Thinking Like A Historian - Vocabulary Sheet PDF

‭Sourcing:‬ ‭the‬‭process‬‭of‬‭understanding‬‭a‬‭document's‬‭origins‬‭and‬‭using‬‭that‬‭information‬‭to‬‭interpret‬‭its‬ ‭meaning,‬‭perspective,‬‭and‬‭reliability.‬ ‭Argumentation:‬ ‭a‬‭written‬‭or‬‭spoken‬‭position‬‭that‬‭uses‬‭reasoning‬‭to‬‭explain‬‭why‬‭and‬‭how‬‭an‬‭event‬‭in‬‭the‬‭past‬ ‭happ...

‭Sourcing:‬ ‭the‬‭process‬‭of‬‭understanding‬‭a‬‭document's‬‭origins‬‭and‬‭using‬‭that‬‭information‬‭to‬‭interpret‬‭its‬ ‭meaning,‬‭perspective,‬‭and‬‭reliability.‬ ‭Argumentation:‬ ‭a‬‭written‬‭or‬‭spoken‬‭position‬‭that‬‭uses‬‭reasoning‬‭to‬‭explain‬‭why‬‭and‬‭how‬‭an‬‭event‬‭in‬‭the‬‭past‬ ‭happened;‬‭usually‬‭done‬‭by‬‭making‬‭a‬‭claim‬‭or‬‭thesis‬‭,‬‭supported‬‭by‬‭evidence‬‭.‬ ‭Close‬‭Reading:‬ ‭a‬‭careful‬‭and‬‭detailed‬‭analysis‬‭of‬‭a‬‭written‬‭work,‬‭or‬‭the‬‭result‬‭of‬‭that‬‭analysis,‬‭that‬‭involves‬ ‭paying‬‭close‬‭attention‬‭to‬‭a‬‭text‬‭to‬‭understand‬‭its‬‭meaning.‬ ‭Veracity:‬ ‭a‬‭conformity‬‭to‬‭facts;‬‭accuracy,‬‭especially‬‭when‬‭examining‬‭primary‬‭and‬‭secondary‬‭sources.‬ ‭Context:‬ ‭the‬‭social,‬‭political,‬‭cultural,‬‭and‬‭economic‬‭setting‬‭of‬‭a‬‭particular‬‭event,‬‭idea,‬‭or‬‭object‬‭in‬ ‭history;‬‭includes‬‭the‬‭attitudes,‬‭moods,‬‭and‬‭conditions‬‭that‬‭existed‬‭during‬‭a‬‭certain‬‭time‬‭and‬ ‭place;‬‭use‬‭of‬‭historical‬‭empathy‬‭to‬‭better‬‭understand‬‭the‬‭circumstances‬‭of‬‭a‬‭particular‬‭time.‬ ‭Corroboration:‬ ‭the‬‭confirmation‬‭of‬‭information,‬‭facts,‬‭or‬‭data‬‭through‬‭vetting‬‭of‬‭multiple‬‭relevant,‬ ‭trustworthy‬‭sources;‬‭verifying‬‭the‬‭accuracy‬‭of‬‭evidence.‬ ‭Narrative:‬ ‭the‬‭practice‬‭of‬‭documenting‬‭history‬‭in‬‭a‬‭story-based‬‭form;‬‭reconstruction‬‭of‬‭historical‬‭events‬ ‭in‬‭a‬‭specific‬‭sequence‬‭in‬‭order‬‭to‬‭convey‬‭a‬‭larger‬‭message;‬‭subject‬‭to‬‭bias.‬ ‭Perspective:‬ ‭the‬‭ability‬‭to‬‭understand‬‭a‬‭subject‬‭in‬‭light‬‭of‬‭its‬‭origins‬‭and‬‭development,‬‭with‬‭the‬‭goal‬‭of‬ ‭improving‬‭understanding‬‭of‬‭the‬‭present‬‭and‬‭future.‬ ‭Liberty:‬ ‭the‬‭state‬‭of‬‭being‬‭free‬‭within‬‭society‬‭from‬‭oppressive‬‭restrictions‬‭imposed‬‭by‬‭authority‬‭on‬ ‭one's‬‭way‬‭of‬‭life,‬‭behavior,‬‭or‬‭political‬‭views.‬ ‭Democracy:‬ ‭a‬‭system‬‭of‬‭government‬‭by‬‭the‬‭whole‬‭population‬‭or‬‭all‬‭the‬‭eligible‬‭members‬‭of‬‭a‬‭state,‬‭typically‬ ‭through‬‭elected‬‭representatives.‬ ‭Equity:‬ ‭the‬‭quality‬‭of‬‭being‬‭fair‬‭and‬‭impartial;‬‭providing‬‭on‬‭a‬‭need‬‭basis.‬ ‭Equality:‬ ‭the‬‭state‬‭of‬‭being‬‭equal,‬‭especially‬‭in‬‭status,‬‭rights,‬‭and‬‭opportunities.‬ ‭Social‬‭Justice:‬ ‭the‬‭idea‬‭that‬‭everyone‬‭should‬‭have‬‭equal‬‭access‬‭to‬‭opportunities,‬‭rights,‬‭and‬‭responsibilities,‬ ‭regardless‬‭of‬‭their‬‭beliefs,‬‭behavior,‬‭or‬‭physical‬‭traits;‬‭active‬‭work‬‭done‬‭to‬‭advance‬‭this‬‭idea.‬ ‭Conservation:‬ ‭the‬‭moral‬‭philosophy‬‭and‬‭movement‬‭focused‬‭on‬‭protecting‬‭species‬‭from‬‭extinction,‬ ‭maintaining‬‭and‬‭restoring‬‭habitats,‬‭enhancing‬‭ecosystem‬‭services,‬‭and‬‭protecting‬‭biological‬ ‭diversity;‬‭protection‬‭of‬‭the‬‭natural‬‭environment‬‭against‬‭mankind’s‬‭impact‬‭on‬‭it.‬ ‭Innovation:‬ ‭the‬‭act‬‭of‬‭making‬‭changes‬‭in‬‭something‬‭established,‬‭especially‬‭by‬‭introducing‬‭new‬‭methods,‬ ‭ideas,‬‭or‬‭products;‬‭breakthrough‬‭advancement‬‭in‬‭technology‬‭or‬‭other‬‭ways‬‭of‬‭life.‬ ‭Progress:‬ ‭a‬‭movement‬‭towards‬‭a‬‭perceived‬‭refined,‬‭improved,‬‭or‬‭otherwise‬‭desired‬‭state;‬‭the‬‭capacity‬‭of‬ ‭a‬‭society‬‭to‬‭meet‬‭the‬‭basic‬‭human‬‭needs‬‭of‬‭its‬‭citizens‬‭by‬‭extending‬‭rights‬‭and‬‭privileges‬‭to‬ ‭different‬‭groups‬‭of‬‭people.‬ ‭Expression:‬ ‭all‬‭of‬‭the‬‭ways‬‭in‬‭which‬‭a‬‭person‬‭exhibits‬‭their‬‭feelings,‬‭emotions,‬‭thoughts,‬‭attitudes,‬‭beliefs,‬ ‭opinions,‬‭etc.‬‭through‬‭different‬‭means‬‭(verbal,‬‭written,‬‭artistic,‬‭etc);‬‭uniqueness‬‭and‬ ‭individuality.‬ ‭Alliances:‬ ‭a‬‭union‬‭or‬‭association‬‭formed‬‭for‬‭mutual‬‭benefit,‬‭especially‬‭between‬‭countries‬‭or‬ ‭organizations;‬‭a‬‭relationship‬‭based‬‭on‬‭an‬‭affinity‬‭in‬‭interests,‬‭nature,‬‭or‬‭qualities.‬ ‭Nation:‬ ‭a‬‭large‬‭body‬‭of‬‭people‬‭united‬‭by‬‭common‬‭descent,‬‭history,‬‭culture,‬‭or‬‭language,‬‭(usually)‬ ‭inhabiting‬‭a‬‭particular‬‭country‬‭or‬‭territory.