dioxide ‫إزاﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﯾﺎت‬ Help to maintain acid-base balance..‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي‬ Portions of the respiratory system are used for non- ‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﻐﯿﺮ‬ vital functions: such as sensing odors, speech production, and coughing..‫ واﻟﺴﻌﺎل‬،‫ وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﻼم‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر اﻟﺮواﺋﺢ‬:‫اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺤﯿﻮﯾﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬5) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The major respiratory structures extent the nasal cavity to the diaphragm. The major respiratory structures extent the nasal cavity to the diaphragm..‫ﺗﻤﺘﺪ اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﺎب اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬6) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into 1. A Conducting Zone 2. A Respiratory Zone. The conducting zone: The organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange. The respiratory zone : The gas exchange occurs in. Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into 1..1 ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﻇﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ A Conducting Zone 2. 2 ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ A Respiratory Zone..‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ The conducting zone: The organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange..‫ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء واﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺎرك ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات‬:‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ The respiratory zone : The gas exchange occurs in.. ‫ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﯿﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات‬: ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬7) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Conducting Zone The major functions of the conducting zone are: 1. To provide a route for incoming and outgoing air. 2. Remove waste and pathogens from the incoming air. 3. warm and humidify the incoming air. The Conducting Zone perform other functions as well. The Epithelium Of The Nasal Passages, is essential to sensing odors The Bronchial Epithelium that lines the lungs can metabolize some airborne carcinogens. Conducting Zone ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ The major functions of the conducting zone are: 1..1 :‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎم اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ ﻫﻲ‬ To provide a route for incoming and outgoing air..‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ واﻟﺨﺎرج‬ Remove waste and pathogens from the incoming ‫إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﯾﺎت وﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاردة‬ air..‫ﻫﻮاء‬ 3. warm and humidify the incoming air..‫ ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ وﺗﺮﻃﯿﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻮارد‬.3 @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬8) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The Conducting Zone perform other functions as well. The Epithelium Of The Nasal Passages, is essential to sensing odors ً ‫ﺗﺆدي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ ﻇﻬﺎرة اﻟﻤﻤﺮات اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ ﺿﺮورﯾﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر اﻟﺮواﺋﺢ‬.‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ The Bronchial Epithelium that lines the lungs can metabolize some airborne carcinogens..‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﻘﻼب ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺮﻃﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺟﻮا‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬8) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Principal Organs of respiratory system : Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs 1- Conducting - Division Of Respiratory System Includes respiratory structures (e.g., nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea) Respiratory muscles – diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation No gas exchange Nostrils through major bronchioles 2- Respiratory - Division of The Respiratory System Consists of : bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli and other gas exchange regions Principal Organs of respiratory system : Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs 1- Conducting - Division Of Respiratory System - ‫ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬-1 ‫ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ‬،‫ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬،‫ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬،‫ اﻷﻧﻒ‬: ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ Includes respiratory structures (e.g., nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea) Respiratory muscles – diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation ‫ اﻟﺤﺠﺎب‬- ‫ واﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ( ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬،‫ واﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬،‫ وﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬،‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ واﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺰز اﻟﺘﻬﻮﯾﺔ‬ No gas exchange ‫ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬ Nostrils through major bronchioles ‫ اﻟﺨﯿﺎﺷﯿﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ 2- Respiratory - Division of The Respiratory System ‫ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ – ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬-2 @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬9) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ Consists of : bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli and other gas exchange regions‬‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‪ :‬اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ وﻏﯿﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (9‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  Respiratory System Upper respiratory tract: √ in head and neck – Nose through larynx = above the larynx Lower respiratory tract: organs of the thorax, from the larynx down –Trachea through lungs Respiratory System ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ Upper respiratory tract: :‫ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ in head and neck ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮأس واﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ – Nose through larynx = above the larynx ‫– اﻷﻧﻒ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة = ﻓﻮق اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬ Lower respiratory tract: :‫ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ organs of the thorax, from the larynx down ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬،‫أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺼﺪر‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬10) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪–Trachea through lungs‬‬ ‫– اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (10‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  The Nose and its Adjacent Structures ‫تعريف‬ The major entrance and exit for the respiratory system is through the nose. The Nose divided Into Two Major Sections: 1. The External Nose: is triangular-shaped projection in the center of the face, consists of osteocartilaginous framework covered by muscles and skin. 2. The Nasal Cavity Or Internal Nose. The Nose and its Adjacent Structures ‫اﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة ﻟﻪ‬ The major entrance and exit for the respiratory system is through the nose..‫اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ واﻟﺨﺮوج اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ The Nose divided Into Two Major Sections: :‫ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻷﻧﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﯿﻦ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﯿﻦ‬ The External Nose: is triangular-shaped projection in the center of the face, consists of osteocartilaginous framework covered by muscles and skin..‫ وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ إﻃﺎر ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﻲ ﻣﻐﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻀﻼت واﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬،‫ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬:‫اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ The Nasal Cavity Or Internal Nose..‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ أو اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬12) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Function of the Nose 1. Providing an airway for respiration 2. Moistening (humidifying) and warming the entering air 3. Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter 4. Serving as a resonating chamber for speech 5. Housing the olfactory receptors Function of the Nose 1..1 ‫وﻇﯿﻔﺔ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ Providing an airway for respiration 2..2 ‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻣﺠﺮى ﻫﻮاﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬ Moistening (humidifying) and warming the entering air 3..3 ‫ﺗﺮﻃﯿﺐ )ﺗﺮﻃﯿﺐ( وﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬ Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter 4..‫ﺗﺼﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺸﻖ وﺗﻨﻈﯿﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬-4 Serving as a resonating chamber for speech 5..