Religion Notes and Exam Review PDF

EXAM REVIEW Format: Part A: Multiple Choice Part B: Common Element Part C: Short Answer Part D: Essay Define the following Celibacy: The commitment to not participate in sexual activities, associated with religious orders Chastity: Sense of purity in relationships. Only having intercourse with your...

EXAM REVIEW Format: Part A: Multiple Choice Part B: Common Element Part C: Short Answer Part D: Essay Define the following Celibacy: The commitment to not participate in sexual activities, associated with religious orders Chastity: Sense of purity in relationships. Only having intercourse with your spouse Conscience: God's voice that calls us to love, and avoid evil. A law inscribed in our human hearts by god that informs us how to do good. Discernment: Seeking spiritual guidance to make thoughtful decisions Ethics: Rules of conduct or societal norms with respect to a group or culture Exegesis: The comprehension of the bible, specifically scripture, to uncover original meaning Ethical Relativism: Morality is not absolute or universal, and is relative to norms, values, and beliefs of a particular culture society or individual Free Will: The will perfectly insulated from external influences that allows us to act as we choose Hermeneutics: Theory and methodology of interpreting scriptural texts Injustice: Violation of another's rights; moral, legal, or ethical principles Justice: Striving to give everyone what they deserve Moral Evil: When suffering is caused by the actions of human beings, ie: physical and emotional harm Morality: System of principles and values that guide human behaviour in deciphering what is right and wrong Natural Evil: Suffering created through direct fault of humans ie: natural disasters Natural Theology: Attempt to understand the existence and nature of god using reason, observation and the natural world, rather than relying on scripture Natural Law: There are universal laws governing human behavior independent of human made laws Omnipotent: All powerful Omniscient: All knowing Prophet (modern day examples) Prophet refers to individuals believed to have special connection with the divine (nelson mandela, mother teressa, Malala, Oscor Morara, MLK Jr Revealed Theology: Proves additional truths of god's existence which are not accessible to reason. Understanding and interpreting God through divine sources rather than human reasoning. Survival Rights: Basic human needs needed to live. Ex. Food, water, shelter, nurturing of the young, basic healthcare. Temperance: Practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something, seeking moderation and having self control. Thrival Rights: Things needed to foster the full potential of God’s creation, such as respect, privacy, freedom of speech, religious liberty, education, meaningful work and time for recreation. Vocation: What we are called to do Questions/ Content to know: 1.​ Who was St. Thomas Aquinas? Describe his 5 ways to prove the existence of God. St. Thomas Aquinas was a catholic priest philosopher theologian born in 1225 in Roccasecca, Italy 5 ways to prove the existence of god a.​ The proof motion - The first mover -​ Everything that is in motion is moved by something else. God must be the first mover who set everything else in motion b.​ The proof of efficient cause- The first maker -​ Nothing can cause itself, everything must have a cause, the first cause is god c.​ The proof of contingency- The necessary being -​ Things come into and go out of existence -​ These things are called dependant beings -​ Since nothing can come from nothing there must have been something which is always there. God. d.​ The proof of degrees of perfection - The most perfect being -​ We see things in varying degrees, good vs bad living vs nonliving -​ There must be a highest form of good, which is god. e.​ The proof of design- The Designer/The creator  -​ Teleological Argument- If something is purposed it must be designed to have a purpose 2.​ What is the purpose of the 2nd Vatican Council? Ans. A council that discusses church traditions and matters, to create an official stance and perspective overview on social and political issues, such as abortion, euthanasia, etc. 3.​ Briefly describe St. Augustine’s idea of Theodicy. How do the two different types of evil connect to this idea. How does this idea connect to free will discussed in class? St. Augustine’s idea of Theodicy: The existence of evil and suffering does not rule out the existence of god Connects to moral evil because even though human beings cause suffering to each other it does not disproves the existence of god Connects to Natural evil because even though there are natural disasters it does not disprove the existence of god. Theodicy connects to free will because humans having the ability to harm each other means we have a choice regarding our actions. 4.​ Describe the 3 Dimensions of Conscience. Capacity/Interiority Process/An Objective Standard of Right or Wrong Judgement/Make decisions 5.​ Describe Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of Moral Development. Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a theory on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. He suggests it occurs in six stages. Avoiding penalty, self-interest, societal attitudes, law and order, social contracts, principle 6.