Vocab For History Midterm PDF

PEOPLE Thomas Paine: Wrote Common Sense-get info on the booklet (reactive response to convince colonies to separate from Britain) John Locke: wrote the Second Treatise of Government (DOI took the Theory of Natural Rights [life, liberty, property]) influenced colonists to rebel against Britain Jean-J...

PEOPLE Thomas Paine: Wrote Common Sense-get info on the booklet (reactive response to convince colonies to separate from Britain) John Locke: wrote the Second Treatise of Government (DOI took the Theory of Natural Rights [life, liberty, property]) influenced colonists to rebel against Britain Jean-Jacques Rousseau: wrote The Social Contract (DOI took the Theory of a Social Contract [the government is an agreement between ruler and the ruled, rulers can be overthrown if an agreement is broken]) Britain didn’t have a Social Contract with USA=needed to form a new government based on people's consent George Washington: 1st president, commander of/continental army, resisted taking sides between political parties, issued Neutrality Proclamation (1793; USA=neutral btwn ENG and FRA), supported by all sides throughout his presidency, farewell address= even though taking sides is natural, it will be harmful/concerned that political parties would try to take power over 3 branches/become dictatorship (despotism) Thomas Jefferson (and Anti-Federalist view of government): (1801-1809) Alexander Hamilton (and Federalist view of government): leader of federalists, wrote the majority of Federalist Papers (a series of 85 articles/essays to explain/defend the Constitution. one of the best discussions of the political theory behind the American system of government.) Andrew Jackson: president of the United States, an avid supporter of manifest destiny, 1829 inaugural address - sought to renew the policy of political and military action for the removal of Native Americans, saw the demise of Native American tribes as inevitable (the only way to move forward) Anthony Burns: fugitive slave who was caught/ went to court, during trial white abolitionists met at Faneuil hall/African American supporters met in a church basement to discuss a course of action, privileges as enslaved person: [learned to read and write, could hire himself out, supervise other slaves, take on additional jobs], arrest sparked controversy of FSA, freedom was bought after arrest, slave owner=Charles Suttle, moved to Canada, attended college, became a baptist minister _____________________________________ VOCABULARY start of representative democracy/government: Mayflower Compact (1620)= 1st effective agreement of self-government in the new world (guaranteed Separatists&Non-Separatists would work together to ensure the success of colony), House of Burgesses (1619) in Virginia = first representative government/had to be white, male, a property owner to elect Burgesses, General Court (1630) = Massachusetts (church/state=closely linked) had to be white, male, and Puritan to vote cash crop: crops that are sold for selling/export for profit, grown in middle/breadbasket colonies, wheat, corn, barley, cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo export/import: bring in/ship out, import = buy, export = sell, colonies were supposed to export > import Puritans: British protests (16th/17th) century sought to get rid o/church of England's Roman Catholic practices, wanted to purify but not entirely separate from COE, started Massachusetts Colony, leader= John Winthrop indentured servant: worked without pay for a set period (usually 4-7 years) to receive free passage to North America/room and board, some of the first Africans in the New World = were indentured servants town hall meetings: community members voice their opinions on matters, first held in New England colonies, encouraged the growth of democratic ideas Sons of Liberty: protest group that organized boycotts and petitions that opposed British policies. People = John Adams, Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson. Committees of correspondence: members wrote letters reporting to other colonies the injustices that were happening established church: The chosen religion of the state (country) bc many European leaders believed that they could not maintain order unless the state supported a particular church. People who did not follow were persecuted. Religious tolerance: a willingness to allow others to practice their own beliefs. Prevalent in Rhode Island Colony which was created for NO religion, Manifest destiny: popular belief in the 1800s that white settlers were destined to spread, settle, and civilize across the United States. Essentially American imperialism, it was an idea but never an official policy. Jackson strongly supported it, (it would “extend the area of freedom.”) 3 themes of Manifest Destiny: 1) Virtue: The American people and their institutions had special virtues/values that made them superior (such as civilization, industry, education, and modernization) 2) Mission: The mission of the U.S. was to “redeem” and remake the West into settled farming communities 3) Destiny: Americans had an irresistible destiny under God to accomplish this duty. Declaration of Sentiments: Demanded the same rights for women that men asked for in the Declaration of Independence formalized the Women’s Rights Movement’s position with the publication. Outlined facts/opinions about women’s roles in society. listed economic, political, and social grievances (women not allowed to own property/earned less money than men) The most significant demand was female suffrage (the right to vote) Read at Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Declaration of Resolutions: The reasons and justifications for the demands were included Convention members voted on what should be included Because female suffrage was not unanimously agreed upon, the Declaration did not list it 19th Amendment: In 1920 women earned the right to vote after its ratification _______________________________________________ IDEAS / CONCEPTS Impact of European colonization on Native Americans: Spanish in New Spain (Caribbean, Mexico, and South America): - Killed> 90% of the Native Americans within 75 years due to - 1) Disease, - 2) Slavery, - 3) Killed those who resisted. The French in Canada/New France (only European power w/positive relations with Native Americans) Columbian Exchange (pros/cons): good exchanges (different foods, ideas, goods) bad exchanges (diseases were brought to the native populations in the Americas from Europe). Different religions and corresponding colonies they founded (religious reasons for founding colonies): Plymouth Colony = Separatists - religious group in England (disliked the Church of England bc felt that was too “Catholic” and wanted to separate - Led by William Bradford - fled to Holland seeking religious freedom, but got permission from the king to move to the New World. - known as “the Pilgrims” bc moving for religious reasons Massachusetts Colony = Puritans. - wanted to “purify” but not separate from the Church - John Winthrop was granted a charter in 1630. - He