CHC2DE Exam Review 2024-2025 PDF

Grade 10 History Exam Format Part A: Multiple Choice (Knowledge: 10 marks) This section tests your memory/knowledge of historical details. You should move quickly through this section of the exam. Answers will be recorded on the Scantron card provided. Suggested max time: 5 minutes Part B: Matchin...

Grade 10 History Exam Format Part A: Multiple Choice (Knowledge: 10 marks) This section tests your memory/knowledge of historical details. You should move quickly through this section of the exam. Answers will be recorded on the Scantron card provided. Suggested max time: 5 minutes Part B: Matching (Knowledge: 10 marks) As above, this section tests your memory/knowledge of details. Move quickly. You will need to make associations between people/places/events. Answers will be recorded on the Scantron card. Suggested max time: 5 minutes Part C: Multiple Choice (Application: 10 marks) This section asks you to make connections between a quote and its context, origin or impact. You should move quickly through this section of the exam. Answers will be recorded on the Scantron card provided. Suggested max time: 10 minutes Part D: Primary Source Photo Analysis (Application: 10 marks) You will be presented with a primary source photograph and caption. Read the caption and examine the photograph. You will analyse the photograph by applying the research model structure (cue, notes, historical skills integration) Suggested max time: 20 minutes CUE: Student identifies elements which may include main ideas, questions raised and relevant prompts. (May be in point form) NOTES: Student makes note of anything present in the photograph that will be relevant to their historical connection. (May be in point form) HISTORICAL THINKING CONNECTION: Student assesses the information presented in the primary source in connection to at least one historical thinking concept. (Must be in complete sentences) Criteria Out of: Application: ​ Student demonstrates insight into the circumstances of the event using the elements found in the primary source /10 marks​ ​ Notes establish a thorough examination of the source material ​ ​ Cue accurately establishes main ideas and accurately questions elements present in the photograph ​ Student analyses the photograph by connecting it to a historical thinking concept ​ Student focuses on only elements that are present in the primary source Part E: Historical Significance (Thinking: 20 marks) In this section you will be provided with 8 historical terms that you will be familiar with from the course. Choose 4 and evaluate their impact on Canadian history and/or Canadians using historical thinking skills. Suggested max time: 45 minutes Criteria Out of: Thinking: ​ Makes an accurate connection to a relevant, broad historical event ​ Claim indicates its impact on Canada/Canadians /20 ​ Accurately connects to two historical thinking skills (5 marks each)​ ​ ​ Historical skills connection is an effective and accurate assessment the impact the historical term has had on Canadian history from 1914-present Communication: · ​ Organization of ideas and arguments is clear and concise /20 · ​ Clarity of expression (grammar, sentence structure) (5 marks each) Key Terms: WW1: 1.​ Battles of WW1 Battle of Ypres: ​ First use of chlorine gas (German released, aimed at French troops) ​ Canadians suffered heavy casualties (jammed rifles, heavy machine gun fire, poison gas) ​ Another use of gas, this time aimed at Canadians ​ Everyone began to recognize Canadians as fighters ​ John McCrae wrote Flanders Fields after the gas attacks Battle of Somme: ​ Planned joint French-British offensive led by Gen Douglas Haig ​ Planned to bombard German defenses but they failed to destroy barbed wire and bunkers (Germans had higher ground) ​ Soldiers went "over the top" in broad daylight in No Man's Land, leading to the heaviest casualties ​ Earned Canadians a reputation as hard-hitting attack troops ​ Battle lasted 5 months Battle at Vimy Ridge: ​ Canadians fought together as one unit for the first time (4 divisions) ​ Vimy Ridge was the key to German defense because it protected German mines and factories in France ​ Ridge dominated the Western Front and Arthur Currie took time planning and prepare to avoid a disaster like Somme ​ Canadians took Germans by surprise ​ Canadians captured back Vimy Ridge (Four Victoria Crosses awarded) ​ One of the greatest victories of the war at that time Battle of Passchendaele: ​ Canadians ordered to advance in a sea of mud (bitter disaster) ​ Land was waterlogged, used duckboards as pathways ​ Some soldiers got stuck in the mud and drowned  ​ Germans won back the land they lost 2.​ Halifax Explosion ​ The Collision ○​ On December 5, 1917, two ships, the Mont Blanc and Imo, were stuck on opposite sides of Halifax Harbour's anti-submarine boom ○​ The Mont Blanc carried a massive explosive cargo, including 2,000 tons of TNT and other volatile materials ○​ On the morning of December 6, the two ships collided in the Narrows, causing a fire on the Mont Blanc ​ The Explosion ○​ At 9:06 AM, the Mont Blanc exploded, sending debris 3-5 miles into the sky ○​ The explosion caused widespread destruction, collapsing buildings, cracking roads, and shattering windows ○​ The disaster resulted in approximately 2,000 deaths, 9,000 injuries, and left 15,000 people homeless ​ Aftermath ○​ Recovery efforts were hampered by a blizzard that followed the explosion ○​ Medical professionals had to be recalled from war duties to assist with the crisis, dealing with numerous eye injuries from glass and debris 3.