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Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal’s 7 Years War: conflict between Great Britain Divided the spheres of influence in the new and France because of territory in North worlds. Neatly divided the new world into America that they both want. land resources and people claimed by Spain...

Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal’s 7 Years War: conflict between Great Britain Divided the spheres of influence in the new and France because of territory in North worlds. Neatly divided the new world into America that they both want. land resources and people claimed by Spain and Portugal. Enlightenment: This was a period of intellectual advancements. Many Jamestown Colony: The first permanent philosophers proposed great ideas during colony in America. The main goal was to this period. Some of those philosophers find silver and gold to bring back to were John Locke, and Voltaire who all came England, however it was bound for failure. up with revolutionary ideas. The emphasis was on reason, science, and observation; it Plymouth Colony: Colony founded by the was very much encouraged to seek the truth first group of Puritans that made their way and reason. across the Atlantic Ocean in order to separate from the Church of England. First Great Awakening: his was a huge religious revival that went through British Massachusetts Bay Colony: A much larger America colonies in the 18th century. It was group of English Puritans left England in the based on the thoughts of personal conviction 1630s, establishing the Massachusetts Bay and repentance. Different denominations Colony. This was another puritan colony started to pop up and it helped colonists established in 1630. This group was led by have a common identity which led towards John Winthrop who created the City Upon A the American Revolution. Important leaders Hill. There community was big on religious were Jonathan Edwards, and George conformity and a very Whitefield who had powerful sermons tight knit group. which moved a lot of people. John Winthrop: He was John Winthrop was Boston Tea Party: This occurred December the leader of the Massachusetts Bay colony of 1773, when the patriots rebelled against and was most famous for his sermon “City the British and dumped the tea into the Upon a Hill” which talked about the harbor. This was a rebellious act because of importance of being an example and light. the tax. Mayflower Compact: The Mayflower Stamp Act: The stamp act occurred in 1765, Compact was a document that forced people this required any printed item to have a to stay together and keep each other safe stamp placed on it. This made the American while trying to build a new colony. It was colonies very angry because it was a law signed by 41 men who were on the made without their consent. Mayflower and landed in Cape Cod. This was a document of self-governance. Sugar Act: this was a British law that was in Common Sense: Written by Thomas Paine 1764, this placed new revenues by imposing and it was a pamphlet written to state new things on sugar and molasses, and those independence for the new colonies. were commonly used items. This made strict trade laws and customs, this was Britain's Declaration of Independence: justification attempt to pay off some of the debt they had for liberty in the Declaration of from the War. Independence. The Declaration, written primarily by Jefferson, included a long list Tea Act: This was meant to stop the of grievances against King George III and smuggling of tea. They also increased the laid out the foundation of American prices of tea, but mainly the tax on them. government as a republic in which the consent of the governed would be of Intolerable Acts / Coercive Acts: he four paramount importance. laws; boston port act, massachusetts gov act, This was a document that was adopted by quartering act, administration and justice the continental congress in 1776. This act. These were punishments because of the document was mainly drafted by Thomas Boston tea party, passed by parliament, like Jefferson in an attempt to break away from shutting down the harbor. the British. The main points were Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Boston Massacre : he Boston Massacre was a dispute which turned violent between Battle of Bunker Hill: The first major battle townspeople and British soldiers. of the American Revolution in Townspeople were taunting the Massachusetts | Jun 17, 1775. The American soldiers and egging them on until one of the patriots were defeated at the Battle of soldiers shot without permission. Most Bunker Hill, but they proved they could hold people say it was deliberate by the British their own against the superior British Army. guards but it still hasn’t been fully proven. This took place in the early times of the American Revolution. The british wanted to Sons and Daughters of Liberty: This was a take control of the high ground and they did group of different people who resisted the just that however the war cost them a lot. So Stamp act. They had many acts of it boosted the Colonies spirits and made resistance, some included violence and them feel more confident in the potential vandalism. They were a political success to come. organization from the north. This was a group of colonial women who were large Lexington and Concord: Massachusetts promoters of boycotting British goods. They militias and British troops fired on each played a large role in the non-importation other as British troops marched to Lexington act, and were very good at protesting for and Concord, an event immortalized what they wanted. by poet Ralph Waldo Emerson as the “shot heard round the world.” The American Revolution had begun. This battle was a Republicanism : This is mainly based on political disaster for the British and this led virtuous citizens, and civic virtue. A lot of to many people giving support to America political Philosophy and a government for it seeking independence. where people elect their leaders. This was inspired by the Roman Republic and gave Washington’s Crossing of Delaware: power to property holders. General George Washington and his troops crossed the icy dangerous Delaware River Shay’s Rebellion: It was sparked by on Dec 25 1776. This was to launch a economic troubles faced by farmers and surprise attack on Hessian forces stationed veterans of the Revolutionary war. It was led in Trenton, New Jersey, ultimately achieving by a man named Daniel Shay in 1786 - a crucial victory that boosted American 1787. Farmers ended up shutting down morale during a difficult period of the war. courthouses and demanded they were given debt forgiveness. Lastly it showed a large Battle of Saratoga: American victory at the weakness in the Articles of Confederation, Battle of Saratoga was the major turning and it brought to light many problems. point in the war. This victory convinced the French to recognize American Benjamin Franklin's 13 laws: These were 13 independence and form a military alliance values that were a model for citizens, and it with the new nation, which changed the was what the public should maintain. course of the war by opening the door to 1.