American History 1st Semester Final Study Guide 2023 PDF

# American History: Unit 1 Study Guide ## Terms 1. Declaration of Independence: United States document that stated our freedom from Great Britain. 2. Enlightenment: People made choices based on reason and scientific study instead of what their leader said. 3. Northwest Ordinance: Law passed by Congr...

# American History: Unit 1 Study Guide ## Terms 1. Declaration of Independence: United States document that stated our freedom from Great Britain. 2. Enlightenment: People made choices based on reason and scientific study instead of what their leader said. 3. Northwest Ordinance: Law passed by Congress on how new land in the West would be governed. 4. Articles of Confederation: United States, FIRST constitution, that created a WEAK federal government. It was used for 8 years before being replaced by the Constitution. 5. Federalist Papers: Document explaining the purpose of the Constitution. 6. Anti-Federalist: Wanted states to have more power. (Bill of Rights added to Constitution) 7. Federalist: Individual that supported RATIFICATION of the Constitution. 8. Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments to the Constitution that list the rights and freedoms of the people. 9. Amend: To change 10. Ratification: To approve 11. Grievance: a formal complaint 12. Social Contract: Contract between people and the government. Government has to protect people's rights. If the government does not protect people's rights then the people can get rid of the government and make a new government. 13. Natural Rights: Rights you are born with, they cannot be taken away. (Life, Liberty, Property) 14. Separation of Powers: Enlightenment idea that ensures a government cannot have too much power by dividing the power of the government into three branches that can check and balance each other. 15. Check and Balances: Power of each branch of government to ensure the other branches do not become too powerful. 16. Separation of Church and State: Enlightenment idea that states the Church should NOT dictate government, and the government cannot dictate what people believe. 17. Divine Right: Power given to a king or queen by God. 18. Absolute Monarchy: Traditional form of government, where the King or Queen believes they get their power from God. 19. Constitution: Document that states the United States plan for government. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, and still used today. 20. Five Ideals: Democracy, Rights, Liberty, Opportunity, and Equality. 21. Supremacy Clause: Law that states the US Constitution is the highest law in the land, no law can overpower it. ## Key People 1. John Locke 2. Hobbes 3. Montesquieu 4. Voltaire 5. Rousseau ## Key Events 1. Know these events in chronological order: - Renaissance - Reformation - Scientific Revolution - Enlightenment - Age of Revolutions - American Revolution - French Revolution - Latin American Independence Movements 2. Know these events in chronological order: - 1st Continental Congress: Declaration of Independence - 2nd Continental Congress: Created the Articles of Confederation - Constitutional Convention: 55 delegates from the 13 states met to try and revise the Articles of Confederation, instead they created a BRAND new document (Constitution) - Shay Rebellion: Occurred in Massachusetts. Uprising of farmers against the STATE government about taxes. Made the founding fathers realize the Federal government was too weak! 3. Know these events in chronological order: - Declaration of Independence - Articles of Confederation - Northwest Ordinance - Constitution - Bill of Rights ## Key Concepts 1. How did Enlightenment principles influence: - Declaration of Independence - American Revolution - Constitution and Bill of Rights 2. How was the Constitution Ratified? 3. Know the 3 branches of government and their jobs - How do they check and balance each other? 4. Understand the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation 5. Understand the process of a territory to become a states 6. What are the American ideals? 7. Identify the Northwest Territory - What was the first territory to become a state? 8. What was the key role used when the Constitution was ratified? 9. What form of government is the United States? # American History: Unit 2 Study Guide ## 2nd Industrial Revolution 1. Where: United States, AFTER the Civil War 2. Urbanization: Shift in population from rural settings to urban areas. 3. Rural: Country (Agriculture) 4. Urban: City (Industrial/Manufacturing) 5. Laissez Faire: Government NOT involved in Business 6. Mass Production: Making a large amount of goods in a short amount of time. - Example: Assembly Line 7. Horizontal Integration: Owning ONE part of the process of production. - Example: Oil refineries 8. Vertical Integration: Owning the ENTIRE process of production. 