​ War Measures Act, 1914 ​ In 1914, the Canadian government passed War Measures Act to maintain security and order during times of war, invasion, or insurrection ○​ They can sensor all forms of communication, arrest, detain, exclude and deport people, control waters and vessel movement, control transportation, control trade, production and manufacturing ​ The impact it had on Canadians and canada is that it was able to control everything that was passed through Canada including all communication ○​ Allowed authorities to censor newspapers 4.​ Treaty of Versailles/Paris Peace Conference Paris Peace Conference: ​ Lasted for 6 months, many treaties defined new borders and compensation for war loss (30+ countries attended) ​ Canada's big role to the war led PM Borden to demand that it had its own seat at the conference ​ Canada was represented as an independent nation at the conference Treaty of Versailles: ​ Developed during the conference, laid out the terms of peace between Germany and the allies ​ Germany had to agree to a War Guilt Clause and their territory would be reduced ○​ Germany had to accept sole responsibility for the war ○​ Had to pay $30 billion and their army was restricted to 100, 000 men and had to surrender its navy  ○​ Austria and Germany were forbidden to unite ​ Many people believed that this treaty foreshadowed another war in the future ​ Terms can be divided into 3 groups: territorial, military, and financial/economic ​ These terms were reversed in secret and public by Germany, leading to WW2 ​ Germans were reluctant to sign it because they didn’t think they should have been blamed for the war 5.​ Nellie McClung 1920s: 1.​ Winnipeg General Strike ​ In 1919, employees walked out and started a widespread strike across Winnipeg, which spread from industry to industry ​ Many restaurants and retail stores closed ​ Business leaders, politicians, and industrialists formed the Citizens' Committee of 1000, which saw the union leaders as a part of a communist conspiracy to overthrow the government ​ They urged Winnipeg's leaders to restore orders 2.​ Residential Schools ​ The Canadian government, along with Christian churches, continued to operate residential schools (1830-1996) aimed at assimilating Indigenous children. ○​ Children were forcibly removed from their families, forbidden to speak their languages, and subjected to harsh conditions, including physical and emotional abuse. ○​ The goal was to erase Indigenous cultures and languages. ​ Official apology from the Pope in 2022. 3.​ Indian Act ​ This federal law, first enacted in 1876 and amended in 1920, imposed strict control over the lives of Indigenous peoples. ​ Under the Act, the government had the authority to regulate almost every aspect of Indigenous life, including land use, governance, and cultural practices. ​ Amendments in the 1920s made attendance at residential schools mandatory, and Indigenous political and cultural gatherings were further restricted. 4.​ Steps to Autonomy https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/13NOPYBwjvZv33233v2PfDZDn6Td9dKbw5WQuVQUeZJ 0/edit#slide=id.g24c29ee0a36_0_0  5.​ Persons Case The Persons Case (Edwards v. A.G. of Canada) was a constitutional ruling that established the right of women to be appointed to the Senate. 6.​ Group of Seven 7.​ New Technologies Increased mobility ​ Popular car model, T-Ford ○​ Introduced the assembly line, reducing labour costs ​ Very popular, resulting in improved road construction ​ Increased aviation Increased communication ​ Telephone became an essential home appliance ​ Connected to one line, lack of privacy People/ Inventors 1930s: 1.​ Alternative political parties (eg. CCF, Social Credit) The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) ​ The CCF was founded in the Prairie provinces in 1932 ​ Canada’s first socialist/communist party, belief that the government should control the economy so that all Canadians would benefit equally ​ Regina Manifesto - opposed free-market economics and supported public ownership of key industries ​ Business and the wealthy should be taxed to provide social benefits for the citizens The Social Credit Party  ​ This political movement was founded in Alberta and its first leader was William Aberhart or “Bible Bill.” ​ He felt that the government should release money into the economy so that people could spend it. ​ Social Credit wanted to bring forward a “Basic Dividend” of $25 to each citizen over the age of twenty-one. ​ This never happened but Social Credit became the party of business and free enterprise. Union Nationale ​ Supported Quebec nationalism ○​ Advocated for the protection and development of Quebecois culture and language ○​ Relied on the Roman Catholic Church ○​ Blamed the English minority for economic problems, working conditions, social insurance programs 2.​ 3.​ Relief Camps ​ Bennett created a national network of work camps for single men in an attempt to provide relief from the Depression ​ Located deep in the woods, completely isolated, such as the interior of B.C. and northern Ontario ○​ Built roads, cleared land, dug drainage ditches ○​ Paid 20 cents a day ○​ Food was terrible, bunks were bug infested ○​ More than 170,000 men spent time in these camps 4.