Canada's Landscapes (CGC 1W1 Unit 2 CM) PDF

Canada’s Landscape s CGC 1W1 Unit 2 CM Today’s Aerial Photo Challenge Due to San Francisco’s hilly topography, streets are often an exciting experience for cyclists and cars! This street is often referred to as the “world’s most crooked street” What is the name of this street?...

Canada’s Landscape s CGC 1W1 Unit 2 CM Today’s Aerial Photo Challenge Due to San Francisco’s hilly topography, streets are often an exciting experience for cyclists and cars! This street is often referred to as the “world’s most crooked street” What is the name of this street? 2 Instructions Jot down different landforms and landform regions of Canada. Create a Landform Regions of Canada Map. Take notes on plate tectonics, glaciation, erosion, former seas, water, soil, land cover, climate, ecozones, and human effects on the landscapes in Canada. Create a Major Water Bodies of Canada Map. Fill in “Comparing My Community to Another”. 3 Exploring Canadian Geography Units 1. Becoming a Geographer 2. Physical Geography 3. Economic Geography 4. Human Geography 5. Sustainability 4 Physical Geography Unit Lessons 1. Canada’s Landscapes 2. Travel and Tourism 3. Forces of Nature 4. Humans and the Environment 5. Climate Change 6. Minimizing Impacts 5 Canada’s Landscapes Learning Goal Identify the characteristics and spatial distribution of Canada’s landscapes and landforms. Success Criteria 6 Canada’s Landscapes Learning Goal Analyze how geological, hydrological, and climatic processes formed and continue to shape Canada’s landscape. Success Criteria 7 Canada’s Landscapes Big Ideas Natural environmental characteristics, such as climate, geology, drainage patterns, and vegetation, define the physical regions of Canada. Geological, climatic, and hydrological processes, phenomena, and events have shaped, and continue to shape, Canada’s natural landscape. 8 Thinking Concepts Developed in Unit 2 Spatial Significance Patterns and Trends Interrelationships Geographic Perspective 9 Transferable Skills Developed in Unit 2 Critical thinking and problem solving Innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurship Global citizenship and sustainability Digital literacy 10 Canada’s Landscapes Close your eyes and imagine you are a giant walking across Canada. ○ What landforms can you see? ○ Were you able to see five or more distinct landform regions? ○ What human activities occur on those landforms? ○ Are you able to see anything far away from where you 11 Canada’s Landscapes - Landforms 12 Landforms 1. Brainstorm with those around you different types of landforms. 2. Mark with an asterisk (*) which types of landforms are in your part of Ontario. 3. Mark with a minus sign (-) which types of landforms are not anywhere in Canada. 13 Landforms In small groups, match the descriptions with the terms on the illustration. 14 Canada’s Landscapes - Landforms Areas of similar landforms are grouped together in landform regions in Canada. Take a look at the map, paying special attention to colours, and then answer the questions on the the slide that follows. Study the map so you can identify the locations of the landform regions as part of this unit’s test. 15 In The News.. 16 Consumer Debt.. Bias: Canadian Wealth Manager Why is it an issue? Average Canadian income Facts about Canadian debt situation 17  Geographic Connections Developments tied to economic growth Immigration has been reduced so we can assume we will lose productivity in our economy With more debt we see other social issues rise Canada’s reputation on a global stage Future generations? 18 Opinions? 19  Landform km Innuitian Mountains Craig Marlatt Regions of 0 400 3 July 2024 Canada Arctic Mountains Lowlands Plains Shield Canadian Shield Rocky Mountains Lowlands Hudson Bay Interior Lowlands Plains Major Island Mountain Appalachian Great Lakes-St Mountains Peak Lawrence Lowlands Canada’s Landscapes - Landforms Did you notice that there are three different mountain ranges in Canada? Did you notice that there are three different lowland areas in Canada? Which is the largest landform region? Which is the smallest landform region? Explain how the landscapes are similar and different from one another in various parts of Canada. 21 Canada’s Landscapes - Landforms To help you learn where the different landform regions are in Canada, create a Landform Regions of Canada Map using the instructions in the handout. 22 Canada’s Landscapes - Plate Tectonics The term Plate Tectonics refers to the forces that move pieces of the earth's crust. Boundaries mark the location where one plate is interacting with another plate in one of three ways: ○ Plates can converge, meaning they are colliding into each other. ○ Plates can diverge, meaning they are moving in opposite directions away from each other. ○ Plates can transform, meaning they slide past each other in opposite directions. 