9. 2nd Industrial Revolution Result=Population in Urban settings increased. 10. Tariff: Tax on IMPORTS (goods coming in) 11. Entrepreneur: Person willing to take a financial risk with the hope of making a profit. 12. Trains were a key form of transportation during the 2nd Industrial Revolution. 13. Negative Impacts of Industrialization: - Pollution - Bad working and living conditions - Dangerous - Child Labor 14. Robber Barons: Negative description of a businessman who was ruthless in dealing with competitors. 15. Transcontinental Railroad - Union Pacific: Built West from Missouri (From the East to the West) - Central Pacific: Built East from California (From the West to the East) 16. Due to the 2nd Industrial Revolution the United States expanded Westward 17. Farmers Hurt due to Industrialization - Political Party to help farmers=Populist Party 18. Populist Party leader: William Jennings Bryan 19. Gospel of Wealth: Belief that the rich had an obligation to help the poor (Carnegie) 20. Rockefeller - Oil - Horizontal Integration 21. Carneigne - Steel - Vertical Integration 22. Vanderbilt - Railroads 23. Morgan - Banking 24. Gilded Age: Period of time during industrialization that made it look like ALL Americans were prospering and doing well, when in truth the majority of Americans were struggling. 25. Monopoly: Having complete control over a product or service. 26. Social Darwinists: Believed only the strongest most fit businesses would survive. - Supported Laissez Faire 27. Company Town: A town owned and operated by a business owner. 28. National Grange: Created to help farmers. ## Progressive Era 1. Progressives: People who sought to FIX the problems caused by industrialization. 2. Muckraker: Journalist, photographer who sought to EXPOSE the problems caused by industrialization. 3. 17th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators 4. 18th Amendment: Made it illegal to make, sell, or consume alcohol. Sought to fix social problems. 5. 19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote. 6. Sherman Antitrust Act: Law passed to stop corrupt business practices like trusts and monopolies. 7. Political Machine: Corrupt form of city government that helped immigrants in return for the immigrants vote. - Famous Political Machine=Tammany Hall, located in New York. - Political Boss: Person who was in charge of the political machine. ## Labor Unions - Working conditions after the Second Industrial revolution were BAD... - Unsafe conditions, child labor - Long working hours/days - Low pay - Class system: - Owners=upper class - Management=middle class - Workers=lower class - Most famous women labor organizer= Mother Jones - Goals of Labor Unions (also known as "Bread and Butter" issues) - Shorter working hours - Higher pay - Safer working conditions - Tactics: - Union: strikes(refuse to work until demands met), boycott(refuse to buy goods of company until demands are met) - Management: strike breakers (hire people to replace striking workers), lock out(lock workers out of factory), injunction (court document ordering a strike to end or workers back to work), black list (put union member names on list no one will hire) - Events: - Correct order: Railroad Strike, Haymarket Affair, Homestead Strike ## Immigration 1. European Immigrants: Came through Ellis Island off the coast of New York. 2. Asian Immigrants: Came through Angel Island off the coast of California. 3. Ethnic Neighborhood: Area where immigrants would settle, where they had a common language, religion and could share news from their home countries. - Example: China Town 4. French Immigrants - Came from the North - Worked in the lumber and textile industry 5. Nativism: The idea that people born in the United States are more important than immigrants. This idea was a result of increased immigration during Industrialization. It led to "natives" fearing immigrants would take their jobs. 6. Pull Factors: Reason an immigrant COMES to a country. - Example: Job opportunities 7. Push Factors: Reason an immigrant LEAVES a country. - Example: War, famine. ## Important Concepts to know in depth!!! 1. Factors of Production: - Land: All things that come from nature both renewable and nonrenewable resources. - Labor: All mental and physical human effort. - Capital: Not $, buildings/materials and machines used for production. - Entrepreneurship: A person who is willing to take a financial risk. - Key factors of Production, without entrepreneurship the other factors do not matter! 2. Working Conditions BEFORE/AFTER 2nd Industrial Revolution - Before Industrialization: - Ownership of business/tools: Workers owned their own tools and could eventually be an owner of their own business. - Skilled vs Unskilled and explain: Skilled workers, started as an apprentice and learned a trade. - Relationship between workers and employers: Employers and workers knew each other well and had a good relationship. - After Industrialization: - Ownership of business/tools: Tools and machines were owned by the business owner or corporation. Workers would not be able to have the money needed to own their own business. - Skilled vs Unskilled and explain: Unskilled, work was repetitive and they did not learn a trade. (Assembly Line) - Relationship between workers and employers: The relationship between workers and their employers was bad. Employers did not know their workers and would fire them and easily replace them. # American History: Unit 3 American Imperialism Study Guide ## Terms 1. Imperialism: Empire building. (Expanding your country by getting more territory/land) 2. Nationalism: Strong feeling of pride in and loyalty to one's nation. 3. Spheres of Influence: Areas in which a nation control trading rights 4. Spanish American War: Conflict between the United States and Spain over the territory of Cuba. America wins the war. - Fought in Cuba and the Philippines 5. Realism: Foreign policy, belief that international relations should be guided by self-interest (national defense, access to resources) 6. Idealism: Foreign policy, belief that international relations should be guided by values and ideals. (Promote founding ideals, which are found in the Constitution) 7. Neutrality: Not taking sides. 8. Unilateralism: Not seeing military or political alliances with foreign powers. 9. War of 1812: Conflict between Britain and the United States over trade rights. The United States gained territory from the conflict. 10. Monroe Doctrine: Declaration warning European powers against future colonization in the Western hemisphere or interference in Latin American republics. 11. Armistice: End of conflict. 12. Protectorate: Nation controlled and protected by stronger nation. 13. Yellow journalism: Exaggerated news reporting during the 1890s, created public support for war with Spain. 14. Resolution: Formal statement by government about a course of action (decision). 15. Big stick policy: President Theodore Roosevelt, strong arm approach to foreign affairs. Diplomacy by force. 16. Dollar diplomacy: President Taft, approach to foreign policy. Encouraging and protecting United States trade and investment in Latin America and Asia. 17. Moral diplomacy: President Woodrow Wilson, approach to foreign policy. Promoting democratic ideals abroad. 18. Panama Canal: Canal built by the United States through the Isthmus of Panama to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. 19. Annexation: Taking control of a territory and adding it to a country. (Hawaii) 20. Open door policy: United States policy, issued in 1899 stating that foreign nations must allow free trade in China. 21. Boxer Insurrection: Uprising of Chinese group trying to get rid of “foreigners". Killed hundreds of missionaries and Chinese Christians. The United States, Japan and European powers came together to stop the uprising. ## Concepts 1. Causes of Imperialism - Economic- need for more natural resources and new markets - Nationalism- devotions to your country (patriotism) believing your country's goals and beliefs were superior to everyone else's - Military- growing military (especially in Europe) required bases around the world - Humanitarian- missionaries believed they had a duty to spread Christianity throughout the world 2. Imperialism Presidents (4) - President McKinley - Open Door Policy - Theodore Roosevelt - Big Stick Diplomacy - President Wilson - Moral Diplomacy - President Taft - Dollar Diplomacy 3. Yellow Journalism - Spanish American War 4. Big Stick Diplomacy - President Roosevelt - Use diplomacy FIRST if that doesn't work then use military action. 5. Moral Diplomacy - President Wilson - Spread Christianity and Democracy around the world 6. Dollar Diplomacy - President Taft - Given foreign aid to Latin American countries 7. Open Door Diplomacy - President McKinley - Open trade for ALL countries with China 8. Annexation of Hawaii - Offered to help Queen Liluokalani regain control of Hawaii from rich landowning business owners, but once annexed Hawaii for economic reasons making it the 50th state. 9. How did the US get involved with Panama? - Helped Panama get independence from Colombia then bought the rights to the region where we built the Panama Canal. 