‫ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺻﺪى ﻟﻠﻜﻼم‬-5 Housing the olfactory receptors ‫إﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﻟﺸﻤﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬13) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ 1- The external nose consists of: the surface and skeletal structures that result in the outward appearance of the nose and contribute to its several functions 1. The root : is the region of the nose located between the eyebrows. 2. The bridge : is the part of the nose that connects the root to the rest of the nose. 3. The dorsum nasi : is the length of the nose. 1- The external nose consists of: : ‫ اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬-1 the surface and skeletal structures that result in the outward appearance of the nose and contribute to its several functions ‫اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ واﻟﻬﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻸﻧﻒ وﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ وﻇﺎﺋﻔﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ The root : is the region of the nose located between ‫ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬:‫اﻟﺠﺬر‬ the eyebrows..‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺒﯿﻦ‬ The bridge : is the part of the nose that connects the ‫ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻧﻒ‬:‫اﻟﺠﺴﺮ‬ root to the rest of the nose..‫اﻟﺠﺬر ﻟﺒﻘﯿﺔ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬14) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The dorsum nasi : is the length of the nose..‫ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻮل اﻷﻧﻒ‬:‫اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﻈﻬﺮي‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬14) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ 4.The apex : is the tip of the nose. On either side of the apex, 5. The Nostrils: are formed by the alae (singular = ala). 6. An ala : is a cartilaginous structure that forms the lateral side of each naris (plural = nares), or nostril opening. 7. The philtrum: is the concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip. 4.The apex : is the tip of the nose.. ‫ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮف اﻷﻧﻒ‬: ‫ اﻟﻘﻤﺔ‬.4 On either side of the apex, 5..5 ،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻟﻘﻤﺔ‬ The Nostrils: are formed by the alae (singular = ala)..(‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼء )اﻟﻤﻔﺮد = ﻋﻼء‬:‫اﻟﺨﯿﺎﺷﯿﻢ‬ An ala : is a cartilaginous structure that forms the lateral side of each naris (plural = nares), or nostril opening..‫ أو ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻷﻧﻒ‬،(‫ ﻫﻮ ﻫﯿﻜﻞ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﻲ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﺎرﯾﺲ )اﻟﺠﻤﻊ = ﻓﺘﺤﺘﻲ اﻷﻧﻒ‬:‫ﻋﻼء‬ The philtrum: is the concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip..‫ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺼﻞ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻷﻧﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺜﺮة‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬15) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Root Bridge  The external nose Landmark Root of nose Nasal dorsum Nasal bridge Nasolabial fold Alae nasi Anterior naris (nostril) Nasal apex columella The external nose Landmark ‫اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎرك‬ Root of nose ‫ﺟﺬر اﻷﻧﻒ‬ Nasal dorsum Nasal bridge Nasolabial fold Alae nasi Anterior naris (nostril) Nasal apex columella ‫ اﻷﻧﻒ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ )ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻷﻧﻒ( ﻗﻤﺔ اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬Alae nasi ‫ﻇﻬﺮ اﻷﻧﻒ ﺟﺴﺮ اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﻄﯿﺔ اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻔﻮﯾﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬17) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Below the thin skin of the nose are its skeletal features. The Root and bridge of the nose consist of bone, the extended portion of the nose is composed of cartilage. when looking at the skull , the nose is. The nasal bone : is one of a pair of bones that lies under the root and bridge of the nose. The nasal bone : articulates superiorly with the frontal bone and laterally with the maxillary bones. Septal cartilage : is flexible hyaline cartilage connected to the nasal bone, forming the dorsum nasi. The alar cartilage : consists of the apex of the nose; it surrounds the naris.  Below the thin skin of the nose are its skeletal features..‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻖ ﻟﻸﻧﻒ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻼﻣﺤﻪ اﻟﻬﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬ The Root and bridge of the nose consist of bone, the extended portion of the nose is composed of cartilage..‫ وﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف‬،‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﺟﺬر وﺟﺴﺮ اﻷﻧﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬ when looking at the skull , the nose is..‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ واﻷﻧﻒ‬ The nasal bone : is one of a pair of bones that lies under the root and bridge of the nose..‫ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ زوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﯾﻘﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺟﺬر وﺟﺴﺮ اﻷﻧﻒ‬:‫ ﻋﻈﻢ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ The nasal bone : articulates superiorly with the frontal bone and laterally with the maxillary bones..‫ ﯾﺘﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻮي ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺠﺒﻬﻲ وﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬:‫ ﻋﻈﻢ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬18) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Septal cartilage : is flexible hyaline cartilage connected to the nasal bone, forming the dorsum nasi..‫ وﯾﺸﻜﻞ اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﻈﻬﺮي‬،‫ ﻫﻮ ﻏﻀﺮوف زﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻣﺮن ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻧﻒ‬:‫ ﻏﻀﺮوف اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ‬ The alar cartilage : consists of the apex of the nose; it surrounds the naris..‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻷﻧﻒ؛ إﻧﻪ ﯾﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎرﯾﺲ‬: ‫ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺣﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬18) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Figure 2. Nose. This illustration shows features of the external nose (top) and skeletal features of the nose (bottom). Figure 2..2 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ Nose..‫أﻧﻒ‬ This illustration shows features of the external nose (top) and skeletal features of the nose (bottom)..(‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺤﻲ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ )أﻋﻠﻰ( واﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﻬﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻒ )أﺳﻔﻞ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬19) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The Nares open into the nasal cavity, which is separated into left and right sections by the nasal septum. The nasal septum is formed: Anteriorly: by a portion of the septal cartilage (the flexible portion you can touch with your fingers) Posteriorly : by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the thin vomer bones The Nares open into the nasal cavity, which is separated into left and right sections by the nasal septum..‫ﯾﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﺎ اﻷﻧﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻔﺼﻠﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﯿﻦ أﯾﻤﻦ وأﯾﺴﺮ‬ The nasal septum is formed: :‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ Anteriorly: by a portion of the septal cartilage (the flexible portion you can touch with your fingers) (‫ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻏﻀﺮوف اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ )اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﺮن اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻟﻤﺴﻪ ﺑﺄﺻﺎﺑﻌﻚ‬:‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎم‬ Posteriorly : by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the thin vomer bones ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﻟﻲ وﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﯿﻜﻌﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬: ‫ﺧﻠﻔ ًﯿﺎ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬21) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Nasal cavity Nasal vestibule is the anterior and inferior part of nasal cavity. It is lined by skin and contains sebaceous glands, hair follicles and easy to infection. Nasal cavity ‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ Nasal vestibule is the anterior and inferior part of nasal cavity..‫اﻟﺪﻫﻠﯿﺰ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ واﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ It is lined by skin and contains sebaceous glands, hair follicles and easy to infection..‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻠﺪ وﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺪد دﻫﻨﯿﺔ وﺑﺼﯿﻼت ﺷﻌﺮ وﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺪوى‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬22) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The nasal cavity The nasal cavity has: 1. A floor of the nasal cavity. 2. A roof of the nasal cavity. 3. A lateral wall of the nasal cavity. 4. A medial or septal wall of the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity ‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ The nasal cavity has: :‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬ A floor of the nasal cavity..‫أرﺿﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ A roof of the nasal cavity..‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ A lateral wall of the nasal cavity..‫اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ A medial or septal wall of the nasal cavity..