​ Stock Market Crash The Stock Market Crash of 1929 ​ After the prosperity of the 1920s, the stock market crashed on Tuesday, October 29 1929 called BLACK TUESDAY. ​ Even though the crash occurred in the United States, its impact reverberated into Canada. ​ Banks and companies began to collect on their loans which people could not afford to pay back ​ Both countries, as a result, fell into a severe economic downfall that lasted 10 years, known as the Great Depression. 5.​ On-to-Ottawa Trek/Regina Riot On to Ottawa ​ The establishment of work camps angered many men ​ April 1935: 1500 men went on strike ​ Communist inspired group, intended to bring their complaints to Ottawa ​ 2000 trekkers participated once they reached Regina( since the camps were in BC and northern Ontario) Regina Riot ​ The riot was a dramatic and violent confrontation between the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the On-to-Ottawa Trek protesters, who were largely unemployed men protesting their conditions during the Great Depression  ​ Bennett responded by calling the RCMP to stop the protesters, who were gathered in a stadium ( hard to accomplish as they resisted) ​ Bennett accused them to communists radicals and troublemakers ​ Resulted in a brawl, many men arrested few killed ​ Bennett only permitted 8 protesters to enter Ottawa 6.​ Great Depression ​ lasted ten years ​ was a worldwide economic disaster ​ politicians did not know how to handle the problem ​ no willing to try new solutions Underlying Causes ​ Canada was hit hard due to the quick development in the 1920s ○​ low standard of living ​ people lived poorly ○​ raising tariffs ​ on imported foreign goods, making them more expensive than Canadian goods, resulted in less trade and fewer sales ○​ Overproduction ​ spent too much money upgrading everything or creating new things could not afford it ○​ Credit ​ people assumed that if they had jobs, paying debt would be easy ​ Angie will add more points ○​ natural resources ​ Economy was based on exports as they were needed for sales Immediate Causes ​ Collapse of the stock market ​ Drought over farming ​ Famers who over planted ​ Plague and locusts Political Response ​ PM Mackenzie King was unprepared to deal with this crisis and thought it would temporary ​ King told other governments that they were responsible, lost the election Richard Bedford Bennet ​ First elected to Commons in 1911 ​ PM (1930-1935) ​ Unemployment Relief Act - gave money to provinces to create jobs ​ Prairie Farm Rehabilitation 1935 - farmers rebuilding irrigation systems ​ Did more harm than good Liberals after 1935 & slow improvements ​ King returned to power just as the economy began to slowly improve ​ Canada slowly improved after 1935 ​ By the end of 1939, Canada was experiencing economic prosperity for the first time in a decade WW2: 1.​ Battles of WW2 Battle of Britian ( July 10, 1940 - October 31, 1940) ​ Hitler wanted to eliminate the English homeland make the war longer and occupy more land. ​ Canada sent pilots and aircrew to provide support to the Allied forces.  ​ The significance to Canada is it prompted more young men to join the army and advanced our aviation manufacturing and production service. Battle of Hong Kong (December 8, 1941 - December 25, 1941) ​ Join Britain due to pressure of engagement ​ Britain sent a request to Canada to provide support as they were being pressured by the Nazi forces. ​ Canada did not have enough troops, therefore sent their unprepared in experienced troops. We were not contributing too much other than sending a small amount of troops. It was significant as it first time all our units fought together. Earned our first Victoria Cross. Battle of Dieppe (August 19,1942) ​ Draw attention away from the Soviet Union by starting a raid in the west away from the east where they were fighting the Germans ​ Canada conducted the main attack on the port, most of the Allied troops were Canadian ​ This is significant to Canada because it provided more experience for Canadian soldiers, made them more prepared and showed canadas commitment to the war effort Italian Campaign (July10,1943 - May 2, 1945) ​ Weaken the German forces in Southern Europe and liberated Nazi-occupied countries ​ Canada supported allies in the liberation of Sicily and parts of Italy ​ Significant to Canada because we gained a strong reputation on an international stage, increase in production and manufacturing industries involving women in the workplace Invasion of Normandy (July 6, 1944 - August 21,1944) ​ Defeat the Nazis, end a large portion of the war ​ Canada was in alliance with US and Britain to attack France ​ Canada sent sailors, solidiers, and airmen were crucial to victory to invade to liberate Western Europe ​ Significant to Canada as we built a strong relationship with Britain and France Liberation of the Netherlands (September 1944 - April 1945) ​ Save the Dutch from the Netherlands, drive Nazis out of the country ​ Canada joined to liberate the country, provided food for starving Dutch, attacked German lines ​ It was significant to Canada because the Dutch still honour us for saving them, liberating innocent lives, improving the relationship with teh Netherlands, preserving legacies of veterans Battle of the Atlantic (lasted 2,073 days, longest battle of WW2) ​ Took place in the Northern Atlantic Region ​ German Attack: ○​ Used U-boats to patrol the Atlantic to prevent supplies from America from reaching Britain ​ Allies: ○​ Initially divided into groups w/ destroyer warship, failed, due to being outnumbered ○​ Developed a convoy system merchant ships were guarded by destroyer escorts, detected U-boats that reassembled a radar ​ Canada: ○​ Built merchant ships and warships  ○​ 1943: Allies could tell where U-boats when technology advanced, less ships sank ○​ Navy + Air Force increased patrol, forcing Germans to retreat, resulted in a home front victory 2.