US History 1 CPA Midterm Study Guide PDF

US History 1 CPA MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE *General Disclaimer: All study guides are subject to change. In addition, this list is not exhaustive. This is a starting point for your studying – you need to put forth the effort in your preparation. Study Tips: 1.​ Organiz...

US History 1 CPA MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE *General Disclaimer: All study guides are subject to change. In addition, this list is not exhaustive. This is a starting point for your studying – you need to put forth the effort in your preparation. Study Tips: 1.​ Organize your notebook/Google Drive with all the notes and be sure to check Google Classroom/another human for anything you might be missing. 2.​ You MUST be able to do more than just define the terms. You should be able to relate the terms to each other and apply them to other sources, charts, images, and concepts. a.​ Helpful tool: Study Guide Graphic Organizer 2024 FORMAT: I will let you know if I make any changes!! ​ 57 Multiple-Choice, 1 point each ​ 15 Short-Answer (you cannot exceed the space provided and 3 of the questions are multiple-choice), point values vary and will be specified, 33 points total ​ 90 points total - worth 20% of S1 grade, 10% of overall grade (at the end of the school year) ​ This test will be on paper/scantron. ○​ You MUST use a pencil for the scantron (bring an eraser!). You may use a pen (black/blue) for the short answer, but a pencil will be fine too. ○​ Feel free to bring highlighters for marking your test packet! Terms/Topics (topics with a strikethough are not on the 2024 test!) 1.​ Native Americans – general background a.​ How did they cope with the colonists/Americans? (the good, the bad and the ugly).​ Native American Diversity A.​ 500 + tribes, more than 300 different native languages B.​ Three different types of lifestyles: 1.​ Static Tribes: stayed in one place, the adoption of agriculture and large settlements 2.​ Nomadic tribes- moved from place to place searching for food/water Ex. chasing herds/ winter in one place and summer in another 3.​ Semi-sedimentary- followed herds and traded, but also built villages a)​ For all these lifestyles everything was circumstantial: their source of nutrition relied on the location and climate, the creation of goods depended on resources available and the organization of tribes and clans varied. Joining a confederacy (alliances with other tribes) also depended on the needs of the tribes. IV. Cultural Similarities among native tribes  A.​ Land was a source of life for natives, not a commodity. B.​ Living people and animals, and many non-living objects had spirits. C.​ Strong emphasis on family and community, particularly respect for elders. D.​ Labor roles largely dependent on gender*, age, and status V. What happened to Native Americans when they came in contact with Europeans A.​ Disease- killed 90% of native American population used as biological weapon 1.​ smallpox, scalping, bubonic plague B.​ Violence- battles scalping, settlers paid to kill C.​ Enslavement- encomiendas (forced labor system) 1.​ More used by the Spaniards D.​ displacement - removal from land 1.​ Ex. Trail of Tears- Displaced from Southeast to Oklahoma Cultural Assimilation- give up parts of yourself to be widely accepted b.​ Ex. boarding schools for children (which were forced) taught Native Americans the “American Way” c.​ Two-Spirit people Indigenous people who identify as having both masculine and feminine traits, or who express their gender in a way that is not limited to traditional male or female roles 2.​ Exploration – why did Europeans explore? a.​ Reasons for European Exploration i.​ Advances in Military Technology 1.​ Around 1400 Europe would engage in an arms race with each other, which would harm other nations like China, the Ottoman Empire, Asia, and Africa. a.​ 1493 - the Americans fell prey to the arms race ​ b.​ The arms race is still going on today, and still EXCLUDING the western nations. The United States keeps the arm race going today with European countries to make money. ii.​ New forms of social technology 1.​ Bureaucracy, double entry bookkeeping, and mechanical printing. a.​ Bureaucracy then allowed rulers and merchants to manage farflung enterprises efficiently. Same with double entry bookkeeping. b.​ The printing press increased literacy and allowed the news of Columbus’s voyages to spread much farther and faster than news of viking expeditions. iii.​ Pursuit of wealth 1.​ GOLD - motivation for Columbus’s voyages 2.​ Amassing wealth translates to domination a.​ Columbus was no greedier than the Spanish, English or French but this was one of his leading motives for exploration. b.​ Even the Pilgrims left Europe, partly to make money. iv.​ Religion 1.