Geography Cheat Sheet PDF 2021

-These notes are from 2021 Unit 1: Natural Systems [Making Connections Ch. 2-3] Plate tectonics ​ Theory of plate tectonics: the Earth's crust is made up of large plates that move and interact with each other, causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building. ​ Different la...

-These notes are from 2021 Unit 1: Natural Systems [Making Connections Ch. 2-3] Plate tectonics ​ Theory of plate tectonics: the Earth's crust is made up of large plates that move and interact with each other, causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building. ​ Different layers of the Earth: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core. ​ The 7 major plates are African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Australian, North American, Pacific and South American ​ Major tectonic plates in Canada are located in the west coast and the Arctic, meaning that area is prone to earthquakes and volcanic activity. ​ Processes of folding and faulting: folding occurs when layers of rock are pushed together and bend, while faulting occurs when rock layers break and shift. ​ Types of plate movements ○​ Divergent: When two tectonic plates move apart. This usually occurs along a mid-ocean ridge. ○​ Convergent: When two tectonic plates move toward each other. ○​ Transform: When two plates slide parallel against each other in opposite directions. This process happens fairly smoothly, with many small earthquakes, but no catastrophic damage. ○​ When a continental plate converges with an oceanic plate, it results in a process called subduction. This is when the denser oceanic plate slides underneath the continental plate. ○​ When two continental plates converge. Since they’re the same density, they will curve upwards and create a mountain. ​ When plates lock together for a long time, a huge amount of energy might be released at once, resulting in a massive earthquake. The Rock Cycle ​ Rocks in the rock cycle: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. Formed by processes such as cooling and solidification, erosion and sedimentation, and heat and pressure. ​ Canada's history of glaciers: glaciers covered much of Canada during the last ice age, shaping the land and affecting the distribution of plants and animals. They have since retreated. ​ Glaciers advanced across Canada four separate times in the last 2.5 million years Types of Landform Regions ​ Landform regions: different regions of Canada have distinct landforms and vegetation due to factors such as climate, topography, and geology. ​ There are three main types of landform regions in Canada -- the Canadian Shield, areas of lowlands, and areas of highlands ​ The Canadian Shield is the geologic foundation of Canada and is the oldest and largest landform region  ○​ Of Precambrian age, more than one billion years ago, it had many huge mountains, but most of these have eroded away over the years ○​ It has rocky terrain with poor soil. However, there is an abundant supply of fresh water. ​ The three lowland areas are: the Interior Plains (IP), the Great Lakes-- St. Lawrence Lowlands (GL-SL), and the Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands (HB-A) ○​ The GL-SL and IP are the most important agricultural areas in Canada. They account for about 75% of Canada’s total farm production ○​ The sedimentary rock underlying the IP is enormously important for the production of oil and natural gas ​ Western Cordillera and the Innuitian Mountains are much younger, and hence higher than the Appalachian Mountains. ○​ The Innuitian is Canada’s most remote region and has no full-time population ○​ Valuable mineral resources are found in some locations Climate ​ Lowern: Latitude, Ocean currents, Wind and air masses, Elevation, Relief, and Nearness to water ○​ Latitude: The latitude of a location determines how much sunlight it receives, altering the climate there. ○​ Ocean currents: The temperature of ocean currents affects the climate of a certain area. Water moving away from the equator is warmer, and this forms ocean currents that can be tracked and predicted. ○​ Air masses and winds: An air mass is a large volume of air that takes on the climatic conditions of the area in which it forms. ○​ Elevation: Air that is higher up is colder because the air pressure is lower. The air particles expand and cool down. ○​ Relief: The shape or surface of the land. It is crucial in determining the amount of precipitation that an area gets. It is affected by natural structures such as mountains.  ○​ Nearness to water: Places that are close to an ocean have a maritime climate. Winters are mild and summers are not too hot. Unit 2: Human-Environment Interactions [Making Connections Ch. 4-9] Resources ​ Renewable resources can be replenished by nature at a rate fast enough that they should be available for humans as long as we need them. However, this is only if the rate at which we use these resources continues to be slower than the rate at which they are replenished. ​ Non-renewable resources are non-replenishable. They are created by nature so slowly (millions of years) that the stock that exists today is all there will ever be. The two most important categories of non renewable resources are fossil fuels and minerals. ​ Flow resources are constantly being produced by nature. Essentially, their supply cannot be damaged by human