‬ ‭State/Government:‬ ‭a‬‭nation‬‭or‬‭territory‬‭considered‬‭as‬‭an‬‭organized‬‭political‬‭community‬‭under‬‭one‬‭governing‬ ‭body.‬ ‭Human‬‭Rights:‬ ‭rights‬‭that‬‭are‬‭seen‬‭as‬‭universal;‬‭belonging‬‭to‬‭every‬‭person,‬‭regardless‬‭of‬‭race,‬‭sex,‬‭gender,‬ ‭nationality,‬‭religion,‬‭political‬‭affiliation,‬‭etc.‬ ‭Revolution:‬ ‭a‬‭rapid,‬‭radical‬‭change;‬‭oftentimes,‬‭a‬‭forcible‬‭overthrow‬‭of‬‭a‬‭government‬‭or‬‭social‬‭order,‬‭in‬ ‭favor‬‭of‬‭a‬‭new‬‭system;‬‭can‬‭refer‬‭to‬‭anything‬‭that‬‭upends‬‭the‬‭previous‬‭way‬‭of‬‭doing‬‭things.‬ ‭Commerce:‬ ‭the‬‭activity‬‭of‬‭buying‬‭and‬‭selling,‬‭especially‬‭on‬‭a‬‭large‬‭scale;‬‭engaging‬‭in‬‭trade.‬ ‭Globalization:‬ ‭the‬‭increasing‬‭interconnectedness‬‭of‬‭different‬‭nations‬‭and‬‭peoples‬‭across‬‭the‬‭world;‬ ‭integration‬‭of‬‭business,‬‭politics,‬‭and‬‭society‬‭on‬‭a‬‭global‬‭scale,‬‭driven‬‭by‬‭advancing‬‭technology.‬ ‭Isolationism:‬ ‭a‬‭resistance‬‭to‬‭globalization‬‭and‬‭increased‬‭interdependence‬‭on‬‭others;‬‭remaining‬‭uninvolved‬ ‭in‬‭global‬‭affairs‬‭or‬‭the‬‭affairs‬‭of‬‭other‬‭states.‬ ‭Cultural‬‭Diffusion:‬ ‭the‬‭spread‬‭of‬‭cultural‬‭items—such‬‭as‬‭ideas,‬‭styles,‬‭religions,‬‭technologies,‬‭languages—between‬ ‭individuals,‬‭whether‬‭within‬‭a‬‭single‬‭culture‬‭or‬‭from‬‭one‬‭culture‬‭to‬‭another.‬ ‭Columbian‬‭Exchange:‬ ‭the‬‭beginning‬‭of‬‭globalization‬‭in‬‭1492‬‭with‬‭contact‬‭between‬‭European‬‭explorers‬‭and‬‭the‬ ‭indigenous‬‭peoples‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Americas;‬‭the‬‭resulting‬‭movement‬‭of‬‭people,‬‭plants,‬‭animals,‬ ‭diseases,‬‭goods,‬‭ideas,‬‭etc.‬‭between‬‭previously‬‭unconnected‬‭people‬‭around‬‭the‬‭world.‬ ‭Bureaucracy:‬ ‭the‬‭system‬‭in‬‭which‬‭a‬‭government‬‭performs‬‭the‬‭tasks‬‭required‬‭of‬‭it,‬‭usually‬‭through‬‭a‬‭system‬ ‭where‬‭most‬‭of‬‭the‬‭important‬‭decisions‬‭are‬‭made‬‭by‬‭state‬‭officials‬‭rather‬‭than‬‭by‬‭elected‬ ‭representatives.‬ ‭Philosophy:‬ ‭the‬‭study‬‭of‬‭the‬‭fundamental‬‭nature‬‭of‬‭knowledge,‬‭reality,‬‭and‬‭existence;‬‭pursuit‬‭of‬‭reason.