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Design: Problem Solving and meeting Specific Objectives Art and Design ❖ Functionality...

Design: Problem Solving and meeting Specific Objectives Art and Design ❖ Functionality Art: No Practical Functions Art: A form of creative expression that is often driven Design: Centered around by personal or emotional impulses. functionality and usability ❖ Evoke emotion, provoke thought, convey ideas ❖ Subjectivity vs Objectivity ❖ Individuality, originality, self-expression Art: Highly subjective and different interpretations Distinctions of Art Design: Objectivity and Universality for effectiveness ❖ Emphasis on Self-Expression ❖ Process ❖ Exploration of Concepts and Ideas Art: Emphasizes experimentation, ❖ Freedom from Constraints intuition, and exploration of ❖ Subjectivity and Interpretation emotions ❖ Non-Utilitarian Nature Design:structured, research, ❖ Focus on Originality and Innovation problem analysis, iterative ❖ Primary Goal of Evoking Emotion development ❖ Varied Mediums and Approaches ❖ Originality vs Constraints ❖ Less Concern for Audience Reception Art: Emphasizes originality and ❖ Cultural and Historical Context breaking boundaries Design: work within constraints for Design: Focused on problem-solving and effective solutions functionality. It involves creating solutions with a specific purpose and intended audience in mind. Relationship of Art and Design ❖ Address practical needs ❖ Inspiration ❖ Considers aesthetics, usability, and user ❖ Aesthetics experience ❖ Expression ❖ Driven by constraints and functionality ❖ Communication ❖ Blurred Boundaries Distinctions of Design ❖ Problem-Solving Orientation Summary (Art and Design) ❖ User-Centered Approach In summary, the distinct nature of art lies in its ❖ Functionality and Approach emphasis on personal expression, ❖ Clear Communication conceptual exploration, emotional ❖ Aesthetic Appeal within Context impact, and the freedom to transcend ❖ Constraints and Parameters (budget, time practical considerations. While art and materials, technical limitations) design share some commonalities, such as ❖ Iterative and Collaborative Process aesthetics and creativity, their underlying ❖ Design Principles and Guidelines (balance, purposes and approaches set them apart in contrast, hierarchy, alignment, repetition) significant ways. ❖ Variety of Disciplines (graphic design, interior design, industrial design, fashion design, On the other hand, design is characterized by its user interface design, etc) focus on problem-solving, ❖ Measurable Outcomes user-centeredness, functionality, clear ❖ Commercial and Functional Value communication, and the ability to work within constraints. While design and art Differences between Art and Design share elements of creativity and aesthetics, ❖ Intent and Purpose their distinct emphasis on purpose, Art: Personal Expression and functionality, and the intended audience sets Evoking Emotions them apart. Cave Paintings and Petroglyphs (6400 - 5500 ❖ Pictograms - Drawings years ago) Meaning without words Cave paintings Hieroglyphics ❖ Earliest known of human artistic expression. ANCIENT EGYPT ❖ On the walls and rock shelters ❖ Mostly associated with Ancient Greece; ❖ Daily lives, beliefs, and practices of ancient religious text, historical events, daily life societies ❖ Convey Divine messages ❖ Materials: Ochre, Charcoal, and minerals / Brushes and Fingers SYMBOLISM AND COMPLEXITY ❖ Techniques: Finger Painting, Blowing ❖ Vast array of symbols (objects/concepts and pigments, using sticks and bones to draw sounds) lines ❖ Scribes: requires years of training ❖ Found in deep, hidden recesses of caves ❖ Many cave paintings are found in deep, MATERIALS AND CONTEXT hidden recesses of caves; held spiritual or ❖ Inscribed (using chisel and brush) on ceremonial significance Stone walls Tombs monuments Petroglyphs ❖ Religious ceremonies, records for important ❖ carvings/engravings on rock surfaces individuals ❖ Exposed outdoor environment ❖ Can withstand the elements for thousands of DECIPHERMENT years ❖ Decipherment: major breakthrough in ❖ Variety of Motifs: Animals, Human Figures, understanding Geometric Shape, and Abstract Symbols. > ❖ Rosetta Stone (1799): inscriptions in Cultural/ Symbolic Greek ❖ Cultural: Communication, storytelling, rituals Egyptian hieroglyphs ❖ Tools: Stone/Native Metal > Depth and Demotic Script