​ Temperance badly needed military support from France. 2.​ Silence 3.​ Order Battle at Yorktown: This took place in 1981 4.​ Resolution and it was the final major battle of the 5.​ Frugality American Revolution. Combined french and 6.​ Industry american soldiers out powered the British 7.​ Sincerity which caused them to surrender. 8.​ justice 9.​ Moderation Articles of Confederation: In lieu of creating 10.​ cleanliness a new federal government, the Articles of 11.​ Tranquillity Confederation created a “league of 12.​ chastity friendship” between the states. It was the 13.​ humility first constitution of the US, had no taxation power, limited authority to raise revenue. Paxton Boys: The Paxton boys were a group Also had a weak military, very much of a of Scottish Irish boys from pennsylvania. lack of central government. Didn’t help They killed native americans and this caused much conflict between states. there to be more racial tension. They had many settlers support their actions as well.  The conflict ended with the Treaty of Land Law 1796: This was for territory of Mortefontaine in 1800​ western land, and it facilitated the sale of it by the government to settlers. This was a Corps of Discovery Expedition: This was an fuel to westward expansion and a expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and speculation in land markerkets. William clark. They had to map the territory and study the environment, along with Federalist / Anti-Federalist / : exploring the Missouri river and tributaries. Federalists=Supporters of the 1787 federal They established relations with the natives constitution Believed in a strong central and strengthened many of the US claims. government Federalists believed in clear Though there were many challenges they distinctions of rank and intelligence persevered, this was under the directive of Idea of all people are equal Thomas Jefferson. often excluding many citizens from voting or holding office. “War Hawks” leading up to War 1812: Anti-Federalists= Opposed the 1787 pro-war members of Congress leading up to feared it concentrated too much power in a the War of 1812. central government Led by Henry clay his group did not form a political party but Led by john C united around the demand for protections of These individuals were angered by British individual rights actions They thought the constitution would Their influence played a major role in threaten individual right and liberties pushing Congress to authorize war against Britain in 1812 Democratic-Republicans: was a report delivered by Alexander Hamilton War of 1812: This war was between the US In January 1790 It faced financial challenges and Great Britain, and it consisted of the facing the new republic. invasion of Canada, the battle of New They wanted to convert these debts into Orleans, and many naval battles. American interest bearing government bonds sailors were forced to be in British Goal was to establish the creditworthiness of imprisonment. Overall it ended with the US. Wanted it to impact it domestically increased nationalism, the treaty of ghent and internationally. and produced westward expansion. Market Revolution: It was a market based Quasi War: Between US and France economy in the 19th century. It switched From 1796-1800 President John Adams from home-based work to factory-based expanded the U.S. Navy, which had only work and this also contributed to the change one vessel at the time of his election in in the social, and cultural structure. This 1796. improved canals, steamboats, railroads, and York into a commerce central dominance, growth in wage labor. and it inspired many other canal projects. Oliver Evans: He was an inventor from The Panic of 1819: This was one of the first America and he revolutionized flour mills big crises in the US economy. The British by making them more automotive. So his textile mills had consumed American cotton. idea became widespread in the mid-atlantic This was all while the post-Neapolience states. European colony was trying to be resilient. Then the banks began to fail because people Lowell Girls: These were girls that worked didn’t put money into them out of fear. in textile mills from New England. The girls both liked and hated the environment, there Transcendentalist: This was an intellectual were long working hours with not much pay movement in the 1820s. THis was in the however this did start some conversation northeast US and one of the emerging about what women could do. figures in the movement was Ralph Waldo Emerson. He wrote the essays “nature” and Cotton Engine or Gin: This was created in “self-reliance” there were also a lot of other 1794 by Eli Whitney and it quickly writers like Thoreau, these people explored revolutionized this industry. It separated individualism and resistance to injustice. seeds from the actual cotton very efficiently, but this did contribute to the expansion of Temperance Movement: This was a slavery in the south. significant reform movement in antebellum, and it was aimed to eliminate alcohol Mechanical Reaper:This was created in consumption. This was in the early 1800s 1831 by Cyrus McCormick. It was a horse when Americans were consuming high drawn agricultural invention that used to be levels of alcoholic drinks. In the 1840s was a manual labor. It helped cut and gather the the rise of the Washington Temperance wheat. Society, some advocates pushed for total abstinence which led to several laws in Samuel Morse: Samuel Morse created the different states. first telegraph in the 1830s. It transformed communication making it more efficient and American Colonization Society: This was a easy. This was also where we got Morse society for Colonization of Free People of code from him. Color of America in 1816. The ACS aimed to address slavery by promoting the Erie Canal: This was a very important Canal relocation of black people who were free. that transported goods. It connected the Thomas Jefferson