​ Europeans believed in spreading Christianity in a way that rationalized conquest. a.​ The Spaniards were offenders of this. Usually after they discovered an island with a tribe of Natives, the Spaniards would read aloud the “Requirement”.  b.​ This gave the Spanish the idea that they were free to do whatever they wanted to the Natives because they gave them the chance to convert. v.​ Pattern of success 1.​ Europeans learned that conquest was a route to wealth through their conquest of Malta, Sardinia, and the Canary Islands. vi.​ Disease 1.​ The diseases Europeans brought with them aided their conquests. a.​ Smallpox, influenza, and the bubonic plague ​ ` 3.​ 13 Colonies – know regions (climate/geography, social/political, economic) New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Geography Mountainous and Some coastal plains Mostly coastal plains & Rocky hills (South Jersey) piedmont Some mountains and rocky hills Climate All four seasons coldest All four seasons Warm Agriculture Scarce fertile land Some fertile land Most fertile land Shortest growing (5-8 month growing (9-12 growing season) seasons (3-5 months) seasons) Economic Mostly manufacturing Some manufacturing Mostly farming and some farming Social/Political Based on their economies 4.​ Colony/Colonialism ​ 5 main reasons for settlement in the colonies 1.​ Trade/profit $ a.​ nation/crown, individuals, companies/investors 2.​ New land/colonies a.​ Nation crown, individuals, companies/investors 3.​ Religious freedom 4.​ Political freedom 5.​ Escape debt ​ Mercantilism An economic system when nations seek to make profit by making a favorable balance of trade a.​ Amount of goods sold compared to amount of goods bought is MORE Country's ultimate goal was PROFIT and SELF-SUFFICIENCY b.​ Increase nation's total wealth c.​ Wealth is finite and all nations are in competition with other nations to acquire more gold/silver 5.​ Triumphs and failures in Jamestown Jamestown  -​ James I (the king of England) issued a charter for exploration to the London company -​ In the first few months, 150 people set out for America → 104 made it alive -​ The main class struggle was the Gentlemen vs. the Laborers -​ The main focus for this expedition was GOLD ​ -​ Jamestown Geography -​ On a peninsula -​ Low lying -​ swampy/marsh area -​ mosquitos → malaria 6.​ Mayflower Compact -​ Was a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virgina -​ The type of government set up was a civil body politic which granted equality 7.​ Triumphs and failures in Jamestown (including Native Americans) In the first fort in Jamestown there was a concientency of a lack of prioritization a.​ Emphasized collection of gold and resources b.​ Spent little time cultivating land and building c.​ Class struggles → laziness 8.​ John Smith a.​ John Smith -​ “‘ There was no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine, gold, load gold.’” -​ This shows that the people of Jamestown really only prioritized gold and did not take anything else into consideration. -​ 1607 - 1608 → “Starving time” -​ 38 colonists are still alive as John Smith takes over, he makes the proclamation saying “He that will not work shall not eat” -​ The Powhatan provide food for ppl of Jamestown -​ 1609- 600 new colonists arrive -​ Powhatan are alarmed → as a result they kill the people of Jamestown livestock and destroy their farms. -​ Went into a second starving time 9.​ Pocahontas a.​ After the “Starving time” the settlers and the Powhatan had a strained relationship b.​ Settlers demand corn and labor i.​ Burn villages ii.​ Pochahontas married John Rolfe in attempt to fix the relationship but it did not help c.​ 1622- the Powhatan ATTACK i.​ Kill more than 340 colonists ii.​ James I sends more/troops settlers  iii.​ By 1644 - 10,000 English, Powhatan diminished 10.​John Rolfe ​ TOBACCO “BROWN GOLD” ​ John Rolfe developed high quality tobacco farming ​ By the late 1620s 1.5 million pounds of tobacco a year 11.​Cash Crops a.​ Jamestwons remaining colonists decided to abandon it, but they are stopped by another ship of settlers that coninvce them to stay i.​ 1610 ii.​ New leadership - new rules iii.​ Jamestown stabalizes and is bright to life with the help of a major CASH CROP 1.​ Crop grown for profit not personal comsuption 12.​Headright System (1618 a.​ Allocating “headrights” (50 acre land grants) to each settler/ person who pays for anyoned to come over i.​ Incentive for families and to transport large numbers of people 13.​Indentured Servant vs. Enslaved person/Slavery a.​ Indentured Servants Enslaved People -​ Someone who AGREES to limited term of servitude (4-7 -​ The birth of slavery in the Colonies years) in exchange for passage to North America, and -​ 20 Africans arrive via Dutch merchant ship in food and shelter upon arrival. 1619 -​ Arrive in smaller numbers for many years -​ Treated like indentured servants in Virginia 14.