SS ALL Final Exam Review Guide PDF

Final Exam Review Guide 1. How did the earliest people migrate to North America? These nomads crossed over the Bering Strait Land Bridge from Asia 2. How did Native Americans use the environment around them to survive? Natives use...

Final Exam Review Guide 1. How did the earliest people migrate to North America? These nomads crossed over the Bering Strait Land Bridge from Asia 2. How did Native Americans use the environment around them to survive? Natives use the resources around them to make their food, shelter, and clothing and to determine their transportation b) Which area of the country relied heavily on the Buffalo for survival? The Great Plains 3. What is a primary document? (Give examples) A document from the actual time period; such as a diary, journal, newspaper, broadside, letter or photograph 4. How do archeologists contribute to our knowledge of the past? An archeologist is an expert who studies past civilizations and ancient cultures (like the Maya, Aztec, and Inca) by digging up remains, locating artifacts and exploring ruins of buildings 5. What factors are evidence of an advanced civilization? Permanent houses and towns, organized governments, religious ceremonies, arts and crafts 6. What was a major positive result of Columbus’ voyages to the New World? Europeans began to explore and claim N and S America. Columbian Exchange of plants, goods, animals & ideas 7. What was a major negative result of Columbus’ voyages? NA killed, enslaved, disease spread, land and heritage destroyed, buffalo almost extinct 8. What three European countries settled in the New World? Where did each settle? British- East Coast/Atlantic Seaboard (always near water)  French- Ohio Valley, Canada, Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico Spanish- Southwest (TX, New Mex, AZ, CA), Central and South America 9. Why did many Europeans migrate to America in the 1600s? To gain religion and political freedom and start a new life; Maryland, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania Quakers 10. Why were many colonial settlements located near the water and who first settled the Hudson River Valley area in New York? Access to ports, fresh water, wildlife; The Dutch (New Netherland/New Amsterdam) 11. What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact? To provide rules and a government for the Pilgrims since they landed in the wrong area 12. The economies of New England and the South were totally different. Give 2 factors that contributed to this difference. Location/geography and climate 13. At first, the South’s economy was based on agriculture and the 3 major cash crops were tobacco, rice and indigo. The economy in the early New England colonies was based on shipping and fishing 14. Explain the government created by the Jamestown settlers. The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first representative government in the New World. It is an example of self- government 15. Who had the right to vote in Colonial government? White men, over 21 who owned land 16. How did the 13 English colonial governments significantly differ? In the way they chose their governors- royal, charter, proprietary 17. What was the significance of the John Peter Zenger trial?  Newspaperman who was put on trial for criticizing the British government Helped establish freedom of the press in America 18. Explain the principle of mercantilism. Colonies exist to benefit the Mother Country (England) They should provide natural resources and markets for finished goods to benefit England’s exports 19. What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts? To enforce the policy of mercantilism and make sure that England made money (benefited) from American trade 20. Why was the Albany Plan of Union created and how does it compare with the League of Iroquois? AP- Ben Franklin’s plan to unite the colonies for strength to fight against the French. LOI- 5 Iroquois tribes united for strength to fight against their NA and European enemies 21. What was the major cause of the French and Indian War? Control of the Ohio River Valley (French vs. British) 22. What were the two major results of the French and Indian War that upset the colonists? Proclamation of 1763- too far for British to control- problems with Natives Colonists would have to pay taxes that would be used to pay off the war debt 23. Why did the colonists object to the various taxes that were placed on them? They had no say (no representation) in Parliament as other Englishmen did “No taxation without representation” 24. What was the most effective form of protest used by the colonists to challenge the taxes? Boycott, because it cost England money and destroyed their economy b) Why was this method so successful? British merchants lost money when the colonists stopped buying their goods 25. What was “Common Sense” and who was the author? A pamphlet convincing the colonists to break away from British rule Thomas Paine 26. Why did the colonists decide to rebel and declare their independence from England? It made no sense for a small island to be in charge of a big continent 3,000 miles away. Colonists wanted control of their own economy 27. Who was the main author of the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson- he believed that people have natural rights as human beings 28. What was the major purpose of the Declaration of Independence? To justify why colonists were overthrowing British rule (let colonial grievances be known) To rebel against an unjust gov’t. Ensure life, liberty & the pursuit of happiness Establish the US 29. Where did the American Revolution begin and how? Lexington and Concord- Br troops went to Lexington looking for the ring leaders and Concord looking to seize ammunition the colonists were storing there 30. What was the turning point of the Revolutionary War? Why? Battle of Saratoga British trapped and lost battle; French decide to help the Patriots (alliance) 31. What were the results of the Revolutionary War? America gained freedom and independence from England New borders (Atlantic to Mississippi River) British and Americans could trade on Mississippi River America would pay war debts and can fish near Canada 32. What was the first government after the Revolution? Why did it only last a few years? Articles of Confederation- only one branch Congress had no real power; could not enforce its authority; weak States had more say 33. What was the primary aim or purpose of the writers of the US Constitution? To strengthen the powers of the central government To correct the mistakes of the Articles of Confederation 34. The new government was a federal system. Explain federalism. The division of power between the state and federal (national) government It was created to make the government more balanced. 