‬ ‭Oligarchy:‬ ‭a‬‭system‬‭in‬‭which‬‭small‬‭groups‬‭of‬‭people‬‭wield‬‭influence‬‭and‬‭power,‬‭usually‬‭through‬‭money,‬ ‭over‬‭a‬‭government‬‭system;‬‭can‬‭be‬‭official‬‭or‬‭unofficial.‬ ‭Monarchy:‬ ‭a‬‭political‬‭system‬‭based‬‭upon‬‭the‬‭undivided‬‭sovereignty‬‭or‬‭rule‬‭of‬‭a‬‭single‬‭person,‬‭usually‬ ‭designated‬‭a‬‭king‬‭or‬‭queen,‬‭often‬‭hereditary‬‭(passed‬‭down‬‭within‬‭family)‬‭and‬‭lifetime‬‭rule.‬ ‭Authoritarianism:‬ ‭the‬‭enforcement‬‭or‬‭advocacy‬‭of‬‭strict‬‭obedience‬‭to‬‭authority‬‭at‬‭the‬‭expense‬‭of‬‭personal‬ ‭freedom;‬‭a‬‭system‬‭of‬‭government‬‭lacking‬‭democratic‬‭input.‬ ‭Social‬‭Class:‬ ‭a‬‭division‬‭of‬‭a‬‭society‬‭based‬‭on‬‭social‬‭and‬‭economic‬‭status;‬‭can‬‭be‬‭official‬‭or‬‭unofficial.‬ ‭Industrialization:‬ ‭the‬‭development‬‭of‬‭industries‬‭in‬‭a‬‭country‬‭or‬‭region‬‭on‬‭a‬‭wide‬‭scale.‬ ‭Terrorism:‬ ‭the‬‭unlawful‬‭use‬‭of‬‭violence‬‭and‬‭intimidation,‬‭especially‬‭against‬‭civilians,‬‭in‬‭the‬‭pursuit‬‭of‬ ‭political,‬‭religious,‬‭or‬‭social‬‭aims.‬ ‭Suffrage:‬ ‭the‬‭right‬‭to‬‭vote‬‭in‬‭political‬‭elections.‬ ‭Free‬‭Market:‬ ‭an‬‭economic‬‭system‬‭in‬‭which‬‭prices‬‭are‬‭determined‬‭by‬‭unrestricted‬‭competition‬‭between‬ ‭privately‬‭owned‬‭businesses.‬ ‭Mercantilism:‬ ‭an‬‭economic‬‭belief‬‭in‬‭finite‬‭wealth‬‭and‬‭maximizing‬‭wealth‬‭by‬‭exporting‬‭as‬‭much‬‭as‬‭possible‬ ‭and‬‭importing‬‭as‬‭little‬‭as‬‭possible;‬‭requires‬‭a‬‭favorable‬‭“balance‬‭of‬‭trade”.‬ ‭Capitalism:‬ ‭a‬‭right-wing‬‭economic/political‬‭system‬‭that‬‭supports‬‭the‬‭ideals‬‭of‬‭the‬‭free‬‭market;‬‭private‬ ‭businesses‬‭control‬‭the‬‭means‬‭of‬‭production,‬‭set‬‭prices,‬‭and‬‭compete‬‭for‬‭profit;‬‭prioritizes‬‭low‬ ‭taxes‬‭and‬‭low‬‭regulation.‬ ‭Socialism:‬ ‭a‬‭left-wing‬‭economic/political‬‭system‬‭in‬‭which‬‭the‬‭means‬‭of‬‭production‬‭are‬‭partially‬‭or‬‭wholly‬ ‭owned‬‭by‬‭the‬‭government;‬‭prioritizes‬‭higher‬‭taxes‬‭and‬‭higher‬‭regulation‬‭to‬‭provide‬‭social‬ ‭services;‬‭takes‬‭many‬‭different‬‭forms.