​ How does the Catholic Church explain the connection between science and faith? Science - seeks how creation works Faith - seeks how the creator works 7.​ Describe the three theological virtues and the four cardinal virtues. Theological Virtues Cardinal Virtues Faith: Accepting god’s truth when it can Fortitude: Being courageous and not be fully proven persevering when times are difficult Hope: Confident expectation in eternal Temperance: Seeking self control and life moderation Love/Charity: The selfless love of god and Prudence: Practical wisdom. Allows neighbor person to discern the right course of action using reason Justice: Giving each person their due and treating others fairly. Cardinal virtues Fortitude, temperance , Prudence, Justice Theological virtues: Faith, hope, love/charity 8.​ Describe the different types of justice. Social Justice: -​ Is fairness and duty to one another within the society implies that we are responsible for the well-being of our fellow humans -​ A fair and equitable division of resources, opportunities, and privileges in society Two Groups:​ -​ Haves: Groups of people who have significant material wealth -​ Have Nots: groups of people who have little or no material wealth Distributive Justice: -​ Distributive justice says that there is a lot of fairness in society that can be distributed  -​ How do we distribute needs fairly to those who are in need -​ For example, public programs that provide social security or medical care to all elderly and retired persons -​ “Veil of ignorance” -​ Faires thing to do is distribute equally -​ Get what you need and you benefit from it Contributive Justice: -​ Contributive justice says that we all have the responsibility to contribute to society and to our well-being -​ It says that people are expected to contribute in some form of work -​ It's what we owe to society for the common good -​ Example: Taxes Commutative Justice: -​ Gives what people are entitled to that which is owed between individuals -​ Example: such as the exchange of money for property in a business transaction Ecological Justice: -​ Concerned with obligations that human beings have to all the rest of creation. Rights and Justice: -​ Rights are needed for our wellbeing and they apply to all of God's creation. Rights also imply our obligation to respect the rights of others and of creation itself. -​ Rights can be divided into two categories: Ecological justice - rights 2 categories 9.​ Define sin. Explain the three natures of sin? (Mortal, Venial Social) Sin is an act, thought or omission that goes against divine law, moral principles, or the will of god. Mortal Sin: -​ A grave offense that leads to the loss of grace and separation from God if not repented. Venial Sin: -​ A less serious offense that weakens, but does not sever, the relationship with God. Social sin: -​ refers to collective actions, structures, or systems within a society that result in injustice, oppression, or harm to individuals or groups. 10.​What are the 7 deadly sins and their opposing virtues. Be able to discuss three (3). 7 Deadly Sins - Definitions (PELWSGG) The 7 Heavenly Virtues are (HCTC-PGZ) Pride ​ Pride is excessive belief in one's own Humility – keeping oneself within one's own abilities, that interferes with the bounds, not reaching out to things above one, individual's recognition of the grace of but submitting to one's superior God. ​ Pride is also known as Vanity. Envy Charity – quality of being friendly and ​ Envy is the desire for others' traits, status, considerate abilities, or situation. Lust Chastity - purity of love ​ Lust is an inordinate craving for the pleasures of the body. Wrath Patience - capacity to accept delay, trouble or ​ Anger is manifested in the individual who suffering, without upset spurns love and opts instead for fury. It is also known as Wrath. Sloth Zeal - persistent work and effort ​ Sloth is the avoidance of physical or spiritual work. GREED Generosity - quality of giving freely Greed is the desire for material wealth or gain, ignoring the realm of the spiritual. Temperance - practice of restraint of Gluttony – overindulgence food indulgence 11.​Describe the different degrees of sin. (Personal/ Social) Personal sin -​ refers to any individual act, thought, or omission that goes against moral or divine law. Social sin: -​ refers to collective actions, structures, or systems within a society that result in injustice, oppression, or harm to individuals or groups. 12.​Describe the seven Major Themes from Catholic Social Teaching. Life and dignity of the human person: Human life is sacred, every person is precious, and we must welcome respect and love our neighbors. Call to Family, Community, and Participation: We are called to live with love and support others in our community. Rights and Responsibilities: We have the right to make sure other have human rights Option for and with the Poor and Vulnerable: We are to put the needed of the poor and vulnerable above ours Dignity of Work and Rights of Workers: Work is more than a way to make a living, it is a form of continuing participation in God's creation Solidarity: We are one human family, whatever our national, racial, ethic, economic and ideological beliefs Care for god's creations: We must take care of god’s creations, taking care of the earth. 