Precision varies ❖ helped Jean Francois Champollion ❖ From North America to Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia COMPLEX SYMBOLISM ❖ Complex system of symbols, combining PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE logographic and alphabetic elements ❖ Logogram: words and concepts ❖ Spiritual and Ritualistic Practices: ❖ Phonetic: sounds Communicate, Seek Protection, or ensure successful hunts. PAPYRUS AND MONUMENTS ❖ Narrative and Communication: visual ❖ Inscribed on storytelling (cultural knowledge, traditions papyrus scrolls and histories) Pottery ❖ Hunting techniques, migration patterns, temples cautionary tales and tombs ❖ Education Purpose: depicting animal ❖ Everyday records SACRED CONNECTION ❖ Has magical qualities ❖ Divine Text - Sacred Hieroglyphics and Pictograms: VERSATILITY Ancient Visual Language (3500 BCE - 400 CE) ❖ Could be red in different directions ❖ Hieroglyphics Pictograms ❖ hieros = sacred UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE ❖ glyphein = to carve ❖ Can be understood across cultures and combination of languages Pictures ❖ Recognizable; transcends linguistic barriers Symbols signs to represent sounds EARLY FORM OF COMMUNICATIONS Words ❖ Used by many ancient civilizations and ideas  ❖ Ex. Ancient Sumerians use them in trades on clay tablets PRACTICAL USE ❖ Marking pathways ❖ Location of resources (like water) for daily activities EVOLUTION ❖ Evolved to more abstract and stylized symbols ❖ Foundation of cuneiforms and hieroglyphics SIMPLIFIED VISUAL LANGUAGE ❖ Complex concepts to Simple visual representations UNIVERSAL COMMUNICATION ❖ Universal mode of communication Trades Travel Cross-cultural interactions CULTURAL ADAPTATION ❖ Other cultures developed their own pictograms ❖ Ex. Native American: images of animals, humans, and celestial bodies FOUNDATION FOR WRITING SYSTEMS ❖ Groundwork of more sophisticated writing systems ❖ Concrete pictorial to abstract symbols MODERN INFLUENCE ❖ Role in contemporary design ❖ Convey informations quickly Signage Wayfinding and user interface SIGNIFICANCE IN COMMUNICATION ❖ Played a crucial role in early communication ❖ Important in societies where literacy was limited = served a way to record history ❖ Visual Forms influenced Modern Graphic Design CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ❖ Integral in preserving cultural knowledges, stories and histories ❖ Reflected societal values spiritual beliefs and the ways of life of the cultures ❖ Rosetta Stone: monumental achievement; unlocked the secrets of ancient Egyptian civilization  continues to inspire and influence art ANCIENT GREEK ART (800 BCE - 31 BCE) and culture worldwide. ➔ One of the most influential ad culturally rich civilizations in history HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT: ❖ Birthplace and Democracy: THEORIES OF ART IN ANCIENT GREECE Athenian Democracy - allowed citizens ➔ the concepts of "techne," "mimesis," and to participate in political affairs "symmetria" played significant roles in various influenced the culture and aspects of art, philosophy, and culture perspectives of the people citizens, political figures, and TECHNE (tekne) civic virtues were common ❖ Greek word: art, craftsmanship, or skills themes ❖ Idea of knowledge and expertise in the creation ❖ Philosophy & Intellectual Inquiry of something Was a hotbed of philosophical inquiry ❖ Extends to any form of practical knowledge or Notable people (renowned thinkers): know-how Socrate Plato - the pessimistic In classical Greece, Aristotle - the optimistic ❖ Techne was highly regarded Note: Plato was a pupil of Socrates, ❖ Often associated with Arete (excellence or Virtue) while Aristotle was a pupil of ❖ emphasized the importance of mastering a skill Plato through practice, discipline, and dedication ❖ Could be applied to various fields (sculpture, ❖ Olympic Games & Athleticism architecture, medicine, philosophy) celebration of physical prowess and ❖ To achieve harmony and balance in one’s work athletic competition and life Greek way of life Sculptors strived to capture the grace, Mimesis strength, and beauty of the human form ❖ Fundamental concept in classical Greek athletes and gods engaged in aesthetics and philosophy athletic contests ❖ Refers to the act of imitation, representation, or ❖ Mythology and Religion copying of the natural world Greek mythology was a fundamental ❖ Closely associated with the belief art should aspect of ancient Greek culture and strive to imitate/represent reality faithfully daily life Artworks honor the gods and tell the The philosopher Plato, tales of heroes (ex. Hercules, etc) Discussed mimesis in his dialogues ❖ City- State & Identity Artists should be careful in what they choose to Ancient Greece: not a unified nation but imitate a collection of city-states certain forms of imitation could lead to City-states each have distinct styles and negative moral or emotional effects artistic traditions Ex.: Athenian art might differ However, Aristotle from that of Corinth or Sparta Had a more nuanced view of mimesis Art and literature could provide catharsis and The art of ancient Greece is a emotional purification reflection of the civilization's to experience strong emotions in a profound cultural, political, and controlled and safe manner intellectual achievements. It encompassed the birth of ❖ Mimesis played a central role in the development democracy, philosophical of Greek drama, poetry, and visual arts inquiry, the celebration of ❖ sought to capture the essence of the human athleticism, rich mythology, and experience and the natural world the diversity of city-state identities. Symmetria ❖ Greek concept of balance, proportion, and These cultural influences and harmony historical contexts not only ❖ Careful arrangement of elements shaped Greek art but also left ❖ Believed that symmetria was essential for an enduring legacy that achieving beauty and perfection  ❖ philosophical metaphor presented in his work In Greek architecture, "The Republic." Symmetria was a fundamental principle ❖ illustrate his metaphysical and epistemological Mathematical ratios and proportions ensures ideas, particularly concerning the nature of reality harmonious and balance in designs and knowledge Concept extended to various other forms ❖ dialogue between Socrates, Plato's teacher, and Even physical fitness and ethics Plato's brother, Glaucon Pythagoras and Plato, ❖ The cave represents the world of appearances, believed that mathematical principles the physical world that we perceive through our underlay the order and structure of the senses universe ❖ The shadows on the cave wall symbolize the illusory nature of sensory perception In summary, techne emphasized the ❖ The freed prisoner represents the philosopher importance of skill and expertise, who seeks knowledge beyond sensory mimesis focused on the imitation of experience and discovers the world of Forms (or reality in art and literature, and Ideas) symmetria highlighted the significance ❖ The sun symbolizes the ultimate source of truth, of balance and proportion in various knowledge, and enlightenment aspects of Greek culture. These concepts contribu9ted to the rich cultural Plato's point is that most people are like the prisoners and philosophical legacy of classical in the cave, confined to a limited and illusory Greece and continue to influence art understanding of reality. Only through philosophy and thought to this day. and intellectual exploration can individuals free themselves from ignorance and gain access to higher truths and genuine knowledge. PLATO AND ARISTOTLE ARISTOTLE’S VIEW ON ART ➔ distinct and influential views on art, aesthetics, ❖ Imitation and Mimesis and the role of art in society had a more favorable view of art and ➔ perspectives were quite different, reflecting their artistic representation broader philosophical differences Art, particularly poetry and drama, was a form of mimesis, or imitation, of human PLATO’S VIEW ON ART action and life ❖ Mistrust of Artistic Representation providing insight into the skeptical view of art (particularly in his human condition work "The Republic.") ❖ Catharsis and Emotional Purification Art was a mere imitation or copy of the Aristotle introduced the concept of physical world catharsis in his "Poetics." these imitations were twice removed Art, especially tragedy, had a from reality, as they represented therapeutic effect on the audience physical objects that themselves were allowed viewers to experience mere copies of eternal and unchanging intense emotions (pity and Forms or Ideas fear) ❖ Art as a Deceptive Influence then purify or release those concerned that art had the potential to emotions, ultimately leading to deceive and corrupt individuals emotional and intellectual could arouse emotions