10. Panama Canal: Connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans making it a much shorter route of travel for ships than before when they would have to travel all the way around South America. 11. Reasons for Imperialism - Idealism: Foreign policy, belief that international relations should be guided by values and ideals. (Promote founding ideals, which are found in the Constitution) - Realism: Foreign policy, belief that international relations should be guided by self-interest (national defense, access to resources) 12. Anti-Imperialism - Liberty for All (Constitution should follow flag) - Large Armies threatened democracy - Expansionist views were usually racist - Encourage other races to come to U.S. and compete for jobs - Large Army too costly for government - May require compulsory military service # AM: Unit 4 World War One Study Guide ## Terms 1. (Militarism): Glorifying war and preparing for it. 2. (Triple Alliance): Military agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. 3. (Kaiser Wilhelm II): Emperor of Germany. 4. (Triple Entente): Military agreement among Britain, France, and Russia. 5. (Western Front): Region of northern France where much fighting took place. Only front where trench warfare was used. - Trench warfare was a new type of warfare used in WW1. 6. (Schlieffen Plan): Germany's plan for winning the war on two fronts. 7. (Eastern Front): Region along the German-Russian border where much fighting took place, this front ended FIRST when Russia dropped out of World War One. 8. (Unrestricted Submarine Warfare): Using submarines to sink any ship without warning. 9. (Propaganda): One-sided information designed to persuade. 10. (Woodrow Wilson): President of the United States, who proposed the Fourteen Points and represented the United States at the Treaty of Versailles. 11. (Fourteen Points): Wilson's plan for a just and lasting peace POST World War One. 12. (Self-Determination): Allowing people to decide for themselves about what kind of government they want. 13. (Neutrality): Foreign policy of the United States at the START of World War One. 14. (Sussex Pledge): Agreement between United States and Germany that stated the United States would stay out of World War One, and Germany would STOP unrestricted submarine warfare on USA ships. 15. (Blank Check): Agreement between Germany and Austria-Hungary that stated IF Russia mobilized, Germany would come to the side of Austria-Hungary. 16. (Mobilization): When a nation prepares for war. ## Concepts 1. Causes of World War I (Μ.Α.Ι.Ν) - Militarism - Alliances: Main Cause of World War One - Alliance Systems at the START of World War One: - Triple Entente: Russia, Great Britain and France - Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria Hungry, Italy - Imperialism - Example: Austria Hungry controlling Serbia, and Serbia wanting their independence - Nationalism 2. Tensions started in the Balkan Region over Serbian independence from Austria Hungary. 3. WW1 Starts in 1914 - Official Start is when Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia 4. World War One was called the GREAT WAR at first 5. United States foreign policy at the start of World War I? - Neutrality: NOT taking sides. - Because we were focused on our own domestic issues: 6. Why the United States entered World War I (USA declares war on Germany) 1917 - Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Germany torpedoing ships without warning, went against agreement they had made with the United States - Zimmerman Telegram: Telegram sent by a German ambassador to Mexico encouraging Mexico to go to war with the United States to keep the United States out of the war in Europe. What caused the United States to get involved in World War I. - When the USA enters WW1 in 1917 we enter into the Allied Powers (Triple Entente) 7. Spark that started World War I: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary - Killed by a Serbian terrorist who was a part of the "Black Hand" - Gavrilo Princip ## Nations who declared war in WW1 1. First country to declare war: Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia 2. Second Country to declare war: Germany declares war on Russia - Because Russia mobilized, Russia was the FIRST country to start mobilizing 3. Third Country to declare war: Germany on France - Due to Germany 's war plan: Schlieffen Plan 4. Fourth Country to declare war: Great Britain on German - Due to German invasion of Belgium on their way to invade France. ## Leaders at the START of World War One 1. German: Kaiser Wilhelm II 2. USA President: Wilson 3. Russia: Czar Nicholas II