​Bacon’s Rebellion - Virgina a.​ War with the Native Americns + Class warfare = Rebellion b.​ Nathaniel Bacon rises an army without Berkleys permission to defeat Natives. Berkey declared this illegal, so Bacon and his men confronted Berkley and the House of Burgesses to air grievances like taxes and lack of rep in the House of Burgesses. But this turned violent and an armed rebellion of Vriginia settlers that led by Nathaniel bacon against the rule of Governor Berkley’s Bacon's Rebellion was a success Cause Effect -​ Bacon wanted to kill more natives → take more land -​ Bacon's men hanged + bacon died -​ Governor had already given away good land → if poor -​ More tight royal control over the colonies got good land they could also be rich -​ Set a precedent for rebellions against the Brit government for years to come -​ Increased African Slavery -​ The wealthier class that owned the plantations had more power within virginia -​ King recognized that Gov Berkley was abusing his power 15.​Navigation Acts (cause/effect) a.​ Cause Why? -​ The colonists were smuggling more and more goods onto -​ To tighten control ships without being taxed by British officials. -​ Protects England against competition -​ Series of laws that regulated/restricted trade between -​ Increase wealth England and the 13 Colonies The Navigation act was thought to be the most efficient -​ If colonies want to trade with other countries, a way to achieve the goal of mercantlism HIGH tax was put on the products -​ All goods being imported and exported must be delivered by English ships b.​ 16.​Mercantilism a.​ An economic system when nations seek to make profit by making a favorable balance of trade i.​ Amount of goods sold compared to amount of goods bought is MORE b.​ Country's ultimate goal was PROFIT and SELF-SUFFICIENCY i.​ Increase nation's total wealth 17.​Triangular Trade a.​ Raw materials are being produced in the Americas, industrial goods are being produced in Britain. i.​ Triangular trade is a way to achieve mercantilism. 18.​John Winthrop and “City Upon a Hill” -​ Was John Winthrop's expectation that the Massachusetts Bay Colony would shine as an example for the rest of the world. 19.​The Great Awakening 20.​The Enlightenment a.​ Benjamin Franklin b.​ Reason & Natural rights c.​ Leads to colonists questioning the authority of the British monarchy 21.​Stono Rebellion - South Carolina -​ Sparked because the Spanish governor in Florida promised freedom of fugitive slaves -​ September 1739 in South Carolina- Largest slave insurrection in British North America, though unsuccessful. 22.​Virginia House of Burgesses 23.​French and Indian War ​ 24.​Treaty of Paris (1763 and 1783) 1763 ​ British Victory ​ Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the war ​ Britain won 13 colonies, Canada, Ohio Valley, Florida, and all land West of Ohio River & East of Mississippi River ​ Proclmation line of 1763, by King George III ○​ Forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains ​ Protect the colonists from NA attacks ​ Honor the treaties made with the NA before the war ○​ Settlers wanted to move into that land - they did not want to share it with the NA ​ NA got very angry, but it didn’t matter to the colonists who just kept moving ○​ British law cannot stop colonists from moving or NA from attacking 1783 ​ 25.​Pontiac’s Rebellion - great lakes Pontiac's Rebellion, also known as Pontiac's War, was a conflict between Native American tribes and the British Empire that lasted from 1763 to 1765. The rebellion was a response to British expansionism and rule in North America. 26.​Albany Plan The Albany Plan of Union was a proposal to unite the British North American colonies under a centralized government.It was presented in 1754 by Benjamin Franklin and adopted by representatives from seven colonies. The plan was never implemented, but it was the first major proposal to consider the colonies as a single entity. 27.​Loyalists vs. Patriots Loyaltist Patriots ​ Colonists who felt a strong loyalty to the crowns ​ Colonists who believed the colonies had the ​ Wanted to remain a part of the British empire right to governor themselves and British citizens ​ Wanted independence ○​ About 20% of the population ○​ 20 % of the population 28.​Sons of Liberty a.​ Organized protests against British policies (Stamp Act, Tea Act) b.​ Engaged in acts of civil disobedience, like the Boston Tea Party c.​ Boycott vs. Riots Boycotts Riots -​ The first boycott of British goods was conducted -​ Boston Tea Party/Massacre; ende dup the killing by Sam Adams due to the uproar following the of others and the displacing of tea Sugar Act -​ Main objective of the boycotts was to show King George and Parliament the colonists outrage towards certain acts 29.​King George III & Parliament a.