​ Plebiscite/Conscription Crisis ​ King reminisced about past conflicts between English and French during WW1. ​ He aimed to prevent past mistakes for national unity. ​ Shortly after the Dunkirk evacuation, Britain's was a potential threat and the east coast of Canada would be vunerable ​ Passed National Resource Mobilization Act (NRMA) in 1940, requiring compulsory military service for all men over 18. ​ Act did not grant government power to send soldiers overseas. ​ soldiers were nicknamed "zombies" 3.​ War Measures Act, 1939 ​ In 1914, the Canadian government passed War Measures Act to maintain security and order during times of war, invasion, or insurrection ○​ They can sensor all forms of communication, arrest, detain, exclude and deport people, control waters and vessel movement, control transportation, control trade, production and manufacturing ​ The imapct it had on Canadians and canada is that it was able to control everything that was passed through Canada including all communication ○​ Allowed authorities to censor newspapers 4.​ Internment Camps During World War II between 1941-42, over 22,000 Japanese Canadians, mostly from British Columbia, were forcibly removed from their homes and relocated to internment camps in the interior of Canada after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The government justified the action on national security grounds, fearing espionage, despite the fact that many internees were Canadian citizens with no ties to Japan. Properties and businesses were seized, and detainees were subjected to harsh living conditions and forced labor. In 1988, the Canadian government issued a formal apology and provided compensation to survivors for the injustice of the internment. 5.​ Holocaust Definition of the Holocaust ​ The Holocaust was a state-sponsored persecution and murder of over 6 million Jews during World War II. ​ Genocide was the systematic extermination of a nationality or group. Stages of Isolation 1.​ Stripping of Rights ​ Nuremberg Laws in 1935 stripped Jews of German citizenship, barred from jobs and business, and required ID cards and passports. ​ Kristallnacht: The Night of Crystals  ○​ The event resulted in the destruction of Jewish businesses and synagogues, leading to the Holocaust. 2.​ Segregation ​ Jews were forced into designated ghettos to isolate them from society ​ Concentration camps were essential to Nazi oppression and mass murder. 3.​ Concentraion ​ Nazi Concentration Camps Overview ​ Essential to Nazi's oppression and mass murder. ​ Slave labor and undernourishment. ​ Life in camps: ○​ shaved heads, tattooed arms, uniforms. ​ Survival based on trade skills/physical strength. ​ Unsanitary, disease-ridden, lice-infested barracks. ​ Inhumane medical experiments. 4.​ Extermination ​ Einsatzgruppen began killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities in the 1930s. ​ Death Factories and Euthanasia program were used to eliminate "life unworthy of life" to promote Aryan "racial integrity." Gas Chambers & Crematoriums ​ Up to 8000 people were gassed daily at Auschwitz-Birkenau. ​ Death Marches (Todesmarsche) were ordered between 1944-1945, resulting in approximately 250,000 – 370,000 prisoners perished. Aftermath ​ Yom ha-Shoah: Holocaust Remembrance Day established in 1951. ​ Nuremberg Trials: trials for war crimes of Nazi officials from 1945-1949. 6.​ Elsie MacGill ​ Born March 27, 1905 in Vancouver, BC ​ First woman to earn a master’s degree in aeronautical engineering ​ First practising Canadian woman engineer. In 1938, she became chief aeronautical engineer of Canadian Car & Foundry ​ Headed the Canadian production of Hawker Hurricane fighter planes during the Second World War. 1950s: 1.​ Cold War ​ The Cold War: a period lasting approximately from 1945 - 1991 when there was tension and hostility between the communist Soviet Union (and its allies) against the capitalist United States and (its allies) ​ Why “cold?”: The Cold War didn’t use traditional warfare, rather avoiding the use of direct armed conflict between the two “superpowers.” Origins: ​ During WW2, the US and Soviet Union were allies. ​ Post-war tensions arose due to differences in political and economic views.  ​ Soviet Union and U.S. Systems: ○​ Soviet Union: Totalitarian state control over industry and commerce. ○​ U.S.: Democratic government with free elections. ​ Western countries suspected communism of overthrowing Western societies. ​ Soviets took over Eastern Europe post-WWII, establishing communist governments. ​ U.S. saw this expansion as proof of Soviet global designs. 2.