Exam Study Review - World War 1 (1914-1918) PDF

Exam Study Review Unit 1: World War 1 (1914-1918) Causes of World War 1 1.​ Militarism: ○​ European nations expanded their militaries, leading to an arms race. ○​ Example: Germany and Britain competed over naval supremacy (e.g., Dreadnought battleships). 2...

Exam Study Review Unit 1: World War 1 (1914-1918) Causes of World War 1 1.​ Militarism: ○​ European nations expanded their militaries, leading to an arms race. ○​ Example: Germany and Britain competed over naval supremacy (e.g., Dreadnought battleships). 2.​ Alliances: ○​ Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. ○​ Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain. 3.​ Imperialism: ○​ Competition for colonies heightened tensions. ○​ Example: Scramble for Africa and Asia created rivalries. 4.​ Nationalism: ○​ Ethnic groups in multinational empires (e.g., Austro-Hungarian Empire) wanted independence. ○​ Serbian nationalism contributed to tensions in the Balkans. 5.​ Triggering Event (June 28, 1914): ○​ Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip (a Serbian nationalist). ○​ Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, setting off a chain reaction due to alliances. Canada’s Role in WW1 ​ August 4, 1914: Britain declared war on Germany; as part of the British Empire, Canada was automatically involved. ​ Over 600,000 Canadians enlisted in the military. ​ Canada’s economy shifted to war production, with factories producing munitions, uniforms, and supplies. Major WW1 Battles Involving Canada 1.​ Second Battle of Ypres (April 22-May 25, 1915): ○​ Location: Ypres, Belgium. ○​ First large-scale use of poison gas (chlorine) by Germany. ○​ Canadian soldiers held the line despite devastating losses. ○​ Over 6,000 Canