History Study Doc - Grade 12 PDF

Renaissance Test Review Themes of historical significance: Social impact, innovation, scale, legacy and influence on future generations. What led to the fall of Rome? Disease, famine and political unrest. The black plague killed a large portion of Europe. Why did the renaissance begin? The renais...

Renaissance Test Review Themes of historical significance: Social impact, innovation, scale, legacy and influence on future generations. What led to the fall of Rome? Disease, famine and political unrest. The black plague killed a large portion of Europe. Why did the renaissance begin? The renaissance began because of 3 main reasons: Large cities, a wealthy merchant class and inspiration from Ancient Rome. The renaissance began in the city state of Florence because of its urban society, passing on of ideas, trading markets and lay people eagerly learning how to do new types of jobs Petrarch: the first Humanist Medieval art: stressed the divine/religion, unrealist, no depth Renaissance art: more freedom, creativity, depth, use of shadows and light, emphasized nature and beauty. The early renaissance: 1400-1495, reintroduction of classical elements, church and religion centered art, experimentation with artistic techniques. The high renaissance: 1495-1520, peak of artist achievement, lay patronage was introduced which led to more creativity away from the church. Important artists Giotto Di Bondone: Pioneer of renaissance style in art. Filipo Brunelleschi: known for his use of linear perspective, Florence cathedral Duomo. Linear perspective: a mathematical technique designed to render three dimensional objects on a two dimensional surface. Michelangelo: known for his use of contrapposto, David. Contrapposto: a way of posing statues so that they have their weight on one leg, thus making them look more realistic Leonardo Da Vinci: pioneered the sfumato technique, transferred botanical knowledge to paintings, known for the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper Sfumato: Creating a soft, blurred effect to paintings Caravaggio: known for his use of chiaroscuro, painted realist observation, The Calling of St. Matthew Chiaroscuro: contrast between light and darkness to create a realistic and dramatic effect Feudalism: Kings, Tenants, Knights, serfs and peasants. City State: autonomous political units that have a major city as there center and include the near hinterland Types of renaissance governments: Republics: power is held by the people and their elected representatives (early renaissance) Oligarchy: Governments of the few, usually a group of powerful and wealthy people or aristocrats. The Medici Family: ruled Florence for almost 300 years, obtained their wealth from banking, shaped the cultural and political landscape of Florence. Niccolo Machiavelli: was a civil servant, considered the first modern day philosopher, advising rulers on how to keep order. The Prince: a guide to ruling written by Machiavelli Protestant Reformation and Voyages of Discovery Test Review The Protestant Reformation of Europe A religious movement in Europe during the 16th century that resulted in the creation of the protestant church The Popes Clement V: elected in 1305, resides in Avignon France Urban IV: elected in 1378, resides in Rome France elects antipope Clement VII in 1378 in an attempt to keep the papacy in France The Council of Constance: disposes all current popes and elects Pope Martin V, the papacy returns to Rome. The issue with priests -​ Ignorant -​ Corrupt -​ Illiterate (in Latin) -​ Couldn't teach -​ Poor -​ Immoral practices The issue with penance There was a major issue with penance as one could simply not remember all the sins they have committed and thus they would not be able to get forgiveness for them. Popular Piety: The practice of common church goers developing their own religious practices outside of the church to live a satisfying religious life without the church (rosary beads, statues of the cross, relics) The sale of Indulgences -​ Payments made to the church to “write off” ones sins -​ Could be purchased for the living or the dead -​ Viewed as immoral/corrupt by many Martin Luther -​ German monk/scholar that led the protestant reformation -​ Studied law in germany -​ A near death experience in a lightning storm enlightened him to seek change. -​ His Interpretation: saw the bible as the primary source of religious authority, not the church, people should seek salvation from christ, not sacraments, priesthood of “all believers” and not just priests (since they were greatly flawed)  -​ Roman 1:17 “The righteousness of God shall be revealed through faith;as it is written, the righteousness shall live by faith” Luther's 95 Theses’ -​ Posted at the Wittenberg church in Germany to protest the sale of indulgences by the catholic church -​ Suggested that there should be limits to the churches power -​ Designed to encourage debate within the church and lay people. The Impact of the Printing Press -​ Introduced to germany by Johannes Gutenburg -​ Encouraged the spread of all ideas -​ Greatly accelerated the pace of the Reformation as it allowed for a multitude of copies of the Theses in many different languages to be sent out across Europe. -​ Books went from being rare and expensive to common and cheap -​ Created a bridge between high and low culture -​ Promotion of a common language -​ Promoted the rebellion against the catholic church In 1521, Martin Luther and his followers are formally excommunicated from the catholic church by Pope Leo X Diet of Worms -​ Martin Luthers is called before this holy assembly where he must renounce or affirm his views on the catholic church -​ Takes place in Worms, Germany -​ Luther refuses to recant his teachings Luther is declared a heretic and an outlaw of state (he's committed a capital offense and the government will no longer protect him) The Augsburg Confession -​ Presented at the diet of Augsburg -​ Outlines key tenants of Lutheranism -​ Formalized distinct protestant theology Lutheranism -​ Services are conducted in German instead of latin -​ 2 Sacraments - Baptism and and Communion -​ No formal rituals of penance The counter reformation -​ Council of Trent -​ Response to the protestant reformation -​ A period of church reflection and reform -​ Noble action: Ends sale of indulgences, new religious order - the Jesuits -​ Combat heresy -​ Led by the jesuit order John Calvin -​ the leader of the second coming of the reformation -​ Made an even larger impact than Luther with respect to idea Exploration and Encounter Age of Exploration -​ Occurred between the 15th and 17th century -​ Spain and Portugal were the main contributors in this time -​ The old worlds meets the new world for the first time -​ Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) -​ New World (North and South America) Motivating Factors of Exploration Religion -​ Religious division intensified, competition between european countries increased -​ Belief in superiority of Christianity and Protestantism -​ Motivated by desire to convert indigenous societies Power and Prestige -​ European powers seeking global recognition -​ Sought enhanced power and prestige through the acquisition of territories in the Americas Trade and Economics -​ Demand for spices. Silk, gold, and silver -​ Previously dominated muslim and venetian merchants -​ Desire to find new trade routes Nautical/technological advancements -​ Advancements in ship building promoted long-distance travel -​ Resulted in more accurate mapping -​ Navigational tools like the compass are created The Caravel -​ Combined the use of both a rectangular and triangular to take on both light and heavy winds on the ocean -​ Easily maneuverable -​ Shallow hulled -​ Heavy cannons Portuguese beginnings - Henry the Navigator -​ A prince -​ Patron of nautical exploration -​ Established academy in Sangres, Portugal -​ Credited with starting the age of exploration Mapping in the ages of exploration -​ Cartographer Henricus Martellus is credited with creating the first map of the known world (to Europeans) -​ Believed to be used by columbus  -​ “The Martellus Map” Spanish Exploration - Christopher Columbus -​ Born in Genoa (Italy), lived in Portugal, sailed for Spain under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. -​ 4 voyages to the Americas -​ *Important Date* Columbus made his first voyage in 1492 -​ Goal: Find a shorter route to asia/india and the spice trade -​ Plan: Sail West and circumnavigate the globe Columbus’ 3 ships: The Nina, The Pinta and The Santa Maria. First landed in the Bahamas Indigenous Populations -​ Existed before the arrival of Europeans -​ Flourishing cities that were bigger than any European State -​ The Aztecs: -​ 14th-16th century -​ Resided in Mesoamerica (Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala) -​ Their capital was Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico city) -​ Population of between 200 000 - 300 000 people Imperialism: The policy or practice by which a country extends its power and influence over other countries/territories (the big picture) Colonization: The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area/ (an action of imperialism) The 4 elements of Colonization 1.​ permanent settlement: Permanent colonies overseas, foot holder for future expeditions, strategically selected locations 2.​ Economic exploitation: exploitation of resources of colonized territories, both natural and human, development of local economies and infrastructure to facilitate extraction, use of forced labor  3.​ Political Control: Created administrative and government structures, established laws enforced and established by military force, treaties and alliances 4.​ Cultural Assimilation: Imposed cultural values, beliefs, practices. Used education, religion or language policies to achieve cultural sameness Mercantilism: Economic system used by Europeans to obtain wealth The Treaty of Tordesillas -​ An attempt for the europeans to avoid a war/conflict over colonized land in the Americas -​ Divides land outside of Europe -​ Portugal and Spain signatories Conquistador: Spanish conqueror Hernan Cortes: Led the conquest of the Aztec Empire, Established Spanish rule in Mexico Francisco Pizzaro: Led the conquest of the Inca Empire, Established Spanish rule in Peru Case Study - Spanish Conquest Permanent settlement: -​ as the Spaniards colonized Tenochtitlan, the indigenous people of the Aztec Empire are forced to relocate -​ Demographic decline due to disease and warfare Economic Exploitation: -​ Crops grown for European benefit -​ Mines striped of precious metal -​ Enslavement used for labor Political Control: -​ Spanish monarchy set rules and regulations -​ Established framework for courts  -​ Spaniards are granted positions of privilege and authority Cultural Assimilation: -​ Indigenous languages → Spanish -​ Christianity replaces native spiritual practices -​ Cultural erosions and loss of knowledge and practices of the Aztecs The Columbian Exchange Resulted in exchange of diseases, technology, ideas, food crops and populations between the new and old world. Follows the voyages of Christopher Columbus. Demographic Impacts: demand for labor on plantations facilitated the transatlantic slave trade, bring million of Africans to the Americas. Cultural Impact facilitates the blending of cultures through food, language, music and religion. Economic Impact: New world fuels the wealth of the old world, accelerates colonial expansion Globalization: The trend towards greater interconnectedness between countries, economies, cultures and societies. Definitions -​ Lay: pertaining to secular culture and society, not part of the religious order -​ Indulgences: Acts of penitence in the Catholic church that result in the forgiveness of a sin. During that fifteenth century, the practice became controversial when forgiveness became associated with monetary donations. -​ Inquisition: A tribunal of the catholic church, whose main function was to seek out and punish heresy during the late Middle Agesand in the early modern period. -​ Trinity: The doctrine held by most christian denominations that the monotheistic God has three natures represented as the father, the son and the holy spirit.  -​ Pluralism: The idea that, in any single nation or state, a number of religious, cultural, and/or ethnic groups should co-exist in a spirit of mutual tolerance, -​ Sovereignty: A state, territory, or community independent of other governments that has the right to male laws, engage in war, and make treaties with other states, associated with the modern era. -​ Purgatory: The middle ground between heaven and hell, cleanse imperfect souls before entering heaven. -​ Cartography: The study or practice of drawing maps -​ Viceroyalties: A region or territory governed by a viceroy on behalf of the spanish King Scientific Revolution and Age of Enlightenment Test Review The Scientific Revolution This event took place in the 17th century Europe where great minds challenged the long standing ideas of the universe and birthed the age of Modern Science Knowledge prior to the Revolution -​ All truth had already been discovered -​ Science contradicted biblical teachings, the Catholic church feared loss of credibility at this time. -​ Church is resistant to change, condemned heretics Aristotle and The Old Science -​ Old science was primarily based on the teaching of Aristotle -​ Had an “encyclopedic mind” - knew everything -​ Highly revered, long accepted truths in old society Growing skepticism of ancient authority  -​ New math techniques/tools granted observations that disproved the teachings of the ancients -​ Mad people ask themselves “What else don’t we know?” Cosmology: A branch of philosophy/science that deals with the structure and order of the heavens and earth. Geocentrism: The theory of the universe that posits the Earth at the center (Aristotle) ​ ​ This belief was also supported by religious teaching from Catholicism Nicolaus Copernicus -​ “Revolutions of the heavenly sun” -​ Challenged prevailing theories of the universe -​ Beginning of the Scientific Revolution -​ His Theory → Heliocentrism: The theory of the universe that posits the sun at the center. Galileo Galilei -​ “Dialogue of the two chief systems” (published in 1632) -​ First to study the sky with the telescope -​ The father of Experimental Science -​ Conducted more experiments to test what he observed Isaac Newton -​ “Principia” -​ Synthesized discoveries of predecessors into one coherent system -​ Laid the foundation for the study of Modern Physics Epistemology: The branch of philosophy that deals with the origin and nature of knowledge and how ascertain that something is true or false. Francis Bacon -​ “Novum Organum” -​ Preached reliable knowledge gained through experience -​ Championed empiricism Empiricism: A philosophy that states that the senses are the only source of real and verifiable information. Rene Descartes - Rationalism -​ “Discourse on Method” -​ Used doubt and skepticism to establish truth -​ Taught that scenes can be fooled and information can be false -​ “Cogito ergo Sum” → “I think, therefore, I am” Rationalism: A philosophy that stresses reason itself as a source of knowledge independent of the senses Deduction: A method of reasoning from the general to the specific Induction: A method of reasoning from the specific to the general State of Nature: A condition without government Thomas Hobbes -​ “Leviathan” -​ English philosopher -​ Imagined society in a state of nature from a pessimistic view (chaos and conflict ensued on society) -​ Believed that people's desire for power led to violence. -​ How to solve: Resort to a sovereign state with absolute rule -​ Thomas Hobbes was an Absolutism John Locke -​ “2 Treatises of government” -​ English philosopher -​ Imagined society in a state of nature from an optimistic point of view where people maintained their natural rights. -​ Believed that a government should protect a people’s natural rights -​ Also believed that a government should have limited power and should be overthrown if its citizens. -​ John Locke was a Constitutionalist Constitutionalism:  Power is limited by a constitution, whether written or unwritten. The government operates under a set of laws or principles that constrain its authority, ensuring it does not infringe upon the rights of citizens. Example: England's constitutional monarchy after the Glorious Revolution (1688). Absolutism: Power is unlimited and centralized in the hands of a single ruler, often justified by divine right or hereditary claims. The monarch or ruler has absolute authority, with no legal or institutional constraints. Example: Louis XIV of France, who famously declared, "L'État, c'est moi" ("I am the state"). Centralized authority - The idea that the state should be governed from the center and that local areas and individuals should have little or no power. Civil liberties - A freedom reserved for individuals in a political unit, such as freedom of association, freedom of conscience , and freedom of movement;associated with natural rights Natural rights - The idea that all individuals have rights, such as the right to life, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion, that cannot be taken away by the state or any other sovereignty. The Age of Enlightenment From the late 17th - 18th century, Europe saw a progression from the Scientific Revolution. This brought forth the “Age of Reason where reason, science and individual rights were prioritized. Philosophes: Leading intellectual figures of the French Enlightenment Main Ideals of the Philosophes Reason: Championed reason as the path to knowledge and opposed reliance on superstition and religious authority Individualized Rights and Freedoms: Promoted natural rights of individuals, including freedom of speech, religion, and the right to self governance. Secularization and Skepticism: emphasized separating church from state and allowing science to operate independently from religious doctrine or tradition. Progress: Glorified human progress and the possibility of perfecting society through educations, reason, and innovation Education and Exchange: Encouraged spreading knowledge through education, print culture, and salons where ideas were exchanged freely. The Encyclopedia -​ Ultimate collection of human knowledge -​ Promoted the ideals of the enlightenment -​ 300 writers, 72 000 articles -​ Chief editors: Denis Diderot and Jean d’Alembert The Salon -​ Meetings of intellectuals where conversation was the main activity -​ Guided by a hostess -​ The ideal salon participant was someone who possessed a love for learning and was thoughtful, sensitive and reflective. -​ Salons flourished in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. -​ They were social gatherings focused on conversation, knowledge-sharing, and fellowship. -​ Typically hosted in the private homes of bourgeois women who opened their spaces to a public audience. -​ Regular events: often weekly or even daily. -​ Commonly involved extended meals for groups of 20-40 people. -​ Featured a core membership but were always open to new participants and ideas. -​ Covered a wide range of subjects: science, philosophy, politics, literature, art, and morality. -​ Some salons had specific philosophical, cultural, or political focuses, while others were more general. Salon Environment -​ Wealth, social status and family lineage are not important -​ Welcomed both men and women of all religions, politics views and social status -​ A safe space for people to express their ideas -​ Impact: -​ A testing ground for new ideas, projects, and ideals -​ Illuminated deep roots of social and political issues -​ Philosophes then went forth to teach salon virtues in all areas of life -​ The Role of Salonnieres:  -​ Analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of their guests -​ Promoted self-actualization -​ Challenged the limitations of guests Key Figures of The Age of Enlightenment Francois-Marie-Arouet (Voltaire) 1694-1778 -​ Wrote the “Letters to the English” -​ French philosopher -​ Unhappy with with the French Government -​ Advocated for civil liberties, religious tolerance and freedom of speech -​ Known for using satire to criticize and expose the french government -​ Contrasted English and French societies -​ Criticized France’s (Monarchy, Government and rules of Religion. Praised England Satire: Technique that uses humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to criticize or expose the flaws of individuals, institutions or society as a whole. ​ Goals: Entertain, expose, encourage critical thinking, inspire change. King Louis XIV (1638-1715) -​ Ruled France for 72 years as King -​ Known as “Le Roi Solei” (The Sun King) -​ The center of France’s government -​ Centralized authority: -​ King was ultimate authority -​ Made laws, levied taxes and controlled the military with absolute power -​ King Louis XIV - L’etat c’est moi, I am the state Estates: A class or order of people within a state, having distinct rights and obligations different from those of other classes in the state. -​ The 3 estates include: The Clergy, The Nobility and Commoners Privileges: Rights or advantages held by a special class within a state to the exclusion of other classes. The Edict of Nantes (1598) -​ Issued by King Henry IV -​ Ended religious wars between French Catholics and Protestants  -​ Granted rights and freedoms to Huguenots (French Protestants) The Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) -​ King Louis XIV attempt to create religious unity under Catholicism -​ He did this by undoing the Edict of Nantes and Outlawed Protestantism King Louis XIV and Nobility Control -​ Louis required all members of the nobility of France to live in the Palace of Versailles -​ Distracted them with ceremonies and events within the castle -​ All member of the nobility were dependant on favor of the king Baron De Montesquieu (1689-1755) -​ “Spirit of the laws” -​ Lawyer -​ Analyzed the different forms of government -​ Opposed absolutism -​ Believed that a proper division of power was necessary to prevent tyranny -​ Also believed in Cultural Relativism over Cultural Universalism Cultural Relativism: Beliefs, values and practices must be understood within the context of a specific culture, not judged by the standard of another. Cultural Universalism: Certain values, principles and practices are universally applicable to all cultures. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) -​ “The Social Contract” and “Discourse of Inequality” -​ Believed that people in State of Nature had “natural pity” or empathy for others -​ He believed that the introduction of things like private property made people selfish beings and destroyed natural goodness. -​ Determined to give society legitimacy by restoring it's loss of community -​ Redefined sovereignty by placing it in the hands of the people. -​ Believed that human beings needed both liberty and society so they should enter into a Social contract: Giving up certain personal liberties in exchange for protection while still retaining ultimate sovereignty. -​ General will: A communities/societies identity and will, the large interests of a community that were of the noblest thoughts and ideas, not the largest interest of the population.  -​ His philosophy in Émile emphasizes individualized, experiential learning focused on natural development, morality, and emotional intelligence, which overlaps with the emphasis on physical education, ethics, and natural studies. The Division of Powers: -​ Legislative Branch (Makes and passes laws): Congress and Parliament -​ Executive Branch (enforces the laws): President/Prime Minister -​ Judicial Branch (Interprets and applies the laws): Court systems The French Revolution and Age of Napoleon The French Revolution (1789-1799) Causes of the French Revolution 1.​ Social Inequality The Estates -​ The largest and third estate, the commoners, were constantly undermined by the second and first estates, the clergy and the nobility. 2.​ Ideological The Enlightenment -​ The enlightenment period gave the people of France hope and reason for a political uprising. -​ Philosophes challenged societal hierarchies and inequalities -​ This fueled a demand for new social order in France The American Revolution -​ America succeeds over the English, demonstrating the possibility of overthrowing an oppressive regime. -​ French soldiers who fought in the revolution bring back revolutionary ideologies/values. 3.​ Economical Debt -​ France engaged in many wars between 1689-1815, causing it to go into a massive amount of debt  -​ The resentment of the English from France caused them to lose even more money funding English rivals such as America -​ They funded the 7 years war (1756-1763) and the American Revolution (1765-1791) Food Prices -​ Series of bad harvests cause massive food shortage amid severe weather (1788) -​ Bread becomes very expensive due to grain shortages -​ Hunger and malnutrition increase 4.​ Politics and Ineffective leadership ​ King Louis XVI (16th) -​ King of France -​ Took the throne at a very young age, lacked skills and confidence to rule -​ Perceived by the commoners as immature and indecisive Marie Antoinnette -​ Austrian born, Queen of France -​ Married at 14 to King Louis as a sign of political alliance between France and Austria -​ Perceived as out of touch with society Leading up to the Start of the Revolution The Meeting of the Estates General - May 1789 -​ Legislative body with each estate present -​ Called to address France’s financial crisis -​ Cahiers De Doleances are presented to the king - issues and demands of the people -​ Estates vote by body with the 1st and 2nd estate often undermining the 3rd by collectively voting against them. Declaration of the National Assembly - June 17th, 1789 -​ 3rd Estate declared themselves the National Assembly -​ Represented the common people of France -​ Demanded economic and social reforms with some clergy and nobility support The Tennis Court Oath -​ The National Assembly is locked out of meeting hall by the King -​ They Gather at a Tennis Court instead and swear to continue meeting until a new constitution is put in place The Beginning of the Revolution The Storming of the Bastille - July 14th, 1789 -​ State prison in center of Paris holding political prisoners, symbol of oppressive order -​ Stormed by revolutionaries -​ Inspirational victory -​ Symbolic start of French Revolution The Declaration of the right of Man and Citizen - August 26th, 1789 -​ Marquis de Lafayette - author, Thomas Jefferson - consult -​ Summarizes key ideals of Revolution -​ Basis for future French Constitution The Women’s March on Versailles - October 5-7th, 1789 -​ Woman led protest against the high price of food -​ Starts in Paris market and ends at Versailles -​ Mob forces King and Queen to relocate to Paris Emigres: People who fled France throughout French Revolution The Flight to Varennes - June 20th-21st, 1791 -​ Royals are on house arrest -​ Attempt to flee French to Montmedy (Belgium) -​ Aided by royalist sympathizers -​ Hoped to cross the border into Austria -​ Aimed to build an army to fight the Revolution -​ They are captured and brought back to France, Charged as traitors and conspiracy Republic: A constitutional form of government with no Monarchs The Trial of King Louis XVI -​ Found guilty of Conspiracy -​ Convicted, executed January 21st, 1793 (queen is killed a year later) The Revolution after the Monarchy of King Louis XVI Revolutionary Names and symbols -​ Effort are made to eradicate all signs and symbols of the Revolution -​ Churches are re-named to reflect a secular society -​ Changes in the measurement of time with the Revolutionary calendar The Revolutionary Calendar -​ 12 months, 3x 10 day weeks -​ Months now reflect rhythm and change of seasons -​ Days are named for mathematical regularity -​ Start time: September 22nd, 1792 Challenges to the New Republic -​ Coalition of European Monarchies determined to stop the Revolution from spreading and restore the Monarchy -​ Counter Revolution uprising are established -​ Intense rivalry and power struggles with Revolutionary Government 2 Major Political Groups ​ Girondins -​ Moderate political group with middle class support, mostly from outside the city ​ Jacobin -​ Radical political group with urban and working class support -​ Maximillian Robespierre -​ Leader of Jacobin -​ Lawyer/Politician -​ Used violence to achieve public aim The Terror - September - July, 1794 -​ State terrorism established by Robespierre and the Jacobin -​ Created the Committee of Public Safety -​ Aimed to preserve the revolution The Committee of Public Safety - Est, April 6th, 1793 -​ 12 member body -​ Controlled the military, courts and police The Law of Suspects -​ Broadly defined as “counter revolutionary activity”  -​ Thousands of people are arrested and tried with little evidence, executed Public Execution via the Guillotine -​ The guillotine was used to execute counter revolutionaries -​ Done in public to entice fear into the public ​ The Death of Robespierre - July 27th, 1794 -​ Accounces large purge of enemies -​ Forceful deputies vote to capture Robespierre -​ End of the Terror The Directory, 1795-1799 -​ Centrist government -​ New constitution of year III -​ 5 directors and 2 houses of parliament -​ Proves to be weak and ineffective The Age of Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821 -​ Revered military leader and 1st Emperor of France Early life of Napoleon -​ Born in Corsica -​ Received military education in France -​ Sympathized with the Jacobin clan -​ Considered himself a child of the revolution Napoleon's Rise to Power -​ As France engaged in many wars, Napoleon proves his military prowess, gains popularity -​ Meanwhile, directory is failing to address economic and political state of France The Siege of Toulon August 28th - December 19th, 1793 -​ Toulon is taken back by Napoleon after being occupied by enemy forces -​ This battle demonstrated Napoleon's tactical and strategic brilliance 13 Venemaire - October 5th, 1975 -​ The people of France are discontent with the Directory  -​ Royalists seek to return monarchy -​ Napoleon is tasked with stopping uprising against directory -​ Outnumbered but successful, demonstrated handling of civil unrest Coupe of 18 Brumaire - November 9th, 1799 -​ Coup D’etat orchestrated by Napoleon, his brother Lucien, and Joseph Seyes -​ Leads to new government -​ Napoleon names himself 1st Consul and is later voted Emperor in 1804 Consolidation of Power and Public Support -​ order>chaos -​ Viewed as a symbol of unity and power -​ All things to all people 1.​ The Concordat, 1801 ​ ​ Background -​ Dechristianization of France during revolution -​ Destruction of religious iconography, seizure of church property -​ Removal of all church privileges -​ The Concordat: an agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon -​ Reconciliation between the church and the state/government -​ An attempt to further Napoleon’s support -​ Results in the reestablishment of the Catholic Church in France -​ Papacy recognize Napoleon's regime -​ Catholics support Napoleon 2.​ The Napoleonic Code 1804 -​ Codification: compiling rules and laws into an orderly, formal code -​ Unifies French law -​ Simple, clear and accessible -​ Affirmed basic civil rights, promoted legal equality in all of France 3.​ Peacemaking -​ The Treaty of Amiens - March 25th, 1802 -​ Peace agreement between French and English -​ Return of conquered land and territories -​ Resume diplomatic relations Economic and Educational Reforms  1.​ Economic -​ Established the bank of France in 1800 to stabilize economy/manage finance -​ New tax system to ensure consistent revenue -​ Financed infrastructure projects to boost trade 2.​ Education -​ State-run secondary schools -​ Made to train future leaders for French government and military -​ Introduced merit-based system The Napoleonic Wars 1803-1815 -​ A continuous series of major conflicts that reshaped Europe Rationale of the Wars 1.​ Defend Revolutionary Europe 2.​ Expand the French Empire 3.​ Undermine Britain The Battle of Austerlitz - December 2nd, 1805 -​ One of Napoleon's greatest victories as he displayed his military brilliance -​ Outcome: ended the third coalition against France and Forced Austria to sign the Treaty of Pressburg (peace agreement) The Battle of Trafalgar - October 21st, 1805 -​ Napoleon seeks out to take control of the English channel and enable an invasion, however, they first need to destroy their fleet. -​ Outcome: British crush the French and establish naval supremacy in Europe The Continental System 1806: Economic system/blockade imposed by the prohibiting of trade between France and Britain. -​ Goal was to weaken Britain -​ Encouraged boycott of British imports -​ Sought to establish France as main trade partner for Europe The Failure of the Continental System 1.​ England developed new trade partners 2.​ System favoured French Goods 3.​ Required further territorial gains in Europe  4.​ Angered other European Nations The Coalitions Coalition: A group of countries working together against a common enemy or goal 1st Coalition: Austria, Prussia and Britain - Goal is to stop the revolution and restore the monarchy 2nd Coalition: Britain, Austria, Russia - stop the Revolution from progressing and spreading throughout Europe. 6th Coalition: Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia, and a number of German States - Defeat Napoleon for the first time. The Spanish Campaign/Peninsula War 1808-1814 -​ Napoleon disposes Spanish King -​ Places Brother on throne -​ People of Spain resist French rule with support of Britain -​ Spanish resistance uses guerilla tactics. -​ After many brutal and bloody battles, France is driven out of Spain -​ Guerilla warfare: small groups attacking unexpectedly, avoiding direct battles, wearing down the French army over time. Russian Campaign 1812 -​ Napoleon invades Russia in June of 1812 -​ Aim: Punish Tsar Alexander I for breaking the Continental System -​ Enters with 600 000 mean -​ Russia does not engage directly, approaches with scorched earth policy -​ Napoleon reached Moscow only to fund it burned to the ground -​ With a harsh winter approaching and no food, Napoleon was forced to retreat -​ French army then begins attack, between battle and freezing temperatures, French army faces detrimental damages The Battle of Nations (Leipzig) and the 6th Coalition - October 16th-19th, 1813 -​ Largest battle of the 19th century -​ Napoleon is defeated Fall of Napoleon Exile to Elba -​ Napoleon is captured in France in 1814 -​ Exiled to the Remote island of Elba -​ Louis XVIII is crowned King of France, Monarchy is restored The Congress of Vienna -​ Diplomatic conference -​ Attended by representatives of European Nations -​ Goal is to reshape Europe -​ Chairman: Prince Klemens Von Metternich Napoleon's Escape from Elba - February 16th, 1815 -​ Leaves island on ship disguised as a merchant vessel -​ Lands near Cannes -​ Begins march on Paris, gathers support enroute The 100 Days - March 20th-July 8th, 1815 -​ Napoleon arrives in Paris and King Louis XVIII willing flee throne -​ Temporary retakes throne as Emperor -​ 7th Coalition unites and against him -​ Battle of Waterloo - June 18th, 1815 -​ 7th coalition defeats Napoleon -​ Exiled to St. Helena Outcomes of the Congress of Vienne 1.​ Legitimacy -​ Restoration of European Monarchies -​ Promoted legitimate governments, governments before Napoleon 2.​ Balance of Power -​ Prevented one country from dominating Europe -​ Redrew the map of Europe, ensuring power is even -​ France in contained by buffer states/countries 3.​ Create a System of Alliance - The Concert of Europe -​ Informal alliance -​ Regular meetings -​ Addresses conflicts diplomatically