and desires that growth could lead people away from rationality ❖ Art as a Means of Moral Education and virtue powerful tool for moral education and In "The Republic," he famously banished character development poets from his ideal city-state because could inspire virtuous behavior and he believed they had a negative moral reflection in the audience influence on citizens ❖ Art as a Source of Pleasure ❖ Preference for Philosophy over Art art could provide aesthetic pleasure to Philosophy should take precedence individuals over art in society people were naturally drawn to art true knowledge could only be gained because it offered emotional and through rational inquiry and the intellectual engagement contemplation of the eternal Forms ❖ Plato's Allegory of the Cave Plato and Aristotle had contrasting views on art. Plato Patterns reflected the influence of earlier viewed art with suspicion, considering it a potentially Mycenaean and Geometric Art corrupting influence that diverted people from rationality Intricate designs and virtue. In contrast, Aristotle saw art as a valuable Zigzags means of understanding the human experience, achieving Meanders emotional catharsis, and promoting moral education. And geometric shapes These differing perspectives continue to influence discussions on the role and value of art in society and HOW IT WAS MADE philosophy today. ❖ Materials: ❖ SCULPTURES and POTTERY KALOKAGATHIA ❖ Marble - Clay ➔ referred to the idea of the beautiful and the good ❖ Limestone - Decorated with slip (type of being intrinsically connected liquid) before firing ➔ true beauty was not merely superficial but was ❖ Occasionally bronze tied to moral and ethical virtue ❖ Sculpture Techniques ➔ This concept is reflected in their art, where the uses chisel and other carving tools for pursuit of physical beauty was often seen as a shaping manifestation of moral and intellectual excellence Roughing out the form from block of stone and then refining the details Bronze were sculpted using lost-wax casting technique TIMELINE OF ANCIENT GREECE ❖ Pottery Techniques Archaic (800-480 BCE) Wheel-throwing and Hand-painting ○ Transitional phase: rigid sculptures and Black-figure and Red figure technique pottery Applying black or red slip to the Classical (480 - 323 BCE) pottery ○ Pinnacle of Greek Art: Balance, Would change color during Idealization, and Realism firing which shows designs Hellenistic (323-31 BCE) ○ Increased emotionalism, intricate detail, WHY IT WAS MADE and dramatic sculptures ❖ Religious and Votive Offering Dedicated as votive offerings in ARCHAIC PERIOD (800 - 480 BCE) sanctuaries and temples ➔ This period was the transitional phase in Greek An expression of piety Art ❖ Grave Markers ➔ Bridge the gap between the more primitive artistic Served as grave markers and styles of earlier periods and the refined, classical memorials for the deceased art that would follow ❖ Cultural and Artistic Development Laid foundation for later classical and hellenistic styles CHARACTERISTICS Artist began experimenting with ❖ Stylized Figures representing the human form; refining Sculptures and pottery often features their techniques stylized and rigid figures Human forms was idealized but In summary, Archaic Greek art was characterized by somewhat stiff its stylized, idealized figures, including kouroi and Sculptures: korai. It was made primarily from marble, Frontal limestone, and bronze, as well as clay for pottery. Rigid posture These artworks were created for religious, Arms often at the sides commemorative, and artistic purposes, and they ❖ Archaic Smile played a pivotal role in the evolution of Greek art Distinctive feature of Archaic sculptures and culture. Symbolizes sense of life and vitality Male : Kouroi ; Female : Korai ❖ Kouroi and Korai (singular: Kouros and Kore) Sculptures dedicated as votive offerings CLASSICAL PERIOD (8480-323 BCE) in sanctuaries ➔ This period is characterized by a high point in Kouroi: statues of young, idealized male artistic achievement figures, often nude; one foot forward ➔ Marked by a focus on: Korai: female counterpart, clothed and ◆ Balance with more restrained posture ◆ Idealization ❖ Geometric Patterns ➔ and the Representation of the human form  Artworks commissioned for temples and CHARACTERISTICS: sanctuaries as offerings to the gods ❖ Idealized Human Form Sculptures represents deities and Artists aimed