‬ ‭Communism:‬ ‭a‬‭far-left‬‭economic/political‬‭system‬‭in‬‭which‬‭the‬‭state‬‭fully‬‭controls‬‭the‬‭means‬‭of‬‭production,‬ ‭sets‬‭prices,‬‭and‬‭provides‬‭all‬‭goods‬‭and‬‭services;‬‭usually‬‭authoritarian‬‭and‬‭bound‬‭by‬‭belief‬‭in‬ ‭Marxism,‬‭Leninism,‬‭and/or‬‭Maoism.‬ ‭Fascism:‬ ‭a‬‭far-right‬‭economic/political‬‭system‬‭in‬‭which‬‭the‬‭state‬‭is‬‭authoritarian,‬‭ultranationalist,‬‭and‬ ‭self-reliant;‬‭very‬‭militaristic‬‭and‬‭often‬‭extremely‬‭hostile‬‭to‬‭those‬‭considered‬‭“other”‬‭or‬‭outside‬ ‭forces.‬ ‭Theocracy:‬ ‭a‬‭system‬‭of‬‭government‬‭in‬‭which‬‭the‬‭state‬‭is‬‭governed‬‭by‬‭laws‬‭subject‬‭to‬‭a‬‭particular‬‭religion‬ ‭and‬‭adherence‬‭to‬‭its‬‭values‬‭and‬‭beliefs.‬ ‭Patriotism:‬ ‭a‬‭love‬‭of‬‭and‬‭support‬‭of‬‭one’s‬‭country/nation.‬ ‭Nationalism:‬ ‭a‬‭passionate‬‭love‬‭of‬‭and‬‭support‬‭of‬‭one’s‬‭country/nation,‬‭to‬‭the‬‭detriment‬‭of‬‭others;‬‭belief‬‭in‬ ‭superiority‬‭of‬‭or‬‭prioritization‬‭of‬‭one’s‬‭nation‬‭or‬‭people‬‭over‬‭others.‬ ‭Genocide:‬ ‭destroying‬‭or‬‭attempting‬‭to‬‭destroy,‬‭in‬‭whole‬‭or‬‭in‬‭part,‬‭a‬‭group‬‭of‬‭people‬‭based‬‭upon‬‭an‬ ‭aspect‬‭of‬‭their‬‭identity;‬‭deliberate,‬‭widespread‬‭killing‬‭of‬‭members‬‭of‬‭said‬‭group‬‭with‬‭intent‬‭to‬ ‭destroy‬‭them‬‭and/or‬‭fully‬‭remove‬‭them‬‭from‬‭an‬‭area.‬ ‭Nationalization:‬ ‭the‬‭process‬‭of‬‭placing‬‭a‬‭sector‬‭of‬‭the‬‭economy‬‭(ex.‬‭railroads,‬‭oil‬‭production,‬‭etc.)‬‭under‬‭the‬ ‭direct‬‭control‬‭of‬‭the‬‭government‬‭when‬‭it‬‭was‬‭previously‬‭a‬‭private‬‭entity.‬ ‭Privatization:‬ ‭the‬‭process‬‭of‬‭placing‬‭a‬‭sector‬‭of‬‭the‬‭economy‬‭(ex.‬‭railroads,‬‭oil‬‭production,‬‭etc.)‬‭under‬‭the‬ ‭direct‬‭control‬‭of‬‭private‬‭businesses‬‭when‬‭it‬‭was‬‭previously‬‭controlled‬‭by‬‭the‬‭state.‬ ‭Colonization:‬ ‭the‬‭action‬‭or‬‭process‬‭of‬‭settling‬‭among‬‭and‬‭establishing‬‭control‬‭over‬‭the‬‭indigenous‬‭people‬‭of‬ ‭an‬‭area;‬‭the‬‭action‬‭of‬‭appropriating‬‭a‬‭place‬‭or‬‭domain‬‭for‬‭one's‬‭own‬‭use.‬ ‭Decolonization:‬ ‭the‬‭action‬‭or‬‭process‬‭of‬‭a‬‭state‬‭withdrawing‬‭from‬‭a‬‭former‬‭colony,‬‭leaving‬‭it‬‭independent;‬‭the‬ ‭process‬‭of‬‭freeing‬‭an‬‭institution,‬‭sphere‬‭of‬‭activity,‬‭etc.‬‭from‬‭the‬‭cultural‬‭or‬‭social‬‭effects‬‭of‬ ‭previous‬‭colonization.‬