​ Colonists' views on Parliament i.​ The colonists viewed the Parliament as inconsistent, greedy, and shortsighted ii.​ b.​ Colonists views on King George their views on King George i.​ Hoped he would become an ally of the colonists against Parliament ii.​ Like him until the Tea Act 1.​ Boston Tea Party changed his view on the Colonists Passed declaratory and intolerable acts to punish the colonists 30.​Causes and effects of the major acts/taxes before the American Revolution a.​ Violations of the 1689 British Bill of Rights ​ Taxation without representation ​ Writs of assistance (open ended search warrant) colonists were subject to these searches as British inspectors attempted to crack down on smuggling and customs evasion Proclamation of 1763 ​ Parliament refused to let colonists settle in the newly acquired territories for fear of alienating native allies ​ Line that refused the colonists settle west of the Appalachian Mountains - deemed “native land” Sugar Act (1764) ​ New tax after the French and Indian War ​ Arrived after an economic depression ​ Response: Sam Adams led Massachusetts Merchants in the first Boycott of British goods. Stamp Act (1765) ​ Required a tax on any official documents from attorneys license and lagrants all the way down to the newspapers and lowly playing cards. Quartering Act (1765) ​ Response to growing disorder ​ Allowed British troops to stay in homes of Americans ​ Colonists refused to participate ○​ British threatened to suspend NY colonial legislature and governor so they cared Townshend Acts -> Boston Massacre (1768) ​ a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1767 that taxed imported goods to the American colonies. The taxes were intended to raise revenue to pay for colonial governors and judges, and to help pay off the debt from the French and Indian War. ​ Led to violent protests across Boston, and the eventual Boston massacre. Tea Act (1773) → Boston Tea Party ​ Intended to shore up the failing East India company by allowing it to sell thousands of tons of tea at discount prices ​ Boston went violent route by disguising as mohawk Indians and dumping tea into the harbor ​ Colonists feared this would limit competition and wipe out both local merchants and profiting smugglers Intolerable Acts (1774) ​ Provisions of the intolerable acts ○​ Closed Boston harbor until ruined Tea was paid for ○​ No more self-government in Massachusetts ○​ Lost right to hold certain trials in Massachusetts  ○​ Even more quartering of Redcoats ​ Closed out part of Boston and seized control of the colonial government of Massachusetts and forced Americans to quarter the redcoats again ​ Caused first continental congress 31.​First Continental Congress a.​ Songs of liberty urged for this meeting b.​ Adopted the Articles of Association i.​ Plan for self sufficiency ii.​ If intolerable acts are not repealed 1.​ December 1 1774: a boycott of British goods would benign in the colonies (imports 2.​ September 10, 1775: embargo on exports (not going to send out exports) iii.​ Also drafted a formal petition outlining the colonists grievances for King George III 32.​Common Sense and Thomas Paine a.​ Call for independence and a cry to the colonists b.​ Spoke about the corrupt and unjust British Monarchy c.​ Promoted the idea of self government d.​ Was appealing to the people 33.​Continental Army vs. Redcoats (strengths/weaknesses of each side) Advantages of each side of the war Continental Army Redcoats ​ Foreign help ​ More soldiers and had foreign help ○​ Spain, France, Netherlands ○​ Loyalists ​ Wealthy individuals give money to the cause ○​ Germany (Hessians) ​ familiar with the territory and skilled ​ 10 million people outdoorsmen/marksmen ​ Equipped with the most Advanced weapons ​ Experienced commander: Washington ​ Strong navy ○​ Von steuben (Prussia) ​ Well trained battle tactics ○​ Lafayette (French) ○​ European tactics ○​ Morgan ​ Experienced in battle ○​ Greene ○​ Cornwallis ○​ Clinton ○​ Burgoyne ○​ Howe Disadvantages of each side of the war Continental Army British Army ​ Unorganized ​ Distance and familiarity with the land ○​ “Thrown together” ○​ Supply chain took a long time/expensive ○​ Not all were well-trained for battle ​ Growing support for colonial cause in England ​ Loyalist Patriot divisions ○​ High taxes in England - the longer the war ○​ Not allowing for a united front went on the more people became ​ Short on men unconvinced  ○​ Constant turnover ​ Generals/commander turnover ○​ Desertion ​ Fighting on many fronts ​ Shrotages ○​ Gun/gunpowder, food, uniforms/boots ​ Continental Congress lacked power to collect taxes to pay for the war ​ Very small navy War strategies Continental Army British Army -​ Small/slow Battles Large/Quick Battles -​ Do not surrender if cities are captured Capture All major Cities -​ Washington used the captured cities to his Block off regions and rivers advantages Continue to fight the “European Way” -​ Washington retreats to back country -​ Guerrilla Warfare (Hit and Run tactics) 34.