Plate Tectonics Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between an immigrant and an emigrant?

An immigrant is someone who moves to a new country, while an emigrant is someone who leaves their home country.

List two push factors and two pull factors related to immigration.

Push factors include poverty and war; pull factors include job opportunities and a higher standard of living.

What are some typical characteristics of a livable city?

Typical characteristics of a livable city include accessibility, safety, and a high quality of life.

Explain the concept of carrying capacity in relation to sustainable communities.

<p>Carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of people an area can support without degrading the environment, which is crucial for sustainable community development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the green belt in urban planning?

<p>The green belt, such as the Oak Ridges Moraine in Ontario, protects areas from development and helps preserve the environment surrounding urban centers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main advantages of hydroelectric and nuclear energy?

<p>Both have low carbon emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

<p>It illustrates population growth patterns across four stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Dependency Load (DL) calculated?

<p>It is the ratio of non-working age individuals to working age individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did baby boomers have on Canadian society?

<p>They significantly influenced the economy, workforce, healthcare, and retirement systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What formula is used to calculate the Birth Rate (BR)?

<p>The formula is (Amount of Births/Population) x 1000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you calculate the Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?

<p>NIR is determined by subtracting the Death Rate (DR) from the Birth Rate (BR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Net Migration Rate (NMR) represent?

<p>It represents the difference between the immigration rate and the emigration rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Population Growth Rate (PGR) formula?

<p>PGR is calculated by adding the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) to the Net Migration Rate (NMR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Canadian Shield and why is it significant in Canada's geography?

<p>The Canadian Shield is the oldest and largest landform region in Canada, serving as its geologic foundation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three main lowland areas in Canada and their importance.

<p>The three main lowland areas are the Interior Plains, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, and Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands; they are important for agriculture and oil production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ocean currents influence the climate of an area?

<p>Ocean currents affect the climate by transporting warmer or colder water, which influences the temperature and weather patterns of coastal regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does elevation play in climate variation?

<p>Elevation affects climate because higher altitudes have lower temperatures due to decreased air pressure, making the air expand and cool.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the significance of relief in determining an area's precipitation.

<p>Relief, or the shape of the land, determines the amount of precipitation an area receives, as mountains can block moisture-laden winds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the Western Cordillera and Innuitian Mountains from the Appalachian Mountains?

<p>The Western Cordillera and Innuitian Mountains are younger and higher than the Appalachian Mountains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a unique aspect of the Innuitian Mountains.

<p>The Innuitian Mountains are Canada's most remote region and have no permanent population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does nearness to water influence local climates?

<p>Nearness to water generally leads to a maritime climate, with milder winters and moderated summer temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory of plate tectonics and its primary implications for the Earth's crust?

<p>The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is composed of large, moving plates that interact with each other, leading to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of subduction and its geological significance.

<p>Subduction occurs when a denser oceanic plate slides beneath a less dense continental plate, leading to volcanic activity and the formation of mountain ranges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of rocks in the rock cycle, and how are they formed?

<p>The three main types of rocks are igneous (formed by cooling and solidification), sedimentary (formed by erosion and sedimentation), and metamorphic (formed by heat and pressure).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do tectonic plate movements contribute to the occurrence of earthquakes?

<p>Tectonic plate movements, particularly when plates lock together and release built-up energy, can result in significant earthquakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of plate movements, and what distinguishes each?

<p>Divergent (plates move apart), convergent (plates collide), and transform (plates slide parallel past each other) are the three types, each causing different geological effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how glaciers have influenced the land and environment of Canada.

<p>Glaciers shaped the Canadian landscape through erosion during their advance and influenced plant and animal distribution by creating varied ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the major tectonic plates that interact with the geography of Canada.

<p>The major tectonic plates affecting Canada include the North American Plate, Pacific Plate, and the Arctic Plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological processes result in the formation of mountains from converging continental plates?

<p>When two continental plates converge, they push against each other, causing the crust to fold and curve upwards, leading to mountain formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes renewable resources from non-renewable resources?

<p>Renewable resources can be replenished by nature at a sufficient rate, while non-renewable resources are finite and formed over millions of years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two examples of flow resources and explain why they cannot be damaged by human activities.

<p>Examples of flow resources include sunlight and wind, as their supply is constantly replenished and is not diminished by usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main focuses of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries?