‫ﺟﺪار وﺳﻄﻲ أو ﺣﺎﺟﺰي ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬23) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Nasal cavity 1. The Floor of Nasal Cavity consist of : A. Palatine process maxilla B. Horizontal plate palatine bone Nasal cavity 1..1 ‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ The Floor of Nasal Cavity consist of : A. Palatine process maxilla B. Horizontal plate palatine bone ‫ اﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﻨﻜﻲ‬.‫ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي اﻟﺤﻨﻜﻲ ب‬.‫ أ‬:‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن أرﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬25) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Nasal cavity The floor of the nasal cavity is composed of the palate. The hard palate :at the anterior region of the nasal cavity -composed of bone. The soft palate :at the posterior portion of the nasal cavity consists of muscle tissue. Note : Air exits the nasal cavities via the internal nares and moves into the pharynx. Nasal cavity ‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ The floor of the nasal cavity is composed of the palate. The hard palate :at the anterior region of the nasal cavity -composed of bone..‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ – ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬:‫ اﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬.‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن أرﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻨﻚ‬ The soft palate :at the posterior portion of the nasal cavity consists of muscle tissue..‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻋﻀﻠﯿﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺮﺧﻮ‬ Note : Air exits the nasal cavities via the internal nares and moves into the pharynx..‫ ﯾﺨﺮج اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺎوﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ وﯾﻨﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬:‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬27) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Nasal cavity 2. The Roof of Nasal Cavity It is formed Anteriorly: below the bridge of the nose by the nasal and frontal bones, in the middle by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, – located below the anterior cranial fossa, – posteriorly by the downward sloping body of the sphenoid Nasal cavity 2..2 ‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ The Roof of Nasal Cavity ‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ It is formed ‫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﻬﺎ‬ Anteriorly: below the bridge of the nose by the nasal and frontal bones, ،‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺟﺴﺮ اﻷﻧﻒ ﺑﺠﻮار ﻋﻈﺎم اﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ‬:‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎم‬ in the middle by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, ،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ – located below the anterior cranial fossa, ،‫ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻔﺮة اﻟﻘﺤﻔﯿﺔ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬- @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬28) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ – posteriorly by the downward sloping body of the sphenoid ‫– ﺧﻠﻔ ًﯿﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪر ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺗﺪي‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬28) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Nasal cavity 3. The Medial Wall of Nasal Cavity Or The Nasal Septum Divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves It has osseous and cartilaginous parts Nasal septum consists of 1. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superior) 2. The vomer (inferior) Nasal cavity 3..3 ‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ The Medial Wall of Nasal Cavity Or The Nasal Septum ‫اﻟﺠﺪار اﻷوﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ أو اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ Divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves It has osseous and cartilaginous parts ‫ ﯾﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﻔﯿﻦ أﯾﻤﻦ وأﯾﺴﺮ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﺰاء ﻋﻈﻤﯿﺔ وﻏﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ‬ Nasal septum consists of 1..1 ‫ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superior) 2..2 (‫اﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﻟﻲ )اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ The vomer (inferior) 3 Septial cartilage (anterior) (‫ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰي )اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬3 (‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﻌﺔ )اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬30) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Nasal cavity 4. The Lateral Walls of Nasal Cavity , Marked by 3 projections: 1. Superior concha 2. Middle concha 3. Inferior concha Note :The space below each concha is called a meatus. ‫‪Nasal cavity‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ ‫‪The Lateral Walls of Nasal Cavity , Marked by 3 projections: 1.Superior concha 2.Middle‬‬ ‫‪concha 3.Inferior concha‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪران اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺜﻼث ﻧﺘﻮءات‪.1 :‬اﻟﻤﺤﺎرة اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ ‪.2‬اﻟﻤﺤﺎرة اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ‪.3‬اﻟﻤﺤﺎرة اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪Note :The space below each concha is called a‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة أﺳﻔﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﺎرة ﺗﺴﻤﻰ أ‬ ‫‪meatus.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻤﺎخ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (32‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬ The conchae and meatuses keep water and prevent dehydration of the nasal epithelium by trapping water during exhalation. The inferior conchae are separate bones, whereas The superior and middle conchae are portions of the ethmoid bone. Conchae serve to: Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity To disrupt the flow of air as it enters the nose, causing air to The conchae and meatuses keep water and prevent dehydration of the nasal epithelium by trapping water during exhalation..‫ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻟﻘﻮﻗﻌﺔ واﻟﺼﻤﺎﺧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء وﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﺟﻔﺎف اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺣﺒﺲ اﻟﻤﺎء أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺰﻓﯿﺮ‬ The inferior conchae are separate bones, whereas ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ أن‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺤﺎرة اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻈﺎم ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬ The superior and middle conchae are portions of the ethmoid bone..‫ اﻟﻤﺤﺎرة اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻲ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﻟﻲ‬ Conchae serve to: :‫ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﺸﺎي ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity ‫ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ To disrupt the flow of air as it enters the nose, causing air to ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻬﻮاء‬،‫ ﺗﻌﻄﯿﻞ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻋﻨﺪ دﺧﻮﻟﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬35) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Blood Supply to the Nasal Cavity From branches of the maxillary artery, one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery. The most important branch is the sphenopalatine artery. The sphenopalatine artery anastomoses with the septal branch of the superior labial branch of the facial artery in the region of the vestibule. The submucous venous plexus is drained by veins that accompany the arteries Blood Supply to the Nasal Cavity From branches of the maxillary artery, one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery..‫ وﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻔﺮوع اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬،‫إﻣﺪاد اﻟﺪم إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮوع اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻔﻜﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ The most important branch is the sphenopalatine artery..‫ وأﻫﻢ ﻓﺮع ﻫﻮ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻮﺗﺪي اﻟﺤﻨﻜﻲ‬ The sphenopalatine artery anastomoses with the septal branch of the superior labial branch of the facial artery in the region of the vestibule..‫ ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻏﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻮﺗﺪي اﻟﺤﻨﻜﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﺮع اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰي ﻟﻠﻔﺮع اﻟﺸﻔﻬﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺪﻫﻠﯿﺰ‬ The submucous venous plexus is drained by veins that accompany the arteries ‫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻀﻔﯿﺮة اﻟﻮرﯾﺪﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻷوردة اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬36) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The Paranasal Sinuses : form the walls of the nasal cavity have air- containing spaces 1.serve to warm and humidify incoming air. 2. Sinuses are lined with a mucosa. 3.The sinuses produce mucus and lighten the weight of the skull. Each paranasal sinus is named for its associated bone: 1. Frontal Sinus 2. Maxillary Sinus 3. Sphenoidal Sinus 4. Ethmoidal Sinus. The Paranasal Sinuses : form the walls of the nasal cavity have air- containing spaces 1.serve to warm and humidify incoming air..‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ وﺗﺮﻃﯿﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻮارد‬.1.‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺪران اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬:‫اﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ‬ Sinuses are lined with a mucosa..‫اﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﺑﻐﺸﺎء ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻲ‬ 3.The sinuses produce mucus and lighten the weight of the skull..‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺨﺎط وﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ وزن اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬.3 Each paranasal sinus is named for its associated bone: :‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺟﯿﺐ ﻣﺠﺎور ﻟﻸﻧﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻪ‬ Frontal Sinus Maxillary Sinus Sphenoidal Sinus Ethmoidal Sinus..‫ اﻟﺠﯿﺐ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﺠﯿﺐ اﻟﻮﺗﺪي‬،‫ اﻟﺠﯿﺐ اﻟﻔﻜﻲ‬،‫اﻟﺠﯿﺐ اﻟﺠﺒﻬﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬40) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The nares and anterior portion of the nasal cavities are lined with mucous membranes, containing sebaceous glands and hair follicles that serve to prevent the passage of large debris, such as dirt, through the nasal cavity. olfactory epithelium used to detect odors is found deeper in the nasal cavity. The nares and anterior portion of the nasal cavities are lined with mucous membranes, containing sebaceous glands and hair follicles that serve ‫ﺗﺼﻄﻒ ﻓﺘﺤﺎت اﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺎوﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ ﺑﺄﻏﺸﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺪد دﻫﻨﯿﺔ وﺑﺼﯿﻼت اﻟﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺪم‬ to prevent the passage of large debris, such as dirt, through the nasal cavity..‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷوﺳﺎخ‬،‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﺤﻄﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ‬ olfactory epithelium used to ‫ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﺸﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ل‬ detect odors is found deeper in the nasal cavity..‫ ﻛﺸﻒ اﻟﺮواﺋﺢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻋﻤﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬42) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined by respiratory epithelium composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The epithelium contains Goblet cells, one of the specialized, columnar epithelial cells that produce mucus to trap debris. The conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined by respiratory epithelium composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium..‫ﺗﺼﻄﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺎرات واﻟﺼﻤﺎﺧﺎت واﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ ﺑﻈﻬﺎرة ﺗﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﺎرة ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ ﻛﺎذﺑﺔ‬ The epithelium contains Goblet cells, one of the specialized, columnar epithelial cells that produce mucus to trap debris. ‫ وﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎط ﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎز‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻜﺄﺳﯿﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺤﻄﺎم‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬43) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The cilia of the respiratory epithelium help remove the mucus and debris from the nasal cavity with a constant beating motion, sweeping materials towards the throat to be swallowed. The cold air slows the movement of the cilia, resulting in accumulation of mucus that may in turn lead to a runny nose during cold weather. This moist epithelium functions to warm and humidify incoming air. Capillaries located just beneath the nasal epithelium warm the The cilia of the respiratory epithelium help remove the mucus and debris from the nasal cavity with a constant beating motion, sweeping materials towards the throat to be swallowed. ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻧﺤﻮ‬،‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ أﻫﺪاب اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎط واﻟﺤﻄﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺒﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬.‫اﻟﺤﻠﻖ ﻟﯿﺘﻢ اﺑﺘﻼﻋﻬﺎ‬ The cold air slows the movement of the cilia, resulting in accumulation of mucus that may in turn lead to a runny nose during cold weather. ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺎط اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﯾﺆدي ﺑﺪوره إﻟﻰ ﺳﯿﻼن اﻷﻧﻒ أﺛﻨﺎء‬،‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺒﺎرد ﻋﻠﻰ إﺑﻄﺎء ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻷﻫﺪاب‬.‫اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ This moist epithelium functions to warm and humidify incoming air..‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ وﺗﺮﻃﯿﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻮارد‬ Capillaries located just beneath the nasal epithelium warm the ‫اﻟﺸﻌﯿﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﻬﺎرة اﻷﻧﻒ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺗﺪﻓﺊ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬44) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Serous And Mucus -producing epithelium cells also secrete the lysozyme enzyme and proteins called defensins, which have antibacterial properties. Immune cells : that patrol the connective tissue deep to the respiratory epithelium provide additional protection. Serous And Mucus -producing epithelium cells also secrete the lysozyme enzyme and proteins called defensins, which have antibacterial properties. ً ‫ﺗﻔﺮز اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﯿﺔ‬ ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬،‫أﯾﻀﺎ إﻧﺰﯾﻢ اﻟﻠﯿﺰوزﯾﻢ وﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﺗﺴﻤﻰ دﯾﻔﯿﻨﺴﯿﻨﺎت‬.‫ﻣﻀﺎدة ﻟﻠﺠﺮاﺛﯿﻢ‬ Immune cells : that patrol the connective tissue deep to the respiratory epithelium provide additional protection..‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺪورﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻇﻬﺎرة اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬: ‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬45) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Seromucous glands provide lubricating mucus. Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium..‫ﻇﻬﺎرة اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻇﻬﺎرة ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ ﻛﺎذﺑﺔ‬ Seromucous glands provide lubricating mucus. ً.‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺎ ﺗﺸﺤﯿ ًﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻤﺼﻠﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬46) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Pharynx The pharynx : is a tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane ,muscular funnel extending from the choanae to the larynx about 5 inches or 12 cm long. The pharynx is divided into three major regions: 1. The Nasopharynx. 2. The Oropharynx. 3. The laryngopharynx. Pharynx The pharynx : is a tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined ‫ ﻫﻮ أﻧﺒﻮب ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻋﻀﻼت ﻫﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ وﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ‬: ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬ by mucous membrane ,muscular funnel extending from the choanae to the larynx about 5 inches or 12 cm long..‫ ﺳﻢ‬12 ‫ ﺑﻮﺻﺎت أو‬5 ‫ وﻫﻮ ﻗﻤﻊ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ ﯾﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة وﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻲ‬ The pharynx is divided into three major regions: :‫ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ The Nasopharynx..‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ The Oropharynx..‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬ The laryngopharynx..‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬47) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The Nasopharynx 1. The nasopharynx: is flanked by the conchae of the nasal cavity. it serves only as an airway. At the top of the nasopharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils. A pharyngeal tonsil also called an adenoid: is an aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx. The Nasopharynx 1..1 ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ The nasopharynx: is flanked by the conchae of the nasal cavity..‫ ﯾﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎرة اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬:‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ it serves only as an airway..‫ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓﻘﻂ‬ At the top of the nasopharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils..‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻠﻮزﺗﺎن اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻣﯿﺘﺎن‬ A pharyngeal tonsil also called an adenoid: is an aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx. ً ‫ اﻟﻠﻮزة اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻣﯿﺔ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬:‫أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﻠﺤﻤﯿﺔ‬.‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬50) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The Nasopharynx The function of the pharyngeal tonsil It contains a rich supply of lymphocytes and is covered with ciliated epithelium that traps and destroys invading pathogens that enter during inhalation. The pharyngeal tonsils are large in children, but interestingly, tend to regress with age and may even disappear. The Nasopharynx ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ The function of the pharyngeal tonsil ‫وﻇﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﻠﻮزﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻣﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ It contains a rich supply of lymphocytes and is covered with ciliated epithelium that traps and destroys invading pathogens that enter during inhalation. ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ وﻣﻐﻄﻰ ﺑﻈﻬﺎرة ﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ ﺗﺤﺒﺲ وﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬.‫أﺛﻨﺎء اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق‬ The pharyngeal tonsils are large in children, but interestingly, tend to regress with age and may even disappear..‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﯿﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻤﺮ وﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ‬،‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻠﻮزﺗﺎن اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻣﯿﺘﺎن ﻛﺒﯿﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬51) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The Nasopharynx The uvula is a small bulbous, teardrop-shaped structure located at the apex of the soft palate. Both the uvula and soft palate move like a pendulum during swallowing, swinging upward to close off the nasopharynx to prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal cavity. Auditory (Eustachian) tubes that connect to each middle ear cavity open into the nasopharynx. This connection is why colds often lead to ear infections. The Nasopharynx ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ The uvula is a small bulbous, teardrop-shaped structure located at the apex of the soft palate..‫ اﻟﻠﻬﺎة ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺮﺧﻮ‬ Both the uvula and soft palate move like a pendulum during swallowing, swinging upward to close off the nasopharynx to prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal cavity. ‫ وﯾﺘﺄرﺟﺤﺎن ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﻏﻼق اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﻮاد‬،‫ اﻟﻠﻬﺎة واﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺮﺧﻮ ﯾﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎن ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﺪول أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﻠﻊ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻠﻌﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ Auditory (Eustachian) tubes that connect to each middle ear cavity open into the nasopharynx..‫ ﺗﻨﻔﺘﺢ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺴﻤﻌﯿﺔ )أوﺳﺘﺎش( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻷذن اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ This connection is why colds often lead to ear infections..‫ ﻫﺬا اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻧﺰﻻت اﻟﺒﺮد ﺗﺆدي ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت اﻷذن‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬52) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  2.The oropharynx 2. The oropharynx : is a passageway for both air and food. The oropharynx is bordered superiorly by the nasopharynx and anteriorly by the oral cavity. The fauces is the opening at the connection between the oral cavity and the oropharynx. The oropharynx, lined by respiratory epithelium 2.The oropharynx ‫ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬.2 The oropharynx : is a passageway for both air and food..‫ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء واﻟﻐﺬاء‬:‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬ The oropharynx is bordered superiorly by the nasopharynx and anteriorly by the oral cavity..‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﻔﻤﻮي ﯾﺤﺪه ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎم ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻟﻔﻢ‬ The fauces is the opening at the connection between the oral cavity and the oropharynx..‫ اﻟﺤﻨﻔﯿﺎت ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻟﻔﻢ واﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬ The oropharynx, lined by respiratory epithelium composed of stratified squamous epithelium..‫ وﺗﺒﻄﻨﻪ ﻇﻬﺎرة ﺗﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﺎرة ﺣﺮﺷﻔﯿﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﯿﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﻔﻤﻮي‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬55) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  2. The Oropharynx The Oropharynx contains two distinct sets of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils. 1. A palatine tonsil : is one of a pair of structures located laterally in the oropharynx in the area of the fauces. The lingual tonsil : is located at the base of the tongue. Note : The Palatine And Lingual Tonsils are composed of lymphoid tissue, and trap and destroy pathogens entering the body through the oral or nasal cavities. The Oropharynx ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬ The Oropharynx contains two distinct sets of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils..‫ اﻟﻠﻮزﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻨﻜﯿﺔ واﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬،‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﻔﻤﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﯿﺰﺗﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻮزﺗﯿﻦ‬ A palatine tonsil : is one of a pair of structures located laterally in the oropharynx in the area of the fauces..‫ ﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ زوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﻔﻤﻮي ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻨﻔﯿﺎت‬:‫اﻟﻠﻮزة اﻟﺤﻨﻜﯿﺔ‬ The lingual tonsil : is located at the base of the tongue..‫ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬: ‫ اﻟﻠﻮزة اﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ Note : The Palatine And Lingual Tonsils are composed of lymphoid tissue, and trap and destroy pathogens entering the body through the oral or nasal cavities. ‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘﺠﺎز وﺗﺪﻣﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻠﻮزﺗﺎن اﻟﺤﻨﻜﯿﺔ واﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬:‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺠﺎوﯾﻒ اﻟﻔﻢ أو اﻷﻧﻒ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬56) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The laryngopharynx The laryngopharynx : is inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx. It continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge. The stratified squamous epithelium of the oropharynx is continuous with the The laryngopharynx ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي‬ The laryngopharynx : is inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx..‫ ﯾﻘﻊ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم وﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬: ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي‬ It continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge..‫ﯾﻮاﺻﻞ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻠﻌﺔ واﻟﻬﻮاء ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﻪ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ واﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ The stratified squamous epithelium of the oropharynx is continuous with the laryngopharynx ‫اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﻔﻤﻮي ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬58) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Larynx The larynx : is a cartilaginous structure about 4 cm, inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the trachea and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs. The larynx is formed by several pieces of cartilage. Three large cartilage pieces 1. The Thyroid Cartilage (Anterior) 2. Epiglottis (Superior) 3. Cricoid Cartilage (Inferior) Form the major structure of the larynx. Larynx ‫اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬ The larynx : is a cartilaginous structure about 4 cm, inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the trachea and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs. ‫ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫ ﺳﻢ‬4 ‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻫﯿﻜﻞ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﻲ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬:‫اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬.‫وﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪﺧﻞ وﯾﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ‬ The larynx is formed by several pieces of cartilage..‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ‬ Three large cartilage pieces 1..1 ‫ﺛﻼث ﻗﻄﻊ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬ The Thyroid Cartilage (Anterior) 2..2 (‫اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ )اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬59) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Epiglottis (Superior) 3..3 (‫ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر )اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ Cricoid Cartilage (Inferior) Form the major structure of the larynx..‫ﯾﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ )اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ( اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬59) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Larynx 1- The Thyroid Cartilage : is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx. The thyroid cartilage consists of: the laryngeal prominence, or “Adam’s apple,” which tends to be more prominent in males. Larynx ‫اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬ 1- The Thyroid Cartilage : : ‫ ﻏﻀﺮوف اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‬-1 is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx..‫ﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬ The thyroid cartilage consists of: the laryngeal prominence, or “Adam’s apple,” which tends to be more prominent in males..