​Olive Branch Petition (July 1775) a.​ One last attempt at peace with King George and the British (sent by the second CC) b.​ Delegates at the Second CC i.​ Declare their loyalty to King George ii.​ Ask him to repeal the intolerable Acts c.​ King George's Response i.​ The colonists actions prior to this petition demonstrated that the colonists wanted to start a war ii.​ He blamed the colonists for starting these problems d.​ So he rejected it 35.​Winter spent at Valley Forge during the Revolutionary War a.​ The winter of 1777-78 was not the coldest nor the worst winter experienced during the war, but regular freezing and thawing, plus intermittent snowfall and rain, coupled with shortages of provisions, clothing, and shoes, made living conditions extremely difficult. 36.​Battle of Saratoga a.​ (Fall 1777) - Turning point of the war; France openly supports the Colonists 37.​Battle of Yorktown a.​ (Fall 1781) - After several failures, French reinforcements assist for the Victory 38.​Economic impacts of the French and Indian Wars and the American Revolutionary War a.​ The French and Indian War (1754–1763): taxes on the American colonies, such as the Sugar and Stamp Acts, to recoup costs. These taxes fueled colonial resentment and disrupted trade. The war also expanded British territories, but restrictions like the Royal Proclamation of 1763 limited colonial westward expansion. b.​ The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) caused widespread economic disruption, including inflation due to the Continental Dollar, damage to infrastructure, and trade blockades. The war burdened the new U.S. with significant debt, leading to financial instability. After the war, the U.S. faced trade  isolation but began developing a more independent economy. For Britain, the war's costs exacerbated financial strain and led to the loss of valuable American trade. c.​ Both wars led to economic challenges for both sides, but the Revolutionary War ultimately set the stage for the U.S. to build a more autonomous economic system. 39.​Declaration of Independence Writing the Declaration was given to Jefferson because other leaders were desperately trying to help the war efforts Jefferson referenced: -​ Thomas Paine -​ 1689 British Bill of Rights -​ John Locke natural rights -​ called for the American colonies to be free and independent from Britain. It declared that the colonies had the right to self-govern and outlined grievances against King George III, accusing him of violating the colonists' natural rights. The document emphasized the principles of equality, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 40.​Publick Universal Friend a.​ The Public Universal Friend viewed themselves as a holy spirit inhabiting a human body, and the message they spread was not so different from the tenets of the Quaker religion. Identifying as neither male nor female, the Friend presented as gender nonconforming and rejected gendered pronouns. 41.​Deborah Sampson Deborah Sampson was a woman who disguised herself as a man to fight in the American Revolutionary War. Born in 1760 in Massachusetts, she enlisted under the name Robert Shurtlieff in 1782 and served in the Continental Army for over a year. Sampson fought in several battles, was wounded, and successfully kept her gender secret during her service. After being injured, she received treatment in a hospital, where her true identity was revealed. She was honorably discharged in 1783. 42.​Republicanism a.​ Voting for representatives to go and speak on behalf on the people of government 43.​Federalism a.​ Sharing and a distribution of powers between a federal government and a state government 44.​Articles of Confederation State Government Powers National Government Powers ​ Taxation power ​ Only the ability to request money ​ Create a state court system (each state would have its own court) ○​ Fugitives must be returned to original state Up ​ Abide by the laws passed by Congress ​ Lawmaking power (if all states (if these laws are agreed upon unanimously agree) unanimously) ​ The states have all the powers that are ​ National government powers: not designated to the national ○​ Declare war government ○​ Negotiate foreign treaties  ​ Appoint officer during war (for state ○​ Settle disputes between states armies) the ○​ petition/request money from ​ A committee of states will be given the states (BUT NO POWER TO power to run the US during times of COLLECT) Congress recess ○​ Direct operation of land/navy ​ Pick/send representatives to national forces congress (no less than two, no more ○​ Regulate currency than 7) ​ States cannot go to war unless invaded * 9/13 of the