35. What issue did the Great Compromise settle? Representation of the states in Congress (bicameral legislature) Senate=2 per state House of Rep=based on a census population b. Explain the 3/5 Compromise. Solved problem over Southern representation in the Senate South wanted all whites & slaves to be in the population count in Congress North only wanted to count whites Compromise= for every 5 slaves, only 3 would count to settle differences 36. Where are the goals of the Constitution stated? The goals are stated in the preamble, “We the people…” The document itself is the statement of rules and procedures for governing 37. List the 3 branches of government and the jobs of each.  Legislative=makes the laws; Executive=enforces the laws; judicial=interprets the laws 38. What is separation of powers? No branch of government has too much power, 3 branches, each have separate jobs 39. What is the purpose of checks and balances? Each branch has the power to check the other 2 to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful 40. Compare the branches of the federal government to the New York State government. Legislative Executive Judicial Federal Congress President Supreme Court NYS NYS Assembly Governor State Supreme Court 41. What is the Electoral College? Why was it created? What does it encourage candidates to do when running for office? System of electing the President Was created because the judgment of the common people in electing the President was not trusted It encourages candidates to campaign in states with the largest population 42. What was the Bill of Rights and what was its purpose? 1 ten amendments to the Constitution that were written to protect the rights st of the individual people b) Which amendment strongly concentrates on individual liberties? First- freedom of press, speech, petition, assembly & religion 43. How did the Bill of Rights affect the ratification of the Constitution by some states? States that feared the strength of the central gov’t agreed to vote for ratification 44. Explain the following Constitutional terms:  Unwritten Constitution-Traditions that started and remained, but are not written in the Constitution Judicial review-power of the Supreme Court to declare a law or act unconstitutional Elastic clause- ability to broaden or stretch the powers of Congress Amendment- a change or addition to the Constitution Ratify-to officially pass or approve (a bill to a law, the Constitution, etc.) Census- an official count of the population by the government every ten years 45. Name two precedents established by George Washington? Cabinet and two terms 46. What were 3 parts of Alexander Hamilton’s plan to repay the war debt? Create a national bank, protective tariff, Whiskey Tax 47. Discuss the outcome of the Marbury v. Madison case. It is the first example of the Supreme Court using Judicial Review to determine if a law created by Congress was constitutional 48. What major port did Jefferson try to buy from Napoleon? Why was it so important? New Orleans- to transport goods (Right of Deposit) 49. What was the major result of the Louisiana Purchase? Doubled the size of the country- from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mtns. 50. What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark Expedition? To explore and map out Louisiana Purchase Check out plants, animals, all-water route, befriend Native Americans 51. What was the purpose of the Embargo Act? France and Britain were at war To end all trade with Europe in hopes to avoid further impressment issues with FR & BR 52. What were the causes of the War of 1812? Impressment British supplying NA with weapons and interfering with forts War Hawks Desire to gain land (Canada, Florida) 53. What were the results of the War of 1812? Britain recognized US boundaries Federalist Party ended Nationalism (Era of Good Feelings) Industry prospered 54. How did the Monroe Doctrine change the foreign policy of the US? Warned European nations not to interfere with Americas US demonstrated strength and control 55. How did Jackson abuse his Presidential power? Trail of Tears Spoils System National Bank 56. What was Andrew Jackson’s Spoils System? Appointing regular citizens (friends, political supporter and family) to jobs regardless of ability or qualification 57. What happened during the Trail of Tears?  As part of a movement to remove all NA east of the Mississippi River  The Cherokee were forced to relocate onto reservations in Oklahoma & Kansas 58. What was the Industrial Revolution? Change in manufacturing from hand made goods to machines 59. How were early factories powered and who created the first factory? Hydroelectric powered mills spread across Northeast Samuel Slater 60. Explain the benefits of standardized parts and who invented this? Speed up manufacturing because parts can be interchanged; Eli Whitney 61. How did the cotton gin affect the South? How did it affect the North? Eli Whitney invented Separated seeds from cotton quickly; did work of 50 men As the south produced more cotton with this new method of cleaning the cotton, the Northern factories boomed. Northern states used cotton in their textile mills. 