wanted the colony to be a “City Upon a Hill” (religious teachings = shining example/beacon of righteousness) - Males who were not Puritans = had no role in government Rhode Island Colony = NO religion Roger Williams started (had been a Puritan minister in Massachusetts/disliked the amount of power the ministers had) He was banished from MA and formed a new colony where there was 1) a complete separation of church and state, 2) religious tolerance Pennsylvania Colony = Quakers (Society of Friends). - believed that - 1) everyone was equal  - 2) everyone had an inner light - William Penn was granted a charter by the king (Wanted a haven for Quakers/a model for religious freedom) - Delaware = offshoot of the colony. Maryland Colony = Catholics, but Protestants were welcomed - by Lord Baltimore. - 1649= Act of Toleration (religious freedom for all Christians) New England colonies: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. - An economy based on fishing, lumber, shipbuilding, and whaling (oil). - The region is known for poor/rocky soil, harsh winters, and short growing seasons. Mid-Atlantic colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware. - The economy was based on farming (grains), specifically wheat, corn, and barley. (known as Breadbasket Colonies) - Most farms = small /paid workers (limited slavery), so many indentured servants - There were skilled artisans and manufacturers - known for fertile soil, milder winters, and longer growing seasons. Southern colonies: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, and Georgia - economy growing major crops such as tobacco, rice, cotton, and indigo. - Plantations=most profitable way to raise crops - only a small % of people = large plantations - South relied upon slave labor for profits. Significance of the House of Burgesses: first representative government voting rights/requirements in 13 colonies by 1750: all colonies had the same rules for who could vote: male, white, Christian, property owners, and over the age of 21. The makeup of colonial legislatures (upper/lower houses): each colony had a governor (appointed by the king) who enforced laws, and each colony had a legislature (group of people with w/power to make laws - Upper house: made up of advisers chosen by the governor. - Lower house: elected assembly, who approved laws and protected citizens’ rights, and approved taxes set by the governor. Purpose and impact of 1760s taxation acts (example: Stamp Act): - Stamp Act = taxes on all paper goods - Townshend Acts = taxes on glass, paper, paint, lead - Tea Act = taxes on tea. Colonists = taxes were unjust: not allowed representation to Parliament so, Parliament shouldn’t tax them. They should have a say in the law-making body that taxed them. “No taxation without representation!” Mercantilism/purpose of: increase prosperity/power of Britain Triangular Trade (and regions/goods associated with three legs of it): Legs of the triangular trade were:  1) New England produced rum, guns, gunpowder, cloth, and tools → sent to Africa, 2) Africa enslaved Africans → sent them to the West Indies, 3) West Indies produced sugar, molasses, slaves → sent to New England / New England produced fish, lumber, flour → sent to West Indies. Proclamation of 1763: reason for, resistance to: England drew an imaginary line down the Appalachian Mountains & did not let any colonists move west bc the King didn’t want to anger Native Americans (would lose the fur trade) Colonists were furious that they helped win the land, but couldn’t benefit Common Sense/goal of a reactive response to convince colonies to separate from Britain and convince the colonists, especially the members of the Continental Congress, of the need for separation. Declaration of Independence--3 sections of it: natural/universal rights, British wrongs, declaring themselves the USA The reason people feared a strong federal government after Rev War: thought that it would lead to monarchy Three branches of government/separation of powers: purpose of: creates a separation of powers Legislative branch: passes laws Executive branch: carries out laws Judicial branch: determines if laws are carried out fairly. The goal of the Constitutional Convention–federal vs. state power: see Hamilton and Jefferson System of checks and balances: the goal is that no one branch becomes too powerful. Executive branch: can veto laws, nominate judges, can pardon people convicted of federal crimes Legislative branch: can impeach the resident, approve presidential appointments, approve treaties, can override presidential vetoes Judicial branch: can declare laws or presidential actions unconstitutional, lifetime appointments Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: Federalists: - supported Constitution (protect individual states while giving federal government control) - wanted strong federal/national government - Articles gave too much power to states, so the government would be unable to function - bill of rights is not needed because the Constitution already protects rights and it would be impossible to list them all Anti-Federalists: - Supported the Articles of Confederation (favored stronger states) - They thought that the Constitution made the national government too strong and gave the president too much power - wanted a bill of rights Reason Federalists eventually approved adding a Bill of Rights: wanted to convince Anti-Federalists to ratify the Constitution Three-Fifths Compromise: 3 out of every 5 slaves counted as part of the state's population. Also, Congress could not ban slavery for at least 20 years, and no one could prevent a fugitive slave from being returned to the owner Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans: Federalists wanted: 1. Strong fed gov 2. manufacturing/business, not farming 3. Modeled after England, not France 4. A loose interpretation of the Constitution Democratic-Republicans wanted: 1. Strong states rights 2. farming 3. Modeled after France, not England 4. Strict interpretation of the Constitution 1st Amendment in Bill of Rights: protects freedom of speech, religion, to assemble peacefully, to petition the gov, and the freedom of the press 3 categories of amendments in the Bill of Rights: 1) Individual Freedoms (1st Amendment). 2) Protections Against Government Abuse of Power (2nd-5th Amendments). 3) Rights of People Accused of Crimes (5th-8th Amendment). Positive demographic changes in the U.S. during the 1820s (before the 1828 election): population growth, states extended to the Mississippi River, transportation/communication improved, social mobility increased, and universal white male suffrage spread. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: all escaped slaves MUST be returned upon capture (had to follow even in free states). Included both fines/jail time and increased abolitionism in northern states Impact of Anthony Burns’ trial on popular opinion: made them fiercely against the Fugitive Slave Act. Why the Declaration of Sentiments was based on the Declaration of Independence: pointing out hypocrisy / asking for no more or less, just the same