<p>Primary industries focus on extracting natural resources, secondary industries are concerned with manufacturing goods, and tertiary industries provide services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe an environmental issue associated with the fishing industry in Canada.

<p>The fishing industry in Canada faces issues of overfishing and depletion of certain fish stocks, threatening biodiversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some negative impacts of fracking as a method of extracting natural gas?

<p>Fracking can lead to environmental concerns such as water contamination and increased seismic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one factor that influences the location of an industry and provide an example.

<p>Access to resources influences industry location; for example, a steel factory may be situated near iron mines for easy sourcing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary sources of electricity generation in Canada?

<p>The primary sources of electricity in Canada are hydroelectric, nuclear, and thermal power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one issue related to farming in Canada and its impact on the environment.

<p>Overuse of pesticides and fertilizers in farming can lead to soil degradation and water pollution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tectonic Plates

The Earth's outer layer, broken into large pieces that move and interact.

Theory of Plate Tectonics

The theory that the Earth's crust is made of large plates that move and interact, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

Divergent Plate Movement

When two plates move apart, creating new crust.

Convergent Plate Movement

When two plates collide, creating mountains, volcanoes, or subduction.

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Transform Plate Movement

When two plates slide past each other horizontally, causing earthquakes.

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Subduction

The process of denser oceanic plate sinking beneath a continental plate.

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Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed from cooled and solidified magma or lava.

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Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed from sediment layers that have been compacted and cemented together.

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What is the Canadian Shield?

The oldest and largest landform region in Canada, formed over a billion years ago, characterized by rocky terrain and poor soil.

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Which lowlands are the most important for agriculture in Canada?

These lowlands are known for their immense importance in Canadian agriculture, contributing to a large portion of the nation's farm production.

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What is the source of oil and natural gas in Canada?

This landform region is critical for Canada's energy production, providing oil and natural gas resources.

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What is the most remote region in Canada?

The Innuitian Mountains are the most remote region in Canada with no full-time residents but hold valuable mineral resources.

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How does latitude affect climate?

The latitude of a location determines the amount of sunlight it receives, directly influencing its climate.

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How do ocean currents affect climate?

Ocean currents, like warm currents, affect the temperature of a region, impacting its climate.

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What role does air movement play in climate?

Air masses acquire the climatic properties of their source region, influencing the climate of an area they move over.

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How does elevation affect temperature?

Higher elevations experience lower air pressure, leading to cooler temperatures.

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Renewable resources

Resources that can be replenished by nature at a rate fast enough for sustainable use.

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Non-renewable resources

Resources that are non-replenishable by nature on human time scales.

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Flow resources

Resources that are constantly being produced by nature, such as sunlight, wind, and water currents.

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Primary industries

Industries focused on extracting raw materials from nature, like mining or fishing.

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Secondary industries

Industries that use raw materials from primary industries to manufacture goods, like factories.

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Tertiary industries

Industries that provide services to individuals and businesses, including healthcare, education, tourism, and finance.

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Total stock

All natural resources, both living and non-living, that are used by humans.

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Fracking

The practice of extracting natural gas from shale rock by injecting water, sand, and chemicals.

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Demographics

Characteristics of a population like age, gender, and migration patterns. Think of it as a snapshot of a population's makeup.

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing how populations grow over time, with four stages: high birth and death rates, falling birth and death rates, and low birth and death rates. It's like a map of population changes.

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Dependency Load (DL)

The ratio of people not in the workforce (children and elderly) to those who are. It's a measure of how many people depend on the working population.

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Birth Rate (BR)

The number of births per year per 1000 people in a population. This shows how fast a population is increasing due to births.

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Death Rate (DR)

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people. This shows how many people are dying each year.

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Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The difference between the birth rate and death rate. This shows how much the population is growing naturally, without migration.

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Immigration Rate (IR)

The number of immigrants moving into a country per year per 1000 people. This shows how much the population is growing due to people coming in.

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Net Migration Rate (NMR)

The difference between the immigration rate and emigration rate. This shows the net change in population due to movement in and out of a country.

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Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, leading to increased population density in cities.

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Green belt

A protected area of land surrounding a city, preventing development and preserving natural features.

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Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people or organisms that an environment can sustainably support without degradation. It relates to resource use and the impact on a community's well-being.

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Building up not out

The process of building taller buildings within existing urban areas to increase density, rather than expanding outwards.

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Human Development Index (HDI)

A measure of a country's overall well-being, based on factors like health, education, and standard of living.

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Study Notes

Plate Tectonics

  • Theory of plate tectonics: Earth's crust composed of plates that move; this interaction causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
  • Earth layers: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core.
  • Major plates: African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Australian, North American, Pacific, and South American.
  • Canadian tectonic plates: located in western Canada and the Arctic, prone to earthquakes and volcanic activity.
  • Processes: folding (layers pushed together and bent) and faulting (layers breaking and shifting).
  • Types of plate movement:
    • Divergent: plates move apart, common along mid-ocean ridges.
    • Convergent: plates move towards each other.
      • Oceanic-continental collision: denser oceanic plate slides under continental plate (subduction).
      • Continental-continental collision: plates have similar density, causing upward curving and mountain formation.
    • Transform: plates slide past each other; usually smooth with many small earthquakes but no major damage.

The Rock Cycle

  • Rocks in the rock cycle: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic.
  • Formation processes include cooling (igneous), erosion, sedimentation (sedimentary), and heat/pressure (metamorphic).

Glaciers in Canada

  • Glaciers covered much of Canada during the last ice age, shaping the land and affecting the distribution of plants and animals.
  • Glaciers advanced in Canada four times in the last 2.5 million years.

Types of Landform Regions

  • Canadian landscape is characterized by different landforms and vegetation.
  • Three main landform types: Canadian Shield, lowlands, and highlands.
  • Canadian Shield: oldest and largest landform region.

Climate

  • Factors influencing climate: Latitude, ocean currents, winds, air masses, elevation, relief, and proximity to water.
  • Latitude affects the amount of sunlight received.
  • Ocean currents affect temperatures.
  • Air masses influence climate conditions.
  • Elevation and relief affect precipitation.

Resources

  • Renewable resources: replenished naturally at a rate that allows for sustained use.
  • Non-renewable resources: not replenished at a rate that matches use.
  • Important categories of non-renewable resources are those related to energy and minerals.
  • Flow resources are naturally sourced resources that constantly being developed, these include sunlight, water, wind and energy.
  • Primary industries: focused on extracting/producing natural resources.
  • Secondary industries: process raw materials from primary industries to make new products.
  • Tertiary industries: provide services (e.g., retail, transportation, education).

Natural Resources in Canada

  • Canada has issues with water scarcity and pollution.
  • Fishing industry faces overfishing and fish stock depletion.
  • Natural gas extraction (fracking) has both benefits and environmental issues.
  • Farming issues related to pesticide/fertilizer overuse and loss of land.

Changing Populations

  • Demographics: characteristics of a population (age, gender, migration).
  • Demographic Transition Model (DTM): model explaining population growth patterns over time, passing through several stages.
  • Stages of DTM: high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
  • Four stages of DTM: high, falling, and low birth and death rates.

Population Terms

  • Dependency load: ratio of non-working-age people to working-age people.
  • Baby Boomers: people born between 1946 and 1964.
  • Birth rate (BR): number of births per 1,000 people per year.
  • Death rate (DR): number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
  • Natural increase rate (NIR): birth rate minus death rate.
  • Immigration rate (IR): number of immigrants per 1,000 people per year.
  • Emigration rate (ER): number of emigrants per 1,000 people per year.
  • Net migration rate (NMR): immigration rate minus emigration rate.
  • Population growth rate (PGR): increase in population over a period.

Livable/Sustainable Communities

  • Characteristics of a livable city: accessibility, safety, quality of life.
  • Urbanization: process of people moving from rural to urban areas.
  • Rural depopulation: decline of population in rural areas.
  • Green belt: undeveloped land surrounding a city to protect it.
  • Carrying capacity: maximum population an environment can support without degradation.
  • Human Development Index: measurement of overall well-being.
  • Building up (not out): densifying urban areas via taller buildings to use space efficiently.

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Geography Cheat Sheet PDF 2021

Description

This quiz delves into the theory of plate tectonics, exploring Earth's crust's composition and the effects of plate movement such as earthquakes and volcanoes. Learn about the major tectonic plates and their movements, including divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. Test your knowledge on the layers of the Earth and the geological processes involved.

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