activities. Sunlight, wind and water currents are examples of flow resources. ​ Primary industries, tertiary industries, and secondary industries. The primary and secondary are focused on the provision of goods, while the third sector involves the provision of services. Primary focuses on producing or extracting natural resources. Secondary focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. And tertiary industries focus on providing services. ​ Total stock: All parts of the natural environment including energy, living organisms, and non-living materials. Natural Resources ​ Canada has issues with water scarcity and pollution. Fishing industry has also had issues with overfishing and depletion of certain fish stocks. ​ Oil has both positive and negative impacts as a natural resource, including economic benefits and environmental costs. Fracking is a method of extracting natural gas from shale rock. ​ Issues related to farming include overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, and loss of farmland to urbanization.  ​ Different types of industry include primary, secondary, and tertiary. Examples of each type include farming, manufacturing, and service industries. ​ Factors that influence the location of the industry include access to resources, transportation, and market demand. An example of an industry influenced by each factor would be a steel factory located near iron mines, with access to transportation routes and a market for steel products. ​ Electricity in Canada is primarily generated by hydroelectric, nuclear, and thermal power. The advantages and disadvantages of each method include low carbon emissions for hydroelectric and nuclear, but high costs and environmental impacts for nuclear. Unit 3: Changing Populations [Making Connections Ch. 1, 10-11] Population Terms ​ Demographics ○​ Characteristics of a population such as age, gender, and migration. ​ Demographic Transition Model (DTM) ○​ A model used to understand population growth patterns, with four stages of high birth and death rates, falling birth and death rates, and low birth and death rates. ​ Characteristics of DTM ​ Dependency Load (DL) ○​ The ratio of people who are not of working age (children and elderly) to those who are of working age. ​ Baby Boomer ○​ A person born during the demographic post-World War II baby boom, typically between 1946 and 1964. ○​ Impact of baby boomers on life in Canada: they have had a significant impact on the economy and workforce, as well as on healthcare and retirement systems. ​ Birth Rate(BR) ○​ The number of births in a population per year per 1000 ○​ (Amount of Births/Population) x 1000 = BR ○​ [(386000/35540000) x 1000 = 10.8] Canada BR in 2014 ​ Death Rate(DR) ○​ The number of deaths in a population per year per 1000 ○​ (Amount of Deaths/Population) x 1000 = DR ○​ [(258821/35540000) x 1000 = 7.3] Canada DR in 2014 ​ Natural Increase Rate(NIR) ○​ The birth rate minus the death rate ○​ BR - DR = NIR ○​ [10.8 - 7.3 = 3.5] Canada NIR in 2014 ​ Immigration Rate(IR) ○​ The number of immigrants moving to a country per year per 1000 ○​ (Amount of Immigrants/Population) x 1000 = IR ​ Emigration Rate(ER) ○​ The number of emigrants moving from a country per year per 1000  ○​ (Amount of Emigrants/Population) x 1000 = ER ​ Net Migration Rate(NMR) ○​ Is the difference between the immigration rate and emigration rate ○​ IR - ER = NMR ○​ [7.5 - 1.5 = 6] Canada's NMR in 2014 ​ Population Growth Rate(PGR) ○​ The increase in the number of people in a population. ○​ NIR + NMR = PGR ○​ [3.5 + 6 = 9.5] Canada PGR in 2014 ​ To Find Percentage ○​ Take the rate(10/1000) and divide it by 10 to find the percentage. ○​ PGR/10 = PGR percentage ○​ [9.5/10 = 0.95] Canada PGR percentage in 2014 Immigration ​ Terms and application of immigrant, emigrant, intervening obstacles, etc: An immigrant is a person who moves to a new country, an emigrant is a person who leaves a country, and intervening obstacles are barriers that make it difficult for people to move to a new country. ​ Common push and pull factors related to immigration: push factors include poverty, war, and political unrest, while pull factors include job opportunities, higher standard of living, and freedom. ​ Settlement patterns in Canada: immigrants tend to settle in urban areas, particularly in the major cities, because of job opportunities, services, and cultural support. Unit 4: Livable/Sustainable Communities [Making Connections Ch. 12-13] Broad ideas and concepts ​ Characteristics of a livable city: includes accessibility, safety, and quality of life. ​ Urbanization: the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas. ​ Rural depopulation: the decline of population in rural areas. Characteristics include decline of services, loss of community and culture. ​ Green belt: an area of land surrounding a city that is protected from development. An example of a green belt in Ontario is the Oak Ridges Moraine. ​ Carrying capacity: the maximum number of people or organisms an area can support without degrading the environment. It relates to livable communities and resource use from Unit 2. ​ Human Development Index: a measure of a country's overall well-being, including factors such as health, education, and standard of living. ​ Building up not out: refers to the concept of densifying urban areas by building taller buildings rather than expanding the city's footprint.