representatives must approve of or with permission from Congress these powers to be exercised Issues of the AoC ​ Not enforceable → Congress could not perform actions on a national level ​ States had no trust in each other which limits unity between states ​ No ability to levy/collect taxes ​ No national court ​ Limited trade regulation to only foreign trade ○​ And it still fails to do a good job… (britain) ​ Only 1 vote per state (9/13 passes) ​ Only 1 branch of govt. ​ Slavery? Success of the AoC ​ Each state is equally represented (1 vote per state regardless of the population) ​ Successfully able to win the war (brought the states together to fight the war and to coordinate the war effort) ​ Treaty of Paris (1763) ​ Established a way to create and allow new states to join the country as the population in those areas grew (Northwest & Land Ordinance) ​ Slavery is outlawed in the new territories 45.​Shays’ Rebellion - massachuests a.​ Triggered when the government of Massachusetts raised taxes instead of issuing paper money to pay off its debts. These fell heavily on poor farmers. As the recession grew many were angry with the tax, some losing their farms b/c they could not pay. b.​ August 1786- Angry farmers in western Mass. rebelled i.​ Close down several courthouses to block farm foreclosures and then march to the supreme court. Daniel Shays emerged as one of the leaders of this rebellion. c.​ January 1787 - Shays and about 1,200 farmers headed to the state arsenal and seized weapons before marching to Boston. i.​ In response Ben Lincoln and his forces were sent by the governor to defend the arsenal. But before Lincoln could arrive, Shays attacked, and the militia defending the arsenal opened fire. 4 farmers were killed. ii.​ Next day Lincoln troops arrived and ended this rebellion. d.​ The wealthy and people of high social status saw this as a risk of the republic. They fear that the states would weaken property rights and take property form the wealthy. i.​ This causes people to begin to argue for a stronger central government.  46.​Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 a.​ Congress wanted to raise money and one way of raising money was selling land west of the Appalachian Mountains. To make this sale easier the land was divided into territories. b.​ Used to divide the land into townships/territories c.​ Established requirements for admissions of new states (must have 60,000 people) 47.​Division of Powers National Powers (Enumerated) Shared Powers State powers (reserved) -​ Maintain military -​ Collect taxes -​ Establish local government -​ Declare war -​ Establish courts -​ Set up schools -​ Establish postal system -​ Regulate interstate -​ Regulate state commerce -​ Set standards for weights commerce -​ Make regulations for and measures -​ Regulate banks marriage -​ Protect copyrights and -​ Borrow money -​ Establish and regulate patents -​ Provide for the general corporations -​ Coin money welfare -​ Punish criminals 48.​Separation of Powers a.​ 3 branches i.​ Legislative - is the lawmaking branch. ii.​ Executive - main job is to enforce and carry out federal laws 1.​ President would be impeached for treason, bribery, and serious misdemeanors 2.​ 3 powers and 2 duties of the president 1.​ The president can veto bills 2.​ The president leads the army and can deploy the army 3.​ Ability to make treaties with other nations 1.​ Must act in better interest of the people 2.​ Reports to congress iii.​ Judicial - decide legal cases, 9 court justices 1.​ Jurisdiction - right to hear a case a.​ Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases pertaining to the constitution, federal law, treaties, and maritime law b.​ They also settle dispute between states, disputes between states and federal government, and citizens and states 2.​ Supreme Court- mostly an appeals court (deciding whether a case was properly tried in a lower court and reviewing its decision a.​ Only the supreme court chief justice is involved in the impeachment trial, but mostly has no rule b.​ Checks and Balances​  i.​ The provisions in the Constitution that prevents any branch of government from dominating the other two branches 49.​Major “Compromises” at the Constitutional Convention a.​ Solving the issue of stronger national government vs. state governments (fed vs anti fed) b.​ Solving the issue of big states vs. small states (virginia , nj, great comp) i.​ The Virginia Plan was a proposal for the structure of the United States government, presented at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The plan called for a strong central government with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. ii.​ The New Jersey Plan was a proposal for the structure of the United States government that was presented at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The plan was intended to benefit small states, such as New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. 