​ Igor Gouzenko September 1945: ​ Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet cipher clerk, left the embassy with 109 secret documents. ​ He claimed the USSR had a spy ring in Canada, mainly for atomic bomb secrets. ​ Gouzenko warned the Soviets were not allies but planning world domination. ​ In February 1946, the RCMP arrested Canadian MP Fred Rose, accused of leading 20 spies targeting the Manhattan Project. ​ Gouzenko and his family went into hiding, hiding his identity as "the Man in the Mask." 3.​ NORAD NORAD (North American Defence Agreement): alliance established to better facilitate command over Canadian and American air forces. ​ Its intention was to be a conjoined effort between both countries in order to protect the airspace over North America. ​ Initially, it monitored Soviet and communist activities, but it has changed its focus toward aerospace warning, aerospace control and maritime warning after the fall of the Soviet empire in 1991. ​ Traditionally, the commander of NORAD is American and the deputy commander is Canadian. ​ The agreement between both countries has been renewed 9 times, the last time being in 2006. 4.​ D.E.W. Line ​ With the fear of Soviets potentially attacking the United States, it was determined that should an attack happen, it would arrive airborne via the shortest distance between North America and the USSR: over the North Pole. ​ In a conjoined effort between the United States, Canada and Greenland, 63 radar stations known as the Distant Early Warning Line were funded primarily by the United States, were built along the 69th parallel of latitude. 42 of those stations were located in Canada’s Arctic. 5.​ NATO NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): The mutual defence organization set up to protect Western European countries from possible aggression from the USSR after WW2. ​ 1949: Canada, the United States, Britain and other Western nations formed NATO, a military alliance ○​ An attack on one NATO member was to be treated as an attack on all ​ Canada’s commitment: Canada made a serious commitment when it joined NATO ○​ Canada agreed to keep a full army brigade and several air squadrons in Europe, mostly in West Germany ○​ Canadian ships and aircrafts tracked the movements of Soviet submarines  ○​ Canadian forces participated regularly in military exercise with Canada’s allies ○​ Perhaps the most significant, by joining NATO, Canada had to adapt its defence policy to those of its allies 6.​ Suez Crisis SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT – A crisis over the Suez Canal in Egypt gave Canada another chance to take a leading role at the United Nations. ​ The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and Red Seas and provides the shortest sea route from Europe to the Indian Ocean. ​ It was opened in 1869 and was privately owned by British and French investors. SUEZ CRISIS – 1956: Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, took over the canal and threatened to ban ships travelling to and from Israel. ​ In response, Israel, Britain, and France planned “Operation Musketeer" to regain control of the canal. ​ Ignoring a UN Security Council resolution to cease hostilities, they landed troops in the canal zone. ​ The Soviet Union immediately offered Egypt financial and military aid. MIXED EMOTIONS – The U.S. was angry with its allies, Britain, France, and Israel, for not consulting the U.S. government before attacking Egypt. ​ Nevertheless, the U.S. threatened retaliation against any Soviet involvement. ​ The Canadian public opinion on the crisis was divided. ○​ The Conservative Party and many other Canadians felt it was their duty to support Britain. ○​ Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, however, denounced the British and French military intervention. KEEPING THE PEACE – Lester Pearson, Secretary of the State, went to the UN to try to work out a solution. ​ He proposed that a multinational peacekeeping force be created and installed in the war zone to maintain ceasefires and oversee the withdrawal of troops. ​ The UN agreed, and the United Nation Emergency Force (UNEF) was formed and sent to the Suez area to bring hostilities to a peaceful end. ​ The force, under the command of a Canadian general, was chosen from countries not directly involved in the conflict. The UNEF remained stationed on the Israel-Egypt border until 1967. 7.​ Baby Boom ​ Baby Boom: The end of WW2 marked the beginning of a population boom in Canada ○​ 6.7 million children were born in Canada between 1946 and 1961, making up almost one third of the population. ○​ For a time, Canada’s birth rate was the highest in the industrial world, peaking in 1959. 8.​ Korean War ​ After WWII: Korea (occupied by Japan) was liberated by the Soviet Union and the United States with the dividing line being the 38th line of latitude. ○​ A division between the two types of government developed with the North being governed by communism and the South by a democratic style.  ○​ Both countries wanted to unify, but in order to do so, one style of government would need to be sacrificed. ​ June 1950: the North invaded the South, and by September of that year had occupied almost all of South Korea. ​ U.S.’ Calling for Peace: The United States feared “the domino effect” wherein if South Korea “fell” to communism, then it risked a continuation of other countries also doing so. ○​ The issue was brought to the newly established UN who were still attempting to establish their role in global politics. ○​ As a result, the UN authorized coalition forces to defend South Korea. ○​ UN forces pushed the North Koreans back as far as the Korean border with China. But with support from the Chinese army, the North retaliated and drove them back South. ​ Canada’s Involvement: The UN called on its members to assist South Korea. ○​ PM Louis St. Laurent sent thousands of Canadian troops and three naval destroyers to Korea ○​ Although a ceasefire was reached in 1953, the war had increased tensions between the West and the communist nations ○​ The Korean conflict is often called “Canada’s forgotten war” ○​ Canada sent more than 25,000 soldiers to fight - more than 1500 were wounded and another 516 dead ○​ The Korean War technically has not ended: the Republic of Korea (South) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North) hadn’t signed a peace treaty. 9.​ “Peacekeepers”/UNEF ​ The UN agreed, and the United Nation Emergency Force (UNEF) was formed and sent to the Suez area to bring hostilities to a peaceful end. ○​ He proposed that a multinational peacekeeping force be created and installed in the war zone to maintain ceasefires and oversee the withdrawal of troops. ​ The force, under the command of a Canadian general, was chosen from countries not directly involved in the conflict. The UNEF remained stationed on the Israel-Egypt border until 1967. 10.​Massey Commission/Report The Massey Commission: In 1949, the Liberal government of Louis St. Laurent established the Massey Commission to investigate the state of Canadian culture. Measures taken as a result: ​ Canadian television would promote national communication. The CBC, was put in charge of the development of Canadian television programs ​ The National Film Board (NFB) would be strengthened ​ The government would fund universities and the arts. The Canada Council for the Arts was created. A group that funds Canadian artist and supports the arts in Canada. 1960s: 1.​ Bill of Rights Bill of Rights: The Canadian Bill of Rights was the country’s first federal law to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. ​ It was considered groundbreaking when it was enacted by the government of John Diefenbaker in 1960.  ​ This Bill allowed for First Nations and Inuit people to vote. 2.​ Quiet Revolution The Quiet Revolution: ​ Maurice Duplessis (Union Nationale) was the premier of Quebec (1944-1959) ○​ He was a strong nationalist who promoted the idea of Quebec as a “nation” ​ Duplessis’ government embraced “old-fashioned” French-Canadian traditions ○​ Rural life– farm life for everyone, including children ○​ Catholicism as the focal point of culture ​ They encouraged American and English-Canadian business in Quebec ○​ English becomes the language of business ○​ Accepted bribes from companies to establish themselves in Quebec ​ Dissidents were harshly punished (“padlock law”) ​ Duplessis' time in power is often referred to as a time of great darkness, as he opposed new ideas and challenges. ​ With Duplessis’ death in 1959, it ended his reign and triggered an election which elected the Liberal Party of Quebec into power. ○​ Jean Lesage and the liberals announce it was “Time for a Change” 1959 1960 1963 1963-1970 Maurice Jean Lesage is Front de libération du Québec There are 170 violent incidents Dupless elected as premier, forms attributed to the FLQ is dies setting the quiet revolution into Royal Commission on 1965: Three Wise Men are motion Bilingualism & Biculturalism recruited ​ Jean Lesage, elected in 1960, advocated for social, political and economic change under the rallying cry of “Maîtres chez nous” (Masters of our own house) ​ This period of rapid change and reform that modernized Quebec is known as the Quiet Revolution Changes that occurred in the QUIET REVOLUTION: 1)​ Government took over several private power companies to create Hydro-Quebec 2)​ French Language Office was established to promote the use of French in business 3)​ Mandatory school attendance was extended until the age of 16 4)​ Invested in the building of new hospitals 3.​ Official Languages Act/Bilingualism ​ Trudeau’s Official Languages Act did not satisfy the Francophone majority in Quebec. ​ 1974: Premier Robert Bourassa implements Bill 22. French was to be the language of civic administration and services, and the main language of instruction. ​ Those who were not proficient in French moved out of the province. 4.​ Auto Pact Auto Pact  ​ Canada and the US signed The Automotive Products Trade Agreement in 1965, known as the Canada-US Auto Pact. ​ This led to the integration of the Canadian and US auto industries in a shared North American market. ​ While it brought great benefits to Canada, it was eventually found to be contrary to international trade rules and was cancelled in 2001. 5.​ Expo 67 Expo 67 ​ the "Universal and International Exhibition," was the highlight of Canada's Centennial celebrations in 1967. ​ Senator Mark Drouin of Québec first developed the idea of a world exhibition in Montréal to serve as a focal point for Canada's celebrations of its 100th birthday. ​ Included pavilions by many countries, special groups and private industries. ​ Lasted for 183 days and accepted more than 50 million paid admissions. 6.​ Canada’s Centennial 1970s: 1.