‫ اﻟﺒﺮوز اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي أو “ﺗﻔﺎﺣﺔ آدم” واﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﯿﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮوز أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺬﻛﻮر‬:‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬62) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ 2- The thick cricoid cartilage : forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region. Three smaller, paired cartilages 1. The arytenoids 2. Corniculates 3. Cuneiforms Attach to the epiglottis and the vocal cords and muscle that help move the vocal cords to produce speech. 2- The thick cricoid cartilage : forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region..‫ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ذات ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻠﻔﯿﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ وﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ أﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ أرق‬: ‫ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﯿﻚ‬-2 Three smaller, paired cartilages 1..1 ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻏﻀﺎرﯾﻒ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ‬ The arytenoids 2..2 ‫اﻷرﯾﺘﯿﻨﻮﯾﺪات‬ Corniculates 3..3 ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻧﯿﺎت‬ Cuneiforms Attach to the epiglottis and the vocal cords and muscle that help move the vocal cords to produce speech..‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﻠﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر واﻟﺤﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻚ اﻟﺤﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﻼم‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬63) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Figure 6. Larynx. The larynx extends from the laryngopharynx and the hyoid bone to the trachea ‫‪Figure 6.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.6‬‬ ‫‪Larynx.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫‪The larynx extends fromthe laryngopharynx and the hyoid bone to the trachea‬‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺘﺪ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي واﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻼﻣﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (65‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬ 3- The epiglottis, attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea. When in the “closed” position, the unattached end of the epiglottis rests on the glottis. Note : The glottis is composed of : the vestibular folds, the true vocal cords, and the space between these folds. A vestibular fold, or false vocal cord, : is one of a pair of folded sections of mucous membrane. A true vocal cord : is one of the white, membranous folds attached by muscle to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx on their outer edges. The inner edges of the true vocal cords are free, allowing oscillation to produce sound. 3- The epiglottis, attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea..‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ‬،‫ ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر‬-3 When in the “closed” position, the unattached end of the epiglottis rests on the glottis..‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﻬﺎﯾﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر‬،"‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ "اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ‬ Note : The glottis is composed of : the vestibular folds, the true vocal cords, and the space between these folds..‫ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﯿﺎت‬،‫ واﻟﺤﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺪﻫﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬:‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر ﻣﻦ‬:‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ A vestibular fold, or false vocal cord, : is one of a pair of folded sections of mucous membrane..‫ ﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ زوج ﻣﻦ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻄﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻲ‬،‫ أو اﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻲ اﻟﻜﺎذب‬،‫ اﻟﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻫﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬66) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ A true vocal cord : is one of the white, membranous folds attached by muscle to the thyroid‬‬ ‫‪and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx on their outer edges.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﻄﺮﺟﻬﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻨﺠﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮاﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ The inner edges of the true vocal cords are free, allowing oscillation to produce sound.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺤﻮاف اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺣﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺬﺑﺬب ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻮت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (66‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬ Figure 7. Vocal Cords. The true vocal cords and vestibular folds of the larynx are viewed inferiorly from the laryngopharynx. Figure 7..7 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ Vocal Cords..‫اﻟﺤﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ‬ The true vocal cords and vestibular folds of the larynx are viewed inferiorly from the laryngopharynx..‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ رؤﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ واﻟﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺪﻫﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻨﺠﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬67) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The size of the membranous folds of the true vocal cords differs between individuals, producing voices with different pitch ranges. Folds in males tend to be larger than  The size of the membranous folds of the true vocal cords differs between individuals, producing voices with different pitch ranges. ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج أﺻﻮات ذات ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎت ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬،‫ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد‬.‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ Folds in males tend to be larger than ‫ﺗﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﻄﯿﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺬﻛﻮر إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ those in females, which create a deeper ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ أﻋﻤﻖ‬،‫ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎث‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬68) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The act of swallowing causes the pharynx and larynx to lift upward, allowing the pharynx to expand and the epiglottis of the larynx to swing downward, closing the opening to the trachea. These movements produce a larger area for food to pass through, while preventing food and beverages from entering the trachea.  The act of swallowing causes the pharynx and larynx to lift upward, allowing the pharynx to expand and the epiglottis of the larynx to swing downward, closing the opening to the trachea. ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻌﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ وﺗﺄرﺟﺢ ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬،‫ ﺗﺆدي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻊ إﻟﻰ رﻓﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم واﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ إﻏﻼق ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬ These movements produce a larger area for food to pass through, while preventing food and beverages from entering the trachea..‫ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ دﺧﻮل اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻤﺮور اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬69) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Figure 7. Vocal Cords. The true vocal cords and vestibular folds of the larynx are viewed inferiorly from the laryngopharynx. Figure 7..7 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ Vocal Cords..‫اﻟﺤﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ‬ The true vocal cords and vestibular folds of the larynx are viewed inferiorly from the laryngopharynx..‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ رؤﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ واﻟﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺪﻫﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻨﺠﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬70) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Trachea The trachea (windpipe) : a rigid tube about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter – Anterior to esophagus The trachea : extends from the larynx toward the lungs The trachea : is formed by 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue that reinforce trachea and prevent collapse during inhalation Opening in rings faces posteriorly toward esophagus. Gap in C : allows room for the esophagus to expand as ‫‪Trachea‬‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺒﺔ ﻫﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪ The trachea (windpipe) : a rigid tube about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter – Anterior to‬‬ ‫‪esophagus‬‬ ‫ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ )اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ(‪ :‬أﻧﺒﻮب ﺻﻠﺐ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 12‬ﺳﻢ وﻗﻄﺮه ‪ 2.5‬ﺳﻢ ‪ -‬أﻣﺎم اﻟﻤﺮيء‬ ‫‪The trachea : extends from the larynx toward the‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪lungs‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪The trachea : is formed by 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 16‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 20‬ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺮاﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف ‪C‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (73‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬ pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue that reinforce trachea and prevent collapse during inhalation ‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻧﺴﯿﺞ ﺿﺎم ﻛﺜﯿﻒ ﯾﻌﺰز اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ وﯾﻤﻨﻊ اﻧﻬﯿﺎرﻫﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق‬ Opening in rings faces posteriorly toward esophagus..