23 Canada’s Landscapes - Plate Tectonics Convergent Boundary: This movement occurs when plates move toward each other. It is visible on the surface of the earth where we see the folding and faulting of plates forming mountain chains. For example, the Indian and Eurasian plates are creating the Himalayan Mountains. 24 Notice the Indian and Eurasian plates are moving towards each other. 25 This process continues, pushing the Himalayas up higher every year by about 5 centimeters. 26 Canada’s Landscapes - Plate Tectonics Divergent Boundary: This movement occurs when plates move away from each other. When they separate, the magma from further inside the Earth is able to come to the surface, forming volcanoes. In Iceland, part of the country is located on the Eurasian plate and the other part is on the North American plate. 27 28 Canada’s Landscapes - Plate Tectonics Transform Boundary: This movement occurs when plates slide past each other in opposite directions. The sliding is not always smooth, so tension builds up and then the eventual release causes earthquakes. The most famous of these faults is the San Andreas Fault in California. 29 30 Canada’s Landscapes - Plate Tectonics In 1994, a major earthquake struck the Northridge area of Los Angeles. ○ 57 deaths ○ 8700 injuries ○ Billions in damages 31 Plate Boundaries and Canada’s Landscape Review Divergent Convergent Transform What do each of the boundaries do? What is significant? Think landform regions. What are our different landform regions called? Have you learned any characteristics? 32  Tectonic Plate Boundaries Colliding Diverging Transforming 33 Canada’s Landscapes - Plate Tectonics Notice the direction of movement for each plate. Find the boundaries of the North American Plate. What general direction is the Canadian part of that plate moving? Colliding Diverging Transforming 34 Canada’s Landscapes - Glaciation So what about places far from tectonic plate boundaries? In Canada, the dominant force of nature that created the landscapes were glaciers. ○ In the Rocky Mountains, the Cordilleran Glacier wove its way through the valleys. ○ Across the rest of Canada, the Laurentide Glacier scraped the land as 35 Glaciation Glaciers form where more snow falls than melts. As the layers of snow pile up, the weight increases so the snow is packed together so tightly that an ice sheet is formed. The last ice age was 36 Canada’s Landscapes - Glaciation Continental glaciers like the Laurentide level massive areas of the Earth’s surface through scraping and grinding of the ground by the moving ice. They scrape out large depressions which then fill with water when the glaciers retreat. Gradually, land around the edges of these glacial lakes rebounded, giving us the Great Lakes that we have today. 37  n ce re Canada’s Landscapes. L aw S t v er Ri Kingst on Uxbridg e Toront o Niagara Falls The white outline is the current shores of Lake Ontario. 38 Canada’s Landscapes - Glaciation A glacier gathers and transports a huge amount of rock and soil as it moves. When a glacier melts, it deposits its load of sediment, creating a variety of landforms, including moraines, which are mounds of sediment 39 at the downhill end of a Canada’s Landscapes - Glaciation Can you think of a local land feature that is a result of glacial action? – Near the end of the last ice age as the glacier was melting, it stalled its retreat in this part of Ontario. – As it melted, it deposited huge amounts of gravel that it had been collecting as it moved across the landscape. – That big pile of gravel (now covered by trees and so forth) is the...? 40  Glacial Landforms Ballantrae OAK RIDGES MORAINE Stouffville Brooklin Claremont 41 Notice how the moraine forms the divide of water flowing north v. south. 42 While this is more info than we need, notice that there are aquifers in the moraine that contain naturally filtered water. More on this in Unit 3! 43 Canada’s Landscapes - Former Seas Lowlands are often rebounded land that used to be the bottom of lakes and seas. The Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay, and Gulf of Mexico used to be all connected by the Western Inland Seaway. This explains the relatively flat nature of the landscape and the presence of oil and gas when decaying plant and animal matter were compressed over time at the bottom of the sea. 44 Canada’s Landscapes - Former Seas The Western Inland Seaway existed from 100 million years ago until 66 million years ago. As land shifted upwards, the waters receded. 45 Canada’s Landscapes - Erosion Weathering and erosion describe the process where rocks are broken down by natural forces such as wind or water. 46 Canada’s Landscapes 47 Canada’s Landscapes - Erosion The Appalachian Mountains were once as tall as the Himalayan Mountains (≅ 9000 m). Over millions of years, they have been eroded to their current height (≅ 2000 m). They are now (extremely large) rolling hills, covered in forests, instead of jagged rocks, covered in snow (due to high elevation). 