​ Just Society A Just Society for the Indigenous: When Indigenous people living on reserves won the right to vote in 1960, it did little to improve their living conditions. ​ They continued to suffer from serious problems, including poverty, poor health and inadequate housing and education. ​ Those who left to try their luck in the large cities often faced hostility and discrimination. ​ By the late 1960s, Indigenous peoples were organizing to pressure Ottawa and the provincial government to bring about change. 2.​ Parti Quebecois/Rene Levesque ​ 1968: René Lévesque splits from the Liberal Party and forms the Parti Quebecois (PQ) which is committed to Quebec nationalism. ○​ Lévesque believed that Quebec and Canada would be better to “divorce” peacefully than to continue a “marriage” of two cultures that seemed imposed and unworkable. 3.​ Sovereignty Association ​ 1980: Levesque's government called a referendum on Quebec ​ He asked for a new agreement with Canada called sovereignty-association, whereby Quebec would become politically independent, yet maintain close economic association with Canada: ○​ Free trade between Canada and Quebec ○​ A common currency for the two nations ○​ Common tariffs against imported goods ​ 40% of Quebecois voted ”yes,” but it was not enough to give Levesque the go-ahead  4.​ October Crisis ​ October 1970: The FLQ kidnapped British diplomat James Cross ○​ In exchange for Cross’s safe release, they demanded the release of FLQ members serving prison sentences, money and a public reading of the FLQ manifesto ○​ Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa agreed to the manifesto demands but refused to release any FLQ prisoners. ○​ In response, the FLQ kidnapped Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte ​ October 17: Pierre Laporte’s body is found by the police in a car trunk ○​ Increased pressure on the government to crack down on the FLQ and find James Cross ○​ Montreal police located Cross after he was held in captivity for 60 days ○​ His kidnappers negotiated safe passage to Cuba in exchange for Cross’s release ​ This ended the October Crisis ○​ Of the 450 detained under the Act, most were released and only a small number were charged. ​ The use of the War Measures Act by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau remains controversial, and in 1988 the War Measures Act changed to the Emergencies Act (cabinet must review decisions first) 5.​ War Measures Act, 1970 ​ War Measures Act was invoked outside of war, suspending Canadian’s civil rights; anyone could be arrested and detained without being charged with an offence ○​ Membership in the FLQ became a crime ○​ October 16: federal troops patrolled the streets of Ottawa and Montreal, and armouries across the country were locked down ​ The use of the War Measures Act by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau remains controversial, and in 1988 the War Measures Act changed to the Emergencies Act (cabinet must review decisions first) 6.​ Pierre Elliot Trudeau Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and 1980 to 1984, is best known for patriating the Canadian Constitution in 1982 and establishing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guaranteed fundamental rights. He championed bilingualism through the Official Languages Act and promoted multiculturalism as a core Canadian value. Trudeau's firm stance on federalism helped maintain national unity during the October Crisis (1970) and the 1980 Quebec referendum, where he opposed Quebec separatism. His social liberal policies, such as decriminalizing homosexuality and advancing universal healthcare, reshaped Canada's political and social landscape. 1980s: 1.​ Free Trade Agreement ​ 1987: Mulroney led Canada into the Freee Trade Agreement with the United States ○​ Removed tariffs on goods crossing the border opened Canada to US investments vice versa ○​ Very controversial ​ Supporters ○​ Benefit the growth of Canadian industries  ○​ Give Canadians access to the larger US market ○​ Cheaper prices, ability to compete with imports ○​ Attract the US to use our resources, workers, transportation ​ Non-supporters ○​ Jobs lost with US branch plants moving back to the US after relocating to Canada ○​ Could not compete with US companies, forcing us to sell cheap goods and services ○​ Threatened our independence ​ Approval ○​ Free trade ○​ Cultural industries were exempt from the agreement, protecting Canadian art and film ○​ Ensure fair competition 2.​ Patriation of the Constitution imma include amending the constitution since they are connected - Nailah ​ Patriating the Constitution: ○​ BNA has been Canada’s constitution since 1867 ○​ Guaranteed the language and education rights of Quebec’s Francophone majority ○​ BNA fell under the British jurisdiction, so the act would require approval from the British Parliament ​ Amending the Constitution: ○​ PM Trudeau wanted to patriate the constitution to make changes and gain sole authority ○​ Levesque worried it worried it would override the languages law made for Quebec society ○​ PM and premiers met in Ottawa on November 4, 1981, known as the Kitchen accord which allows an Act to stand even though it violated the Charter of Rights and Freedoms ○​ Levesque was against the meeting ​ Canada Act: ○​ Trudeau went ahead w/o Quebec’s agreement and asked the British regarding the constitution notwithstanding clause ○​ April 17, 1982 ​ Queen Elizabeth II and Trudeau signed the new constitution ​ Last step for Canada to become an independent country 3.