1.​ Unicameral legislature​ The plan called for a one-house legislature with equal representation for each state, regardless of population. 2.​ Taxation​ The plan gave Congress the power to tax, regulate interstate commerce, and collect taxes from states based on population. 3.​ Separation of powers​ The plan called for the new government to be separated into three branches: judicial, executive, and legislative. Each branch would have the power to balance the others out. iii.​ The Great Compromise was an agreement that established a bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives. c.​ Solving slavery-related issues (¾, 20) i.​ 3/5 Compromise - ⅗ of a state’s enslaved people counted for representation and taxations. ii.​ Slave Trade Clause - Congress had the power to regulate slave trade but could not interfere for 20 years d.​ Ratification compromise (Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists - these are not parties) 50.​Constitution a.​ Articles (basics) i.​ Article I - Legislative Branch ii.​ Article II - Executive Branch iii.​ Article III - Judicial Branch b.​ Basic ideas presented in Preamble c.​ Bill of Rights (Basics) - how and why were they added? i.​ Bill of Rights - FIRST 10 AMENDMENTS 1.​ Why was it created? FEDERALIST: -​ Didn’t believe that it was possible to only write down 10 basic rights; though it wouldn’t be inclusive or efficient enough ANTIFEDERALIST: -​ If the rights were not written down, then the government would abuse their powers and the people d.​ Process of adding amendments and ratification i.​ Ratification Debate - the “final compromise” of the Constitution  1.​ Federalists - Favored a strong central government that was run by the rich and educated. 2.​ Anti-Federalists - Strong state government (limit the central government power -​ Wanted a Pure Democracy -​ Representation spread across rich and poor e.​ Commerce Clause i.​ This clause lets Congress control trade between states, other countries, and Native American tribes. This means Congress can make rules about business and trade that affect more than one state or the whole country. f.​ Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic) i.​ This clause allows congress to create laws necessary for congress to act properly. g.​ Full Faith and Credit Clause i.​ Honor laws and authority of other states ii.​ Ensure that states do not discriminate against citizens of other states h.​ Supremacy Clause i.​ Constitution and authority of other states ii.​ Ensures that states do not discriminate against citizens of other states i.​ Guarantee Clause i.​ States must have a representative democratic government ii.​ Federal government must protect states 51.​Alexander Hamilton a.​ Economic plan i.​ Why the US cannot get a line of credit in 1789 1.​ With its massive debt the US and States were not reliable borrowers 2.​ In order to gain the faith of creditors (foreign and domestic), the US and states must pay back prior loans ii.​ Hamilton's Controversial Plan: Assumption of state debt 1.​ Federal government will ASSUME (take on/take over) state debts/old bonds and pay Washington’s Presidency b.​ Creating a working government c.​ His cabinet - impact 52.​First Parties: The Two- Party System is Born Federalists Democratic- Republicans Led By Alexander Hamilton & John Adams Led by Thomas jefferson & james Madison Concentrating power in federal government Limited national government; sharing power with state and local governments Republic led by a well-educated elite; Fear of mob rule Democracy of virtuous farmers and tradespeople Encouraged the development of commerce and industry Encouraged the development of agriculture Loose interpretation of the Constitution Strict interpretation of the Constitution Payment of national and state debts (favoring creditors) Payment of only the national debt (favoring debtors) Favored an alliance with Great Britain Favored an alliance with France Strong support in the North Strong Support in the South and West 53.​Whiskey Rebellion - Pensylvania a.​ Excise Tax (1791)... liquor, specifically Whiskey i.​ Tax would help cover the cost of assumption ii.​ Congress failed to predict the violent rejection of this tax by Americans living on the frontier b.​ Who, what, when, where, why, how, outcome? 54.​Washington District of Columbia a.​ How does Hamilton get “support” for his debt plan? Creation of new US capitol… Washington D.C. i.​ Why would the South be in support of this move? Closer to home ​ MAP (see pictures) ​  ​ ​ 17: OHIO (1803) Open Ended 2 main ways wars and why people make their decisions during this time period Religion and money An event and tie it back to money Ex How does whiskey rebellion tie into economics Practice with shays