Parts of Speech PDF
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Muhammad Aqib
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This document provides a comprehensive explanation of various parts of speech in the English language, including verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
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Parts of Speech Muhammad Aqib MPhil English Linguistics Parts of Speech – Verbs Verbs are the most important words in a sentence Most verbs are action words but a few verbs indicate state of being or existence Examples: action verbs 1. The wolf ran across the sand. 2. S...
Parts of Speech Muhammad Aqib MPhil English Linguistics Parts of Speech – Verbs Verbs are the most important words in a sentence Most verbs are action words but a few verbs indicate state of being or existence Examples: action verbs 1. The wolf ran across the sand. 2. Sit down. Parts of Speech – Verbs Some verbs are state of being verbs Examples: 1. The pie looks good. 2. You seem upset. Parts of Speech – Verbs Verbs can be action verbs or linking verbs/state of being verbs Examples: 1. He appears happy. (linking or state of being) 2. The image appeared in the mirror. (action) Parts of Speech – Verbs Sometimes a verb can be more than one word, it is called a verb phrase Verb phrases can be two, three, or four words Verb phrases are made by using auxiliary or helping verbs Examples: 1. You are going to Seattle. 2. You have been resting too much. Parts of Speech – Verbs There are twenty-three (23) helping verbs They are usually grouped in the following five groups: Group 1: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been Group 2: has, have, had Group 3: do, does, did Group 4: shall, will, should, would Group 5: may, might, must, can, could Parts of Speech – Verbs Some of the helping verbs can be used alone as the main verb The other helping verbs cannot be used alone but only as helping verbs Is, am, are, was, and were can be used : alone as linking or state of being verbs Has, have, had, do, does, and did always: show action when used alone.. Parts of Speech – Verbs Be, being, and been can be used with other verbs: either to show action or state of being Example: 1. You do beautiful work.(action) 2. I was in Canada last week.(state of being) Parts of Speech – Verbs The use of helping verbs causes certain changes in verb phrases that is the use of contractions Group 1: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been Group 2: has, have, had Group 3: do, does, did Group 4: shall, will, should, would Group 5: may, might, must, can, could Example: I've , aren't, She's, Parts of Speech – Verbs Sometimes verb phrases are separated by words called adverbs Adverbs are often used with verbs; however, they are not considered part of the verb phrase Example: 1. You have not helped your father today. 2. The child had suddenly choked on the food. Parts of Speech – Verbs Not and its contracted form n't are never part of the verb. Example: 1. The horse shouldn't have been worked so much. (should have been worked) 2. Wouldn't you give me another chance? (would work) Parts of Speech – Verbs (9) Verb phrases with two or more helping verbs always keep a definite order Most helping verbs can combine with other helping verbs but will not combine with all of them Example: has been said will be said could have been said may have said had been said Parts of Speech – Verbs We can change the form of a verb Example: a verb can have an s added to it as in eat, eats or run, runs Other changes could be eating Ate eaten for the verb eat Eat , eats, eating, ate, eaten Nouns A noun is a word that names: A person Place Thing Nouns often follow words like a, an, and the. Examples: man, city, book, and courage Nouns Classifications Nouns are classified into two general classifications: i. Proper Noun ii. Common Noun Proper Nouns name: a special person place or thing begin with capital letters All other nouns begin with small letters and are common nouns Nouns Classifications Examples: Common nouns include: city man boat radio These could be changed into proper noun forms by naming specifics: Salt Lake City Mr. Jones Santa Maria Motorola Nouns Classifications Nouns can also be classified in specific ways: Concrete nouns Abstract nouns Compound nouns Concrete nouns : name things that exist physically: Sidewalk Bird Toy Hair Rain Nouns Classifications Abstract nouns: name ideas, characteristics, or qualities as: Courage pride Goodness Success Compound nouns : are made up of more than one word as: dining room Bill of Rights Jeff Hansen Nouns Classifications Three other specific classifications for nouns are: Collective nouns Count nouns Mass nouns Collective nouns: name groups, such as: Team Class Choir Nouns Classifications Count nouns: can be counted, we can use: a, an, many, or a number before count nouns Examples include: one boy six sheep many days Mass nouns : are not countable and include words like: gasoline Water Pronouns A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun or a group of words used as a noun Pronouns are classified in five (5) different categories: i. Personal pronouns ii. Relative pronouns iii.Demonstrative pronouns iv. Indefinite pronouns v. Interrogative pronouns Pronouns Some pronouns can appear in more than one classification The way in which a pronoun is classified depends on how it is used in a sentence 1. Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns refer to: (1) the speaker or speakers: which is called first person, and include the following pronouns: I, my, mine, me, myself we, our, ours, us, ourselves 1. Personal Pronouns (2) those spoken to: which is called second person, and include the following pronouns: you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves 1. Personal Pronouns (3) those spoken about: which is called third person, and includes the following pronouns: he, his, him, himself, she, her, hers, herself, it, its, itself, they, their, theirs, them, themselves Personal pronouns can be: singular (one) or plural (two or more) just as verbs and nouns Possessive Pronouns Some personal pronouns are called possessives because they show: whose something is They are the following pronouns: my, mine your, yours his, her, hers its our, ours their, and theirs Possessive Pronouns Example: The money is mine. Mine tells whose money it is. Reflexive Pronouns The personal pronouns: myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, and themselves are compound personal pronouns combining the personal pronoun with self or selves They are used as reflexive pronouns Example: Carl hurt himself Intensive Pronouns The personal pronouns: myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, and themselves can also be used as intensive pronouns Example: Carl himself won the race 2. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns join dependent clauses to independent clauses They are who, whose, whom, which, and that Example: He found his money that he had lost. That joins the two clauses together into one sentence 3. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that point out They are: this, that, these, and those Example: That is my hat. I like these not those. 4. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not point out specifically, they point out generally They include such words as: another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, other, others, some, somebody, and someone. 4. Indefinite Pronouns Example: 1. Both of the students should hand in everything they have completed. 2. I didn't see anyone I knew. 5. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns ask questions Who, whom, whose, which, and what are interrogative pronouns Example: Who is going with me? Which is the right answer? Pronouns Some pronouns can appear in more than one classification The way in which a pronoun is classified depends on how it is used in a sentence Antecedent The word for which the pronoun stands is called its antecedent Antecedent may be: in the same sentence in a previous sentence or not given at all Antecedent Example: The boy threw the football. He threw it over the fence. Boy is the antecedent for he football is the antecedent for it Antecedent A pronoun can be an antecedent for another pronoun He likes his new car He is the antecedent for his The antecedent always comes before the pronoun for which it is the antecedent Parts of Speech - Adjectives Adjectives modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns Adjectives tell us which whose what kind how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify They generally come before the noun or pronoun they modify but there are exceptions to that rule Parts of Speech - Adjectives There are seven (7) words in the English language that are always adjectives They are the articles A An The The possessives My Our Your Their Adjectives Examples: The neighbor girl likes chocolate ice cream Mr. Johanson is tall, dark and handsome Adjectives Pronouns used as adjectives are called pronominal adjectives Other pronouns can also be used as adjectives, but they are not always adjectives: Demonstrative pronouns this, that, these, those; Interrogative pronouns whose, which, what; Indefinite pronouns another, any, both, each, either, many, neither, one, other, some; when used with a noun become adjectives Adjectives Cardinal and ordinal numbers can be adjectives Examples: ten students (cardinal) the tenth student (ordinal) Adjectives Examples: Whose car is that red one in the driveway? The third person entering the city park won another prize. Adjectives Some authorities call nouns used to described another noun noun adjuncts They tell us whose or what kind Proper nouns, possessives and common nouns can be adjectives Examples: July storms winter weather Jim's boat boy's bed Adjectives Verb forms can also be used as adjectives They are called participial adjectives Examples: § the lost mine § the howling wolf Adjectives Adjectives are not limited in how many can be used with a noun to modify it as in the big black frightening curly bear These adjectives follow an order pattern when two or more are used together There is no written rule but just common usage. Examples: the second three days three second the days both his friends his both friends Forms of Adjectives Adjectives can be used in comparisons which means we change the form of the adjective when speaking of one, two, or more than two They change either by adding er or est to the adjective or by using the words more or most before the adjective Some are irregular in their form Examples: good, better, best The dictionary gives the forms for most words using er or est to form comparisons The three degrees of comparison are called (1) positive which states a quality of one thing or person, (2) comparative which compares two things or persons, and (3) superlative which compares more than two things or persons Examples: positive - new, careless, good; comparative - newer, more careless, better; superlative - newest, most careless, best Many two-syllable adjectives and almost all adjectives with three or more syllables use more or most to form the comparative and superlative forms Examples: honest, more honest, most honest careful, more careful, most careful Never use double comparisons If you use er or est, then don't use more or most. Correct: He is busier than I. Incorrect: He is more busier than I. Use the article an before a word beginning with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or a vowel sound (words beginning with a silent h as heir, hour) Words that start with eu or u that are pronounced with a long u or pronounced like "you" use the article a before them Examples: an egg, a eucalyptus tree an hour, a house an orange, an idea, a mouse, a river, a boy, When you are using separate nouns, be sure to use the articles (a, an, or the) before each noun If only one thing or person is meant, do not repeat the article Examples: I need a secretary and a bookkeeper. ( two persons) I need a secretary and bookkeeper. (one person) She lost the black and white kitten. (one kitten) Use this or that with kind or sort because both are singular; use these or those with kinds or sorts because both are plural Examples: this or that kind of stocks these or those kinds of stocks this or that sort of people these or those sorts of people Do not use the pronoun them for the adjectives these or those Correct: Give me those papers Correct: Give me them. Incorrect: Give me them papers. Parts of Speech - Adverbs Adverbs are words that modify verbs adjectives other adverbs Adverbs Adverbs tell when (time) where (place) how (manner) how much (degree) why (cause) Parts of Speech - Adverbs Adverbs that tell us how when where why always modify the verb Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify Parts of Speech - Adverbs Examples: He kicked the ball firmly. (how) He kicked the ball immediately. (when) He kicked the ball forward. (where) He kicked the ball too hard. (how much) Parts of Speech - Adverbs Many adverbs end with “ly” which is a good clue to adverb recognition but not all words that end in ly are adverbs Some words such as daily, yearly, hourly can be either adverbs or adjectives Examples: Daily (adverb) we did our very hard lessons. The yearly (adjective) crop was totally ruined by the weather. Hourly (adverb) we listened to the rapidly falling rain. Parts of Speech - Adverbs Not and its contraction n't are adverbs They really modify the entire sentence But they must modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence Parts of Speech - Adverbs Examples: Terri did not do the work correctly. both words modify the verb did do Mom was never so deeply pleased with the kids. never and deeply modify the verb was pleased so modifies deeply telling how much Parts of Speech - Adverbs Adverbs may be compound Example: He speaks rapidly and well. Parts of Speech - Adverbs Adverbs that tell us how when where can shift position in the sentence. Example: I am often out of town. Often I am out of town. I am out of town often. Parts of Speech - Adverbs Most adverbs are formed from adjectives Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjective. Example: slow - slowly Parts of Speech - Adverbs Most adjectives that end in y Change the y to i and then add the ly to form the adverb Example: lazy - lazily Parts of Speech - Adverbs Most adjectives that have more than one syllable and end in le simply change the e to y to form the adverb Example: favorable - favorably Parts of Speech - Adverbs Most adjectives ending in ic add ally to form the adverb Example: basic - basically Parts of Speech - Adverbs Not all adverbs are formed from adjectives Some common ones are never, not, here, there, then, when, where, always, too, now, and very Remember that adverbs tell us how, when, where, why, and how much and modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs Parts of Speech - Adverbs Adverbs like adjectives can be compared They have the same three degrees positive - one thing or person comparative - two things or persons superlative - more than two things or persons Most adverbs formed from adjectives use more or most to express comparisons Example: slowly, more slowly, most slowly Parts of Speech - Adverbs Some adverbs, including those that can also be adjectives, use er and est to form comparisons Example: soon, sooner, soonest Parts of Speech - Adverbs Some adverbs have an irregular comparison Example: § well, better, best Parts of Speech - Adverbs Most adverbs not formed from verbs cannot be compared Words like now, too, then, not, already, again, always, yesterday, almost, why, and here. Example: Today or tomorrow I should finish my technically difficult work. Don't leave me alone. Today or tomorrow I should finish my technically difficult work. Don't leave me alone. Parts of Speech - Adverbs Do not use two negative words to limit one idea Be careful not to use not or n't, no, never, none, hardly, scarcely, or nothing with another negative word. Examples: Incorrect - Jim never likes no help. Correct - Jim never likes help. Jim likes no help. Incorrect - Barbara didn't say nothing. Correct - Barbara said nothing. Barbara didn't say anything. Preposition A preposition is a word that begins a prepositional phrase It shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence A preposition must always have an object Preposition A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition ends with an object may have modifiers between the proposition and object of the preposition Preposition § A list of common words that can be used as prepositions: § about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at § before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (when it means except), by § concerning § down, during § Except § for, from Preposition § in, inside, into § Like § Near § of, off, on, out, outside, over § Past § Since § Through § to, toward § under, until, up, upon § with, within, and without Preposition These words can be used as other parts of speech What part of speech it is depends on how it is used in that sentence Many of the common words used as prepositions can be used as adverbs Words are prepositions if they have an object to complete them Preposition To decide which it is say the preposition?? ? If a noun or a pronoun answers the question: whom or what the word is a preposition Preposition Example: The boy stood up and ran down the street. Up what? There is no object; therefore up is not a preposition Down what? Street answers the question; therefore, down is a preposition Preposition Example: The boy stood up and ran down the street. Down the street is the prepositional phrase starting with the preposition down and ending with the object street with a modifier the in between conjunction A conjunction is a word that joins other Words Phrases (groups of words) Clauses (groups of words with a subject and verb) Co-ordinate conjunctions Co-ordinate conjunctions join Words Phrases or Clauses of equal rank co-ordinate conjunctions The co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: And But Or Nor For Yet (For and yet can only join clauses.) correlative conjunctions The correlative conjunctions are always in pairs they are: either-or neither-nor both-and not only-but also whether-or subordinate conjunctions Some common subordinate Since conjunctions are: so that After Than Although Unless As Until as if When Because Where Before While If Interjections An interjection is a word or word group that shows feeling A mild interjection is followed by a comma A strong interjection is followed by an exclamation mark Interjections Examples: Well, we will soon be home. Oh! I didn't know he had died.