48 Canada’s Landscapes - Water A watershed is the area of land that drains into rivers and lakes, which, in turn, flow to a common outlet Primary watersheds in Ontario are the Atlantic Ocean (via the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River) and Hudson Bay for the areas north of the Great Lakes. What watershed is your community in? 49  Drainage Basins of Canada For each drainage basin, write down its name, location, and major river Arctic system in your notes. Hudson Pacific Bay Atlantic Gulf of 50  Arctic Beaufort Ocean Baffin Bay Sea Major Water Great Bear Lake Bodies of Davis Strait k 0 m 400 Canada M ac Craig ke Great nz Slave Lake Hudson Marlatt ie Ri Strait ve 3 July 2024 r Lake Labrador Athabasca Hudson Sea Bay Ungava Pacific Bay Ocean Saskatchewan Study the map so River Lake James Bay you can identify the Winnipeg r ve locations of these Lake Ri ce Gulf of St. Superior Lake ren Lawrence water bodies as Huron St.L aw Bay of Atlantic Lake part of this unit’s Michigan Lake Ontario Lake Erie Fundy Ocean Canada’s Landscapes - Water To help you learn where the different major water bodies are in Canada, create a Major Water Bodies of Canada Map using the instructions in the handout. 52 Canada’s Landscapes - Water Water is the dominant attribute of Earth, covering 71% of the Earth’s surface. Canada is especially water rich, with over half of the world’s lakes in it! It is essential for life, agriculture, industry, and energy. More details in Unit 3, but let’s review the water cycle to see the various landscapes water creates in Canada. 53 Jot down in The Water Cycle your notes the names and what happens with each of the major processes in the Water Cycle. 54 Canada’s Landscapes - Soil The Canadian Soil Information Service is an authoritative source of soil data and land resource information for Canada. The maps on the next few slides are part of the “Soil Capability for Agriculture” series. Which quality of soil exists where you live? 55  Lake Soil Quality in Simco Durham Region e Lindsay Uxbridg e Port Perry Oshawa Ajax Lake 56 Ontario  Barrie Lindsay Canada’s Landscapes Uxbridg e Orangevill Oshawa Markham e Toronto Brampton Soil Quality in the Greater Guelp Toronto Area 57 h Canada’s Landscapes - Soil For students who live outside of the GTA, use the “Soil Quality in Southern Ontario” map attached to determine the soil quality in your area. 58 Canada’s Landscapes - Soil To look at soil quality in other parts of Canada, check out these maps. For example, Southern Saskatchewan is known for its agricultural products. Alas, the soil quality there is not as good as Southern Ontario (see the map on the next slide). 59 Saskato Soil Quality in on Southern Saskatchewan Regin 60 Canada’s Landscapes - Land Cover Canada’s land surface is covered with different vegetation types, built environments, water, desert, rock, ice and snow formations. Natural Resources Canada uses remote sensing data collected by Earth observation satellites to produce accurate, efficient, and cost-effective data and images of Canada’s land cover. Which type of land cover exists where you 61 Land Cover of Canada’s Landscapes - Climate Let’s look at the Climate Zones of Canada, as used by National Building Code standards. They used a measure of heating degree days which are equal to the number of degrees Celsius a given day's mean temperature is below 18°C. ○ If the daily mean temperature is 12°C, the HDD value for that day is equal to 6°C. 63 Climate Zones of Canada Which Climate Zone do you live in? 64 Canada’s Landscapes - Ecozones If we were to layer the landforms, soil, land cover, and climate maps of Canada on top of one another, we would see particular combinations of features that would create ecozones which is an area with a particular type of natural environment. Which ecozone do you live in? 65 66 Canada’s Landscapes - People Cultural landscapes reveal the relationship between people and their natural environment. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. There are 11 cultural or mixed sites in 67 Canada’s Landscapes - People With 1 or 2 others, summarize the significance of your assigned Cultural World Heritage Site. L’Anse aux Meadows Landscape of Grand Pré 1. Who? Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump 2. What? Old Town Lunenburg 3. Where? Pimachiowin Aki Historic District of Old Québec 4. When? Red Bay Basque Whaling Station 5. Why? Rideau Canal SGang Gwaay 68 Tr’ondëk-Klondike Canada’s Landscapes - A Comparison Let’s put together all of the pieces we’ve learned in this lesson. ○ We’ll fill in the “My Community” column together, and then you will be assigned a different community in Canada to compare. 69 Course Related to Content from This Lesson You can take this course in Grade 10, 11, or 12! 70 To Keep Up-to-Date… Clear your Google Classroom To-do List Ask questions through Google Classroom or in-person 71