to depict the human form heroes of greek mythology at its most perfect and harmonious, Religious and aesthetic emphasizing proportion, symmetry, and purposes naturalism. ❖ Celebration of Human Achievement ❖ Contranpposto Idealized human form in art celebrated Body’s weight is distributed the intellectual and physical asymmetrically, leading to a more achievements of the Greeks natural and dynamic stance Concept of Arete (excellence or virtue) Allowed more lifelike portrayal of the Belief that humans could achieve human figure greatness through disciplined effort ❖ Attention to Detail ❖ Storytelling and Education meticulous attention to anatomical Served as means of storytelling accuracy and details (muscles, facial Preserving myths and legends expressions, and drapery) Educational function (through visual adding to the realism and lifelike quality narratives) ❖ Geometric Proportions Moral lessons Classical Greek architecture, such as Historical narratives the Parthenon, was characterized by its use of geometric proportions In summary, Classical Greek art is characterized by its Use of Golden Ration to achieve visual idealized representation of the human form, harmony & balance in design attention to detail, and a focus on balance and ❖ Subject Matter proportion. It was created from materials like Artwork often depicts mythological and marble and bronze, and it served cultural, heroic themes, showcasing Greek religious, and educational purposes while mythology and legends celebrating the pursuit of excellence and beauty beauty and perfection in both human in Greek society. and divine HOW CLASSICAL GREEK ART WAS MADE: ❖ Materials HELLENISTIC PERIOD (323-31 BCE) Sculptures: Marble (but bronze were still ➔ marked by significant political, cultural, and used) artistic changes due to the conquests of Marble used for its luminous Alexander the Great and the subsequent spread and pristine quality of Greek culture throughout the known world. Painting and pottery continued to be significant artistic expressions CHARACTERISTICS: ❖ Sculpture Techniques ❖ Emotional Expression Uses chisels and rasps to create Emotional intensity and dramatic sculptures from blocks of marble portrayals Lost-wax casting technique was still Artworks often depict powerful emotions employed for bronze sculptures Intense drama ❖ Pottery Techniques Agony Greek pottery continues to employ And ecstasy black-figure and red-figure techniques ❖ Dynamic and Realistic Sculptures Painted intricate scenes and details on Favored dynamic and naturalistic poses pottery before firing in sculptures Figures shown in motion, with complex WHY CLASSICAL GREEK ART drapery and intricate details WAS MADE: Portrayals of: ❖ Cultural and Civic Pride Wrinkles Classical Greek art was a reflection of Aged faces the cultural and civic pride of the Human body in tension or city-states, particularly Athens relaxation Grand temples and sculptures, like the ❖ Diversity of subjects Parthenon, showcased the Expanded its subject matter beyond achievements of the city and its Greek mythology and heroes dedication to the gods Depicts: ❖ Religious Significance Ordinary people Exotic subjects  Scenes from daily life In summary, Hellenistic Greek art is characterized by its ❖ Complex Compositions emotional intensity, dynamic compositions, and a Art featured complex and multi-figure wider range of subjects and styles. It was created compositions from various materials, often reflecting the Showcasing the artist’s ability to convey multicultural influences of the Hellenistic world. narratives and emotions Art during this period served political, cultural, religious, and expressive purposes, reflecting the HOW HELLENISTIC GREEK ART WAS MADE changing nature of the Greek world under the ❖ Materials influence of Alexander the Great's conquests Sculptures Marbles ❖ Bronze Terracotta Bronze continued to be popular choice for its malleability and ability to achieve intricate details ❖ Sculpture Techniques Combination of chisels, hammers, and other tools to create sculptures Low-wax casting technique for bronze still in use ❖ Influence of Different Cultures Influenced by various cultures due to the vast empire of Alexander the Great Artists incorporated elements from Egyptian, Persian, and Asian art, leading to a rich fusion of styles. WHY HELLENISTIC GREEK ART WAS MADE ❖ Political Propaganda Hellenistic Rulers: Used art to