13.​Describe the different types of vocations. Sacrament of Vocation or Service -​ Holy Orders -When a person is ordained in order to become Deacons, Priests or bishops -​ Marriage - A couple who is married is a sign of god's love -call from god to live in union with one person 14.​Describe the five kinds of love (including Greek words). Companionship/Hetaireia A love based on companionship and a sharing of common issues but without emotional closeness Friendship/philia The warm affection shared between friends, which ensures mutuality, supportiveness and emotional ties The love that Jesus had for Lazarus Family love/storge Love parents have for children and children for parents, which is also between siblings It is inherent and unearned but has deep emotional attachments Sexual love/eros A passionate, erotic and spontaneous type of love, based on instinct and mutual attraction Charity/agape A sacrificial, unconditional yet rewarding type of love. We wish others well even when they do nothing in return Highest form of love—we can even love our enemies 15.​Why is marriage such an important sacrament? Explain this sacrament under canon law and civil law. CIVIL LAW VS. CANON LAW -are the laws of the land applying to each -laws of the Church-canon means individual “rule” MARRIAGE MARRIAGE - a sacrament b/w a - a legal agreement (contract) between baptized man and a baptized two persons woman -entering a covenant with God MARRIAGE LICENSE MARRIAGE LICENSE - issued by City Hall - civil and Church license - necessary to be married - issued by priest/deacon CITY HALL /OTHER VENUE CHURCH WEDDING - blessing of - Judge or Justice of the Peace the Church, - requires two witnesses performed in front of family and friends  - usually have Eucharistic Celebration JUDGE OR JUSTICE OF THE PEACE OFFICIATE - performs the ceremony and signs - a priest or deacon performs the contract to make marriage legal ceremony and signs canon law contract & makes marriage legal THE SERVICE - Exchange of Vows THE MASS - Exchange of Vows and Eucharistic LEGAL AGREEMENT - marriage is a COVENANT - sacred promise legal agreement between the couple & God CONTRACT SACRAMENT - marriage requires responsibilities to be - marriage is a visible sign of inward met grace 16.​What are the benefits of entering a marriage vs cohabitation? Marriage: Legal and financial protection, widely respected, stable, respects catholicism, promise between the couple and god Cohabitation: legal and financial flexibility, testing compatibility, freedom, lower financial risk 17.​What is the church’s view on premarital sex? -​ For the purpose of unification and procreation in marriage. It is a sin and for in any other case. 18.​What are some moral issues discussed in class? Which do teens struggle with most? What is a moral issue that adolescents deal with today? What advice would you give a grade 9 that is coming to Xavier of how you would deal with the issue? A moral issue adolescents face today is the pressure to adhere to peer expectations. Whether it’s being offered to drink alcohol, or shoplifting, teenagers often have to choose what they value more: their own morals, or their desire to fit in. Individuals around this age are also more susceptible to peer pressure because they are only beginning to gain freedom and do not have an accurate perception of their actions consequences. If I were to talking to a grade 9 who is entering St. Francis Xavier I would tell them to wait 24 hours before making any significant decisions. Teenagers have the ability to make good decisions, but they often act on instinct instead of their own ideologies. By taking a moment to reflect on their options, they are more likely to make decisions that align with their beliefs, and lead to better outcomes. Comparing cohabitation to marriage, and how marriage is different from civil law to cannon law 19.​Choose one of the following social justice issues. Be able to discuss the issue in detail and connect it to Catholic Social Teachings. a.​ Abortion b.​ Suicide c.​ Substance Abuse d.​ Capital Punishment e.​ Euthanasia f.​ Poverty/Homelessness Care for god's creations: We must take care of god’s creations, taking care of the earth. Life and dignity of the human person: Human life is sacred, every person is precious, and we must welcome respect and love our neighbors. Call to Family, Community, and Participation: We are called to live with love and support others in our community. Capital punishment, known as the death penalty is when a person is executed for a serious crime. It is often used to achieve various objectives, retribution against the offender, deterrence from others committing crime, closure for victims' families, etc. The punishment's morality is often debated with one side agreeing that some criminals deserve the death penalty, and others believing it is too barbaric for modern day society. Using the principles of the catholic social teachings, I will explain three reasons why capital punishment is never justifiable: we must care for God's creations, respect the life and dignity of the human person, and love and support others in our community. Firstly, humans are God's greatest creations, which means we must respect each other in order to keep god standing with god.