​ Meech Lake Accord ​ Created by Martin Brian Mulroney ○​ (1984-1993) ○​ Conservative Party ​ Wanted to repair the damage of the 1982 constitution by obtaining Quebec’s consent ​ Called a Premier Conference in Meech Lake, Quebec 1987 ○​ Proposed a package that recognized Quebec as a distinct society ○​ Included power to the provinces, so they can change the constitution ​ Quebec was in favour ​ Several critics who thought that Quebec would override the Charter, leading to the deprivation of other minority ​ Cancelled in 1990 4.​ 1980 Referendum  5.​ Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ​ Cited 35 cases between 1960 -1982, 30 rejected in court ​ Created under the Trudeau government ​ Identifies human rights that are guaranteed to everyone in Canada ​ https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/how-rights-protected/guide-canadian-charte r-rights-freedoms.html idk this link was on the slide….it was for homework to explore though 1990s and beyond: 1.​ Oka Crisis ​ 1990: events in the Quebec town of Oka ​ Town council decided to expand a golf course into a long-disputed land that Mohawk Nation considered sacred ​ Community created barricades to prevent the construction, leading to a confrontation that escalated into a 78 siege 2.​ Charlottetown Accord ​ PM Mulroney was not willing to let the constitution debate end ○​ Proposed constitutional amendments ○​ Answered Quebec’s concerns, advocated the principle of Indigneous self-government ○​ 54.3% of Canadian voters rejected it 3.​ 1995 Referendum ​ 1994: Part Quebecois was elected in Quebec with Premier Jacques Parizeau ​ 1995: he called a provincial referendum on full sovereignty ​ 49.4% of the people in Quebec voted yes, not enough a.​ Led to the clarity act 4.​ NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) ​ In 1992 the Mulroney government expanded the free trade agreement by signing NAFTA, which now included trade with Mexico ○​ In 2018 NAFTA was replaced with USMCA referred as CUSMA in Canada 5.​ Clarity Act ​ A threat of speratism lessened somewhat the following year ​ In 199 the Clairty act passed ○​ Requring separatist referendums to pass with a “clear majority” before Quebec could negotiate seperatism Themes of Historical Inquiry: -​ Equality -​ French-English Relations -​ Canada-U.S. Relations -​ Indigenous Rights  -​ Canada-International Relations -​ Science & Technology Questions to consider: Answer these questions as best as possible. They are intended to get you to think about specific themes that we’ve looked at throughout the course. Incorporate as much detail in creating your answers. 1.​ How and why has the federal government tried to promote a unique Canadian identity? 2.​ Explain how participation in international events (ie. World War 1 & 2, Cold War), institutions (ie. NORAD, NATO, UN) and agreements (ie. Treaty of Versailles) have contributed to Canada’s evolving identity. 3.​ Evaluate how selected international political events (ie. WWI, WWII, Suez Crisis, etc.) or trends (ie. isolationism, nuclear armament, arms race, etc.) have contributed to political challenges facing by Canada and/or Canadians. 4.​ Evaluate how selected events (ie. WW1, Cold War, NAFTA etc.) or trends (ie. autonomy, sovereignty etc.) have contributed to changes (social, political, economic) faced by Canada and/or Canadians. Consider, for example, the ways in which an event like the October Crisis resulted in the declaration of the War Measures Act which in turn pushed Quebec toward the sovereignty movement. 5.​ Describe how the conscription crisis of WWI and WWII created tensions between English Canada and Quebec. 6.​ Evaluate the major events that contributed to the growth of Quebec nationalism and the separatist movement in Quebec (ie. Quiet Revolution, Rene Levesque, October Crisis, referendums). 7.​ Summarize the evolution of Canadian political autonomy from Great Britain (ie. Treaty of Versailles, Statute of Westminster, Patriation of the Constitution) 8.​ Has a “Just Society” been achieved in Canada? Consider the ways in which racialized groups have been both negatively and positively impacted by policies and laws throughout the period of 1914-present. 9.​ Analyse the impact and significance of the women’s movement in Canada since 1914. 10.​ Describe some of the key trends and developments in the Canadian economy after WWII and assess how they affected the lives of people in Canada (eg. FTA, Auto Pact) 11.​ Explain how and why the Canadian government restricted certain rights and freedoms in wartime and in peacetime. 12.​ What are the challenges faced by Indigenous Peoples throughout modern Canadian history? How did Indigenous people overcome these challenges and secure various rights and freedoms for their communities?  13.​ In what ways did the Bill of Rights, Charter of Rights & Freedoms, Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord attempt and/or succeed at improving the rights and freedoms of Canadians. Practice Photos: Rene Levesque speaks in front of a crowd of supporters in 1968. Canadian soldiers are greeted by Dutch citizens following the Liberation of the Netherlands in 1945. The pavilions (center & back) and the Minirail Monorail (foreground) at the 1967 Expo in Montreal.