promote their power and legitimacy Commissioned statues and monuments to portray themselves as divine/heroic figures, reinforcing their authority ❖ Cultural Exchange Exchange of ideas and artistic techniques across regions Art served as a means of cultural diplomacy and communication ❖ Emotional Expression Artists sought to capture depth of human emotions and experience Dramatic and emotionally charged sculptures reflected the evolving sensibilities of the time ❖ Religion and Spiritually Continued to be associated with religious practices Temples & sculptures featured statues and sculptures of deities, heroes, and important religious figures ❖ Narrative and Storytelling Complexity allowed for the depiction of intricate narrative and stories Artworks often conveyed historical events, myths, and legends  ENDURING LEGACY ❖ Artistic Influence: ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS: influence various forms of visual art Glimpse into the Medieval World (400 CE - 1600 CE) ❖ Modern Inspiration: CHARACTERISTICS inspiration from intricate patterns, ❖ Intricate Designs: detailed and intricate color palettes; details designs: intricate patterns CREATION PROCESS: filigree ❖ Parchment Preparation: stylized motifs On parchment or vellum (smooth ❖ Vibrant Colors: from natural sources texture) Colors were painstakingly prepared ❖ Text Writing for desired hues Uses ink and quills ❖ Gold and Silver: often used to add luxurious Requires high level skill and touch attention to detail Thin layers as leaf; powdered form ❖ Layout Planning = for luminous effects Spaces were left in the text for ❖ Initial Letters (Illuminated initials): often decorative borders contained detailed illustrations; related to the Scribes sometimes leave text’s content instructions for the illuminators ❖ Decorative Borders: ❖ Gold & Silver floral patterns Gold and silver leaf were applied Animals using adhesive substances like mythical creatures gum arabic. scenes from daily life ❖ Colors & Pigments ❖ Miniature Paintings: small but detailed Derive from various natural sources illustrations Plants Religious texts Minerals Historical events Insects Portraits of important figures ❖ Intricate Detailing ❖ Religious Themes: Bible or Religious texts Meticulous Attention from delicate Scenes from religious stories patterns of borders to expressions ❖ Scribes and Illuminators: collaborative of faces in miniature paintings between scribes Division of labor: specialized USAGE AND PURPOSE expertise in both writing and artistry ❖ Sacred Texts Contained religious texts CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Bibles ❖ Medieval Craftsmanship Psalms Romanesque/Gothic Period (Middle Book of Hours Ages) = reached Zenith ❖ Liturgical Use Mande by Artisans working in Used during church services monastic scriptoria Helped in guiding priests and ❖ Preservation of Knowledge: valuable readers knowledge ❖ Devotional Aids religious texts Book of Hours contained prayers philosophical treatises and devotional materials historical records Used for personal worship literary works and reflection ❖ Education ❖ Status and Patronage Visual elements: helped convey Symbol of wealth and Status complex ideas Royalty, Nobility ❖ Status & Prestige Commissioning an illuminated ❖ Artistic Heritage manuscript was a prestigious Development of artistic techniques endeavor Color mixing; perspective; intricate detailing REASON FOR CREATION: Paved way to Renaissance & ❖ Spiritual Devotion subsequent artistic movements.  Meant to enhance the spiritual experience of reading and meditating on sacred texts ❖ Cultural Patronage Royalty, Nobility, and wealthy patrons commissioned manuscripts as a way to display their cultural sophistication and promote learning. ❖ Gifts and Legacy Given as gifts to individuals, institutions, or churches Lasting testament to the patron’s generosity and legacy ❖ Preservation of Knowledge Essential for preserving knowledge Played a vital role in: Literature Istory Philosophy across generations LEGACY AND INFLUENCE: ❖ Artistic Techniques Developed sophisticated techniques for using colors, light and composition ❖ Book Design Influenced the design of books in later centuries Elements Illuminated initials Decorative borders And illustrations placement ❖ Modern Inspiration Artists & Designers continue to draw inspirations from intricate patterns, color palettes, and visual storytelling