Session 3: Part of Speech PDF

Session 3: Part of Speech []{#anchor}What can you say about the nature of language? ========================================================= Language is a code to interact with each other How is direct speech introduced (depending on the register)? Give an example. Understand the genral structu...

Session 3: Part of Speech []{#anchor}What can you say about the nature of language? ========================================================= Language is a code to interact with each other How is direct speech introduced (depending on the register)? Give an example. Understand the genral structure of English Identify all the parts of a Noun phase Il y a 2 catégories de Part of Speech: \- Lexical Words (Sens, Concept) Ex: Oiseau, Manger \- Function Words (Forme des relations entre les mots) Ex: Mais ou est donc or ni car Nature d\'un mot La nature d\'un mot ne change pas \"***The** cat* has eaten ***the** mouse*\" \"*The Mouse* is Grey\" Determinant Nom Adverbe Verbe Adjectif Complément d\'Objet Direct Sujet Preposition Pronom Conjonction Activity 1: Recognizing parts of speech After **the** judge ordered him to Nickel, Elwood had **three** **last** Nights at home. Lexical Words : -Noun : Refer to entities (Objects, people, concepts), can take determiners, adjectives, etc.. -Verbs ; Actions or states, take a subject, and potentially an object, etc. -Adjectives: Describe the quality of a noun, can take inflexional suffixes (-er, -est, -able, -ful), etc. -Adverbs : Often adjective + -ly, modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb Function Words: Determiners: help clarify what a noun refers to (*my* book, *this* book, *some* books, etc.) Prepositions: short, invariable linking words that usually introduce a PP (Prepositional Phase) PP = \[P+NP\] (I like that picture \[**of** our beautiful house\]) Conjunctions: coordinators (and, or, but \...) and subordinators (whether, that\...) Auxiliaries: Primary vs modal (May, Might, Must, Will, Would, Can, Could, Shall, Should), added to the main lexical verb, shows tense, aspect, active/passive Pronouns: It replace a noun/fill the position of a noun or NP (I, you, he, she\... Myself, yours, who, that\...) Grammatical Units A clause consists of one or more phrases (it always includes a verb) A phrase consists of one or more words A words consists of one or more morphemes (**un***forgetable)* 3 Morphemes **préfixe***suffixe* A general grammatical units are described in terms of four factors: their structure, their syntactics, their role, their meaning, and the way they are used in discourse. LGSGSE p13. Sentence: But he was a white man with a pistol so despite his dishevelment he sent a vibration Clauses: \[But **he was** a white man with a pistol\] \[so despite gis dishevelment **he sent** a vibration\] */!\\* One Verb = One Clauses NPs: But \[**he**\] was \[\[a white **man**\] with \[a **pistol**\]\] so despite \[his **dishevelment** \[**he**\] sent \[a **vibration**\] PPs: But he was a white man \[**with** a pistol\] so \[**despite** his dishevelment\] he sent a vibration VPs : But he \[**was**\] a white man with a pistol so despite is dishevelment he \[**sent**\] a vibration Words: \[But\] \[he\] \[was\] \[a\] \[white\] \[man\] \[with\] \[a\] \[pistol\] \[so\] \[despite\] \[his\] \[dishevelment\] \[he\] \[sent\] \[a\] \[vibration\] Morphemes: \[But\] \[he\] was = BE + ED \[a\] \[white\] \[man\] \[with\] \[a\] \[pistol\] \[so\] \[despite\] \[his\] \[di\]\[shevel\]\[ment\] \[he\] {sent = Send + ED} \[a\] \[vibrat\]\[ion\] **-Sentence** : Along the street men watched from porches and smoked and gripped the railings. **-Clauses** : \[Along the street men **watched** from porches\] \[and **smoked**\] \[and **gripped** the railings.\] **-NPs**: Along \[the **street**\] \[**men**\] watched from \[**porches**\] and smoked and gripped \[the **railings.**\] **-Pps**: \[Along the street\] men watched \[**from** porches\] and smoked and gripped the railings. **-Vps**: Along the street men \[**watched**\] from porches and \[**smoked**\] and \[**gripped**\] the railings. **-Words**: \[Along\] \[the\] \[street\] \[men\] \[watched\] \[from\] \[porches\] \[and\] \[smoked\] \[and\] \[gripped\] \[the\] \[railings\]. **-Morphemes**: \[A\]\[long\] \[the\] \[street\] \[men\] {watched=watch + ED} \[from\] \[porch\]\[es\] \[and\] {smoked = Smoke + ED} \[and\] {gripped=Grip + ED} \[the\] \[rail\]\[ing\]\[s\]. Open Classes and Closed Classes **Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs** are lexical parts of speech: → They belong to **open Classes** **Determiners, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and pronouns** are grammatical parts of speech because: Their numbers are very limited None can be invented → They belong to **closed classes** []{#anchor-1}Words belonging to several parts of speech ======================================================= He has a **round** face = adjectives It\'s just **round** the corner = prepositions The next **round** will be crucial = noun The carpenter will **round** the edges of the table = verb That\'s a **fast** car = adjectives He accepted the deal too **fast =** adverb I will **fast** for two days = verb I think that that \'that\' that that man used should have been \'this\' I think **that** = Conjunction I think that **that** = Determiners I think that that \'**that**\' = Noun I think that that \'that\' **that** = Relative Pronoun I think that that \'that\' that **that** = Determiners (Je pense que ce \'that\' que cet homme utilise aurait du être un \'this\') []{#anchor-2}Open classes and neologisms ======================================== A chaterama (noun) \"Chat + Panorama \| Qui aime parler de tout\" To chillax (verb) \"Chill + Relax \| Loveship \"Love + Friend ship\" Bigly Hellaciously