62. Where was the Erie Canal located and how did it impact trade (the economy)? Albany (NY City) to Buffalo (Lake Erie) Connected the Northeast to the West (Great Lakes) Made trade faster, cheaper, easier 63. Define Manifest Destiny. The belief that American democracy and the US should expand to the Pacific Coast Christianize and civilize the Natives 64. How did James K. Polk’s campaign slogan of “Fifty-four forty or fight!” reflect the feelings of many Americans? Americans thought that Manifest Destiny entitled them to all new territories 76. What were the results of the California Gold Rush? Rapid population growth; California became a state 77. How did the Alamo lead to Texan independence? It fueled the revenge battle at San Jacinto where Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty giving America Texas  78. How did the Annexation of Texas lead to the Mexican War? The annexation of Texas caused Mexico and America to argue over the southern border of Texas, eventually leading to war b) What were the results of this war? The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war with: The Rio Grande as the border of Texas The Mexican Cession (US paid $15 mil) 79. Why was the Seneca Falls Convention held and what was the result? First women’s rights convention; held upstate NY Women fought for suffrage, equal pay, jobs Susan B. Anthony 80. Who was Harriet Tubman and what was the Underground Railroad? The most famous “conductor” on the Underground Railroad; helped rescue 300 slaves to freedom in the North 81. What is sectionalism? Loyalty to local interests rather than what is best for all 82. Sectional rivalries leading up to the Civil War centered on what 3 issues? States’ rights v. Federal, extension of slavery, tariffs *Social and economic differences played a large role 83. Describe the following and explain how they led to the Civil War: Missouri Compromise- South feared the North would gain control of Congress kept an even balance between slave and free (Missouri, Maine) Divided Louisiana Territory @ 36, 30 (North=free, South=slave) Dred Scott- sued for his freedom in Supreme Court; slaves cannot sue b/c not citizens Missouri Compromise illegal  Compromise of 1850- As the issue over the extension of slavery in the territories came up again, it was decided that: - California would come in as a free state - The remainder of the Mexican Cession would use nty (when the people decide if they want slavery or not) Also, - the slave trade in Washington D.C. was cancelled * the Fugitive Slave Act was created Fugitive Slave Act- escaped slaves must be returned to owner; North refused to follow Sometimes free blacks were taken South by mistake! Uncle Tom’s Cabin- Harriet Beecher Stowe- stirred up Northerners against slavery John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry- An attempt to arm slaves with guns to revolt over slavery; North saw Brown as a hero/martyr Abraham Lincoln’s republican platform on slavery- Opposed the spread of slavery into the territories - Further divided N and S 84. Which event caused the immediate secession of several southern states from the Union? The election of Lincoln (4 candidates ran!) 85. What was the North’s main goal at the start of the Civil War? How did it change? Preserve the Union- later, became to abolish slavery 86. What was the South’s main goal at the start of the war?  Maintain independence and their economy; defend the right to secede from the Union 87. What were the advantages each side had in the war? North- people, food and supplies, navy, railroads, money, working government South- own soil- know the terrain, well trained generals, outdoor skills 88. What was the importance of the following battles? Ft. Sumter- start of war- Confederates fired on Northerners Gettysburg- Turning Point- Confederacy suffered many losses -Europe decided not to support South 89. Explain the Emancipation Proclamation. A political move by President Lincoln to help the North win the war. Freed all slaves in the Confederate states 90. What were the results of the Civil War? South devastated (land, death, $) Nation, as a whole, more important to people than states Industry boomed Federal gov’t expanded (Reconstruction) 92. Define the following vocabulary terms: Culture- the way of life of a group of people; religion, dress, food, celebrations, language Civilization- people sharing their way of life and living in one place together; organized gov’t., arts and crafts, permanent houses/towns Hierarchy- the ranking of a society, one above another (like New Spain or Feudalism) Economic- businesses, resources, money, jobs Revenue- taxes collected by government; income Unification- to combine as one Boycott- refuse to buy Levy- to create a tax (Parliament) Repeal- to withdraw or cancel a law Patriot- for the American Revolution Loyalist- for the King and Parliament; against the American Revolution Legislature- assembly, law making body Alliance- an agreement between nations to support each other with money, soldiers, supplies, politically etc. (Fr & Am during the Revolution) Turning point- a critical point when a major change takes place Manufacture/Industry- making and trading goods Agriculture- farming Abolitionist- a person who wants to end (abolish) slavery Suffrage- the right to vote; as in women and blacks Amend- change or addition (to the Constitution) Federal/National/Central- all refer to the government controlled by Congress, Pres. & Supreme Ct. (Washington DC) Precedent- to set an example and do something for the first time (GW) Annex/Annexation- to add on a territory to the US (Texas) Secede/secession - to formally withdraw from the Union & create a separate gov’t and Country Preserve- to keep the Union/country together Emancipate- to free someone, as in slavery Object- go against; complain