‫ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﺮيء‬ Gap in C : allows room for the esophagus to expand as ‫ ﺗﺘﯿﺢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮيء ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬:C ‫ اﻟﻔﺠﻮة ﻓﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬73) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The Trachealis Muscle and Elastic Connective Tissue together form The Fibro Elastic Membrane, a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C-shaped cartilages. The Fibro Elastic Membrane Allows the trachea to stretch and expand slightly during inhalation and exhalation, whereas the rings of cartilage provide structural support and prevent the trachea from collapsing. The trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which is continuous with the larynx.  The Trachealis Muscle and Elastic Connective Tissue together form The Fibro Elastic Membrane, a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C-shaped cartilages. ‫ وﻫﻮ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﺮن ﯾﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم اﻟﻤﺮن ﻣ ًﻌﺎ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻠﯿﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺮن‬.C ‫ وﯾﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف‬،‫ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ The Fibro Elastic Membrane Allows the trachea to stretch and expand slightly during inhalation and exhalation, whereas the rings of cartilage provide structural support and prevent the trachea from collapsing. ً ‫ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺮن اﻟﻠﯿﻔﻲ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪد واﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ‬،‫ﻗﻠﯿﻼ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺸﻬﯿﻖ واﻟﺰﻓﯿﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻬﯿﻜﻠﻲ وﺗﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻬﯿﺎر‬ The trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which is continuous with the larynx..‫ وﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬،‫ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﺑﻈﻬﺎرة ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ ﻛﺎذﺑﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬74) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The tracheal tube is formed by stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage. ‫‪The tracheal tube is formed by stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن أﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺪﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف ‪ C‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (75‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  Bronchial Tree The trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi at the carina. primary bronchi are lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing mucus-producing goblet cells. The carina is a raised structure that contains specialized nervous tissue that induces violent coughing if a foreign body, such as food, is present. Rings of cartilage, similar to those of the trachea, support the structure of the bronchi and prevent their collapse. Bronchial Tree ‫ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ The trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi at the carina..‫ ﺗﺘﻔﺮع اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﯿﻤﻨﻰ واﻟﯿﺴﺮى ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺠﺆﺟﺆ‬ primary bronchi are lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing mucus-producing goblet cells..‫ ﺗﺼﻄﻒ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻇﻬﺎرة ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ ﻛﺎذﺑﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻛﺄﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎط‬ The carina is a raised structure that contains specialized nervous tissue that induces violent coughing if a foreign body, such as food, is present. ،‫ اﻟﺠﺆﺟﺆ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻫﯿﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﯿﺞ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﻌﺎل اﻟﻌﻨﯿﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﺟﺴﻢ ﻏﺮﯾﺐ‬.‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬ Rings of cartilage, similar to those of the trachea, support the structure of the bronchi and prevent their collapse..‫ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ وﺗﻤﻨﻊ اﻧﻬﯿﺎرﻫﺎ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬76) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Bronchial Tree The primary bronchi enter the lungs at the hilum, a concave region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves also enter the lungs. The bronchi continue to branch into bronchial a tree. A bronchial tree (or respiratory tree) is the term used for these multiple-branched bronchi. ‫‪Bronchial Tree‬‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪The primary bronchi enter the lungs at the hilum, a concave region where blood vessels,‬‬ ‫‪lymphatic vessels, and nerves also enter the lungs.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﯿﺮ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻘﻌﺮة ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ً‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ واﻷوﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ واﻷﻋﺼﺎب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ The bronchi continue to branch into bronchial a tree.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺮع إﻟﻰ ﺷﺠﺮة ﻗﺼﺒﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪A bronchial tree (or respiratory tree) is the term used for these multiple-branched bronchi.‬‬ ‫ ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ )أو ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ( ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻔﺮوع‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (77‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  The Primary Bronchus The Primary Bronchus Right Bronchus 1.Wider 2.Shorter 3.More Vertical Left Bronchus 4.Narrower 5.Longer 6.More horizontal ‫‪The Primary Bronchus‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪The Primary Bronchus Right Bronchus 1.Wider 2.Shorter 3.More Vertical Left Bronchus‬‬ ‫‪4.Narrower 5.Longer 6.More horizontal‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﯿﻤﻨﻰ ‪.1‬أوﺳﻊ ‪.2‬أﻗﺼﺮ ‪.3‬اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﯿﺴﺮى أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ‪.4‬أﺿﯿﻖ ‪.5‬أﻃﻮل ‪.6‬‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ أﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (78‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  The main function of the bronchi : is to provide a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung. In addition, the mucous membrane traps debris and pathogens. The Tertiary Bronchi divided to a bronchiole branches. Bronchioles, which are about 1 mm in diameter, further branch until they become the tiny terminal bronchioles, which lead to the structures of gas exchange. The main function of the bronchi : : ‫اﻟﻮﻇﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ is to provide a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung..‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻣﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ وﺧﺎرج ﻛﻞ رﺋﺔ‬ In addition, the mucous membrane traps debris and pathogens..‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻲ ﯾﺤﺒﺲ اﻟﺤﻄﺎم وﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻷﻣﺮاض‬،‫وﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬ The Tertiary Bronchi divided to a bronchiole branches..‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻓﺮوع ﻗﺼﯿﺒﯿﺔ‬ Bronchioles, which are about 1 mm in diameter, further branch until they become the tiny terminal bronchioles, which lead to the structures of gas exchange. ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻫﯿﺎﻛﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺘﻔﺮع أﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬،‫ ﻣﻢ‬1 ‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺒﺎت‬.‫ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬80) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The Bronchioles There are more than 1000 terminal bronchioles in each lung. The muscular walls of the bronchioles do not contain cartilage like those of the bronchi. This muscular wall can change the size of the tubing to increase or decrease airflow through the tube. The Bronchioles ‫اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺒﺎت‬ There are more than 1000 terminal bronchioles in each lung..‫ ﻗﺼﯿﺒﺔ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ رﺋﺔ‬1000 ‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ The muscular walls of the bronchioles do not contain cartilage like those of the bronchi..‫ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺠﺪران اﻟﻌﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻀﺎرﯾﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ This muscular wall can change the size of the tubing to increase or decrease airflow through the tube..‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ أن ﯾﻐﯿﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة أو ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻋﺒﺮ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬81) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Respiratory Zone The Respiratory Zone: Includes structures that are directly involved in gas exchange. The respiratory zone : begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole, the smallest type of bronchiole , which then leads to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli. Respiratory Zone ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ The Respiratory Zone: Includes structures that are directly involved in gas exchange..