was a key figure at this Hudson River (which is to New York City) time and many people believed that black to the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River and white people couldn't coexist. Valley. This is really what sparked New  Fugitive Slave Act: This was a controversial 1828 Tariff : In 1828 there was something law that included the compromise of 1850. called the “Tariff Of Abominations” and this This was designated to strengthen earlier was a high tariff on imported goods. This fugitive slave laws. Heavy fines for was proposed to protect northern imprisonment were imposed on individuals manufacturing. The tariff was very who aided escape. unpopular in the south and it was accused of being unfair. This placed a large economic Nullification: This was another conflict burden on the south, and this created much during Jackson’s presidency and southern tension between the south and north. states called it “tariff of Abominations”. The south argued it wasn’t fair and it benefited The Spoils System: This was implemented northern industrial interests more than the by Andrew Jackson after he won the South and it just sucked their money. This election of 1828. Jackson believed in escalated when South Carolina declared the “rotation in office” and that men replacing Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, they nullified the long standing officeholders with people Force Bill. loyal and party supporters. However many people were opposed and claimed that it would lead to corruption. Alexis de Tocqueville : Ths was observations on the American democracy Petticoat Affair: This was a large personal and their democratic principles. This was scandal during Jackson’s presidency that where majority opinion would suppress created a large divide in Washington society. individual freedoms and minority rights. Jackson’s support of Peggy Eaton is partly This offered insights into the social and motivated by his personal grievance. There political landscape especially in the early were similar attacks on his late wife that led 19th century in the US. to a rift/fight between him and Calhoun. “Fifty-four forty or Fight”: This was Indian Removal: This was the relocation of associated with president James K Polk's Native American tribes, and this was under campaign. The slogan was used in 1844 and president Jackson. The policy was codified it represented the belief in manifest destiny. by the 1830 Indian Removal Act. This The slogan also meant that they were fine aimed for wide land which was for white going to war with Britain, and this was settlers, also to expand the US. This led to during the presidential election. the tragic “Trail of Tears” where many of the Cherokee people were told to march Mexican - American War : This was a westward under horrible conditions which conflict between the US and Mexico in lead to many deaths. 1846-1848. Mexico had refused to recognize Texas independence and this was a rule followed by the belief that the US had divine right. This was ultimately what we call the thousands forced to relocate as a result manifest destiny. of the massive internal slave trade and taken to Missouri, where Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: This was the slavery had been adopted as part of the agreement that officially ended the Missouri Compromise.This was a landmark Mexican-American War in 1848 and the case and it was by the US supreme court in terms were territory ceded and border 1857. Included were implications for slavery agreement. The US had paid Mexico $15 and citizenship in the US. This enslaved mill and agreed to assume approximately man had lived in free states and argued that $3.25 mill in claims that American citizens where he resided made him free. The court had against the Mexican Gov. thought Black people couldn’t be citizens of the US so he had no standing to sue in court. Manifest Destiny: The US wanted to expand westward to north america, they claimed it Lincoln Douglas Debates: This occurred in was their God given right and O’Sullivan the 1850s and during the Illinois Senate race coined the term Manifest Destiny. Natives between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen had heightened tensions with the people Douglas. Lincoln was republican and from the expansion. They weren’t through Douglas was Democratic. Douglas through and though they still tried to fight for their territories should determine the need for land that was being taken over. slavery rather than Lincoln opposed it all and all. The Compromise of 1850: This was a series of legislative measures passed by the US. John Brown: The congress addressed the sectional tension upon the issue of slavery and Texas Election of 1860: This was a highly relinquished claims to parts of New Mexico contentious event in US history. This led to in exchange for 10 mill to settle debts. This the onset of the civil war. Lincoln hated temporarily reduced tension and the fugitive slavery and the expansion of it however slave act and other provisions deepened on Douglas liked the idea of the state deciding. sectional animosities. Bell campaigned on a platform of preserving the union. Lincoln won and this led to fears Events in Kansas before Civil War: John in the south that the interests would be Brown was a radical abolitionist and was overlooked. famous during the 1850s. In may of 1856 attacked pro-slavery seters and the brutality Turning Point of Civil War: This was a executed some people. pivotal battle fought during the Civil War and it was a turning point in the conflict. It was led by General Lee for the Confederates Dred Scott: Dred Scott, born with slave as his second battle and it occurred in status in Virginia in 1795, had been one of Pennsylvania. Union forces ended up pushing Lee and his men to have many casualties. Later after this battle Lincoln gave the Gettysburg address which is world renowned for emphasizing equality among all. Gettysburg Address: Speech that was given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg. It focused on equality and the importance of unity in this new nation. It was a very brief speech however it had a large impact and had much of a universal appeal. Emancipation Proclamation: This was during the civil war and it was the process of freeing enslaved people which ultimately became the objective of the war. Lincoln created an Emancipation Proclamation which promoted the freeing of slaves in the South. The Civil war was primarily fought over the issue of slavery even though it didn’t start out that way. Juneteenth : Radical Republicans: