Session 3: Parts of Speech

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are considered open classes in parts of speech?

  • Prepositions
  • Nouns (correct)
  • Pronouns
  • Adjectives (correct)

Closed classes can have an unlimited number of new words invented.

False (B)

What part of speech is the word 'fast' in the sentence 'He accepted the deal too fast'?

adverb

The word 'round' can function as a ______ when referring to a shape.

<p>adjective</p>
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Match the following new words to their components:

<p>Chaterama = Chat + Panorama Chillax = Chill + Relax Loveship = Love + Friendship Bigly = Informal adverbial expression</p>
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Which of the following is a function word?

<p>Conjunction (D)</p>
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The nature of a word can change depending on its context.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the purpose of determiners in a sentence?

<p>To clarify what a noun refers to.</p>
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A clause always includes a _____ and consists of one or more phrases.

<p>verb</p>
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Match the following parts of speech with their descriptions:

<p>Noun = Refers to entities or concepts Verb = Denotes actions or states Adjective = Describes qualities of nouns Adverb = Modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a category of part of speech?

<p>Adverbial Phrase (A)</p>
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Adverbs can only modify verbs.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What are auxiliaries used for in a sentence?

<p>To show tense, aspect, and voice.</p>
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Which of the following verbs is used in the first sentence?

<p>sent (A)</p>
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Both sentences contain only one independent clause.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Identify a noun phrase (NP) from the second sentence.

<p>men</p>
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The first sentence describes a white man with a _____ in his possession.

<p>pistol</p>
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Match the following verbs with their sentences:

<p>watched = First sentence smoked = Second sentence sent = First sentence gripped = Second sentence</p>
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Flashcards

Open classes of words

Word classes that can constantly be added to with new words.

Closed classes of words

Word classes with a fixed number of members that don't change.

Words with multiple parts of speech

Words that can belong to different parts of speech depending on context.

Neologisms

New words created by combining existing words or parts of words.

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Word formation

The process of creating new words by combining existing words or parts of words.

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Clause

A phrase that contains a subject and a verb, and expresses a complete thought.

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Noun Phrase (NP)

A group of words that function as a single unit in a sentence, usually including a noun and its modifiers.

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Verb Phrase (VP)

A group of words that function as a single unit in a sentence, usually including a verb and its modifiers.

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Prepositional Phrase (PP)

A group of words that function as a single unit in a sentence, usually including a preposition and its object.

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Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language. They can be words, prefixes, suffixes, or root words.

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Lexical Words

Words that carry meaning and represent concepts in a sentence. Examples include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

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Function Words

Words that connect or modify other words in a sentence, helping to establish relationships. Examples include prepositions, determiners, conjunctions, and auxiliaries.

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Determiners

Words that specify which noun is being referred to. Examples include "the," "this," "my," and "some".

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Prepositions

Short words that link a noun phrase to another part of the sentence, often introducing a prepositional phrase. Examples include "of," "in," "on," and "to".

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Conjunctions

Words that join words, phrases, or clauses. Examples include "and," "or," "but," and "because".

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Study Notes

Session 3: Parts of Speech

  • Language is a code used for interaction
  • Direct speech varies depending on the context (register)
  • English sentence structure is generally understood
  • Parts of speech are categorized into two types:
    • Lexical Words (meaning/concept): Examples include "bird," "eat"
    • Function Words (form/relationship between words): Examples include "but," "is"
  • Word nature stays consistent ("cat ate mouse" vs "mouse is grey")

Parts of a Noun Phrase

  • Determiners: introduce a noun (e.g., "the," "a")
  • Adjectives: describe nouns (e.g., "grey" describing a noun)
  • Nouns: refer to things, people, ideas
  • Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Verbs: actions or states
  • Complements of Direct Object (CD): objects affected by a verb's action
  • Subjects: perform the action of a verb
  • Prepositions: relate a noun phrase to another (e.g. "with")
  • Pronouns: replace nouns or noun phrases
  • Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses

Activity 1: Recognizing Parts of Speech

  • Lexical words can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs
    • Nouns refer to objects or people
    • Verbs describe actions or states
    • Adjectives describe the quality of a noun
    • Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs

Grammatical Units

  • A clause includes one or more phrases
  • A phrase includes one or more words or morphemes

Function Words

  • Determiners specify the noun they modify
  • Prepositions link noun phrases together
  • Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses
  • Auxiliary verbs accompany main verbs (e.g., "is," "has")

Open and Closed Classes

  • Open classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs have many members and new ones can be created
  • Closed classes: determiners, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns have a fixed number of members

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