‫ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺎرك ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات‬:‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ‬ The respiratory zone : begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole, the smallest type of bronchiole , which then leads to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli. ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي ﺑﻌﺪ‬،‫ وﻫﻲ أﺻﻐﺮ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺒﺎت‬،‫ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻨﻀﻢ اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬82) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Alveoli An alveolar duct is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli. An alveolus is one of the many small, grape-like sacs that are attached to the alveolar ducts. An alveolar sac : is a cluster of many individual alveoli that are responsible for gas exchange. ‫‪Figure 6.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.6‬‬ ‫‪Larynx.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫‪The larynx extends fromthe laryngopharynx and the hyoid bone to the trachea‬‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺘﺪ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي واﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻼﻣﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (65‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  Alveoli An alveolus is approximately 200 μm in diameter with elastic walls that allow the alveolus to stretch during air intake, which greatly increases the surface area available for gas exchange. Alveoli are connected to their neighbors by alveolar pores, which help maintain equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung. Alveoli ‫اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ An alveolus is approximately 200 μm in diameter with elastic walls that allow the alveolus to stretch during air intake, which greatly increases the surface area available for gas exchange. ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺪران ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪد أﺛﻨﺎء ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬200 ‫ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ Alveoli are connected to their neighbors by alveolar pores, which help maintain equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung. ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوي‬،‫ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺎم اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﺮﺋﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬85) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract ‫ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬86) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Respiratory Zone : Bronchioles lead to alveolar sacs in the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs. ‫‪Respiratory Zone : Bronchioles lead to alveolar sacs in the respiratory zone, where gas‬‬ ‫‪exchange occurs.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻛﯿﺎس ﺳﻨﺨﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ | (87‬ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬ Figure 10. Structures of the Respiratory Zone. (a) The alveolus is responsible for gas exchange. (b) A micrograph shows the alveolar structures within lung tissue. Figure 10..10 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ Structures of the Respiratory Zone..‫ﻫﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ‬ (a) The alveolus is responsible for gas exchange..‫)أ( اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ (b) A micrograph shows the alveolar structures within lung tissue..‫)ب( ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺠﻬﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ داﺧﻞ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬88) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ The alveolar wall consists of three major cell types: Type I Alveolar Cells, Type II Alveolar Cells, And Alveolar Macrophages. 1. A type I alveolar cell: is a squamous epithelial cell of the alveoli, which constitute up to 97 percent of the alveolar surface area. These cells are about 25 nm thick and are highly permeable to gases. 2. A type II alveolar cell: is interspersed among the type I cells and secretes pulmonary surfactant, a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. The alveolar wall consists of three major cell types: :‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺴﻨﺨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ Type I Alveolar Cells, Type II Alveolar Cells, And Alveolar Macrophages..‫ واﻟﺒﻼﻋﻢ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول‬ A type I alveolar cell: is a squamous epithelial cell of the alveoli, which constitute up to 97 percent of the alveolar surface area. ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬97 ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻇﻬﺎرﯾﺔ ﺣﺮﺷﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ‬.‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﻲ‬ These cells are about 25 nm thick and are highly permeable to gases..‫ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ وﻫﻲ ذات ﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬25 ‫ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺳﻤﻚ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬89) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ 3. The alveolar macrophage is, a phagocytic cell of the immune system A type II alveolar cell: is interspersed among the type I cells and secretes pulmonary surfactant, a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. ‫ وﻫﻲ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول وﺗﻔﺮز ﻣﺎدة ﺧﺎﻓﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ اﻟﺮﺋﻮي‬:‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﯿﺔ واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬89) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The simple squamous epithelium formed by type I alveolar cells is attached to a thin, elastic basement membrane. The simple squamous epithelium is extremely thin and borders the endothelial membrane of capillaries. Taken together, the alveoli and capillary membranes form a respiratory membrane that is approximately 0.5 mm thick. The respiratory membrane allows gases to cross by simple diffusion, allowing oxygen to be picked up by the blood for transport and CO2 to be released into the air of the alveoli.  The simple squamous epithelium formed by type I alveolar cells is attached to a thin, elastic basement membrane..‫ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻐﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪي رﻗﯿﻖ وﻣﺮن‬ The simple squamous epithelium is extremely thin and borders the endothelial membrane of capillaries..‫ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ رﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ وﺗﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﯿﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ‬ Taken together, the alveoli and capillary membranes form a respiratory membrane that is approximately 0.5 mm thick..‫ ﻣﻢ‬0.5 ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ واﻷﻏﺸﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺮﯾﺔ ﻣ ًﻌﺎ ﻏﺸﺎ ًءا ﺗﻨﻔﺴ ًﯿﺎ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺳﻤﻜﻪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ The respiratory membrane allows gases to cross by simple diffusion, allowing oxygen to be picked up by the blood for transport and CO2to be released into the air of the alveoli. ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﺪم‬،‫ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﻌﺒﻮر اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬.‫ﻟﻨﻘﻠﻪ وإﻃﻼق ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮاء اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬90) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The Lungs The Lungs: A major organ of the respiratory system, each lung houses structures of both the conducting and respiratory zones. The main function of the lungs is to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with air from the atmosphere. The lungs exchange respiratory gases across a very large epithelial surface area that is highly permeable to gases. The Lungs ‫اﻟﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ‬ The Lungs: A major organ of the respiratory system, each lung houses structures of both the conducting and respiratory zones..‫ وﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻛﻞ رﺋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﺔ واﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻀﻮ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬:‫اﻟﺮﺋﺘﺎن‬ The main function of the lungs is to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with air from the atmosphere..‫اﻟﻮﻇﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬ The lungs exchange respiratory gases across a very large epithelial surface area that is highly permeable to gases..‫ﺗﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﺮﺋﺘﺎن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻇﻬﺎرﯾﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪًا ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ﺗُﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬91) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Gross Anatomy of the Lungs The lungs are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi. The inferior surface of the lungs are bordered by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the flat, dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic cavity. Gross Anatomy of the Lungs ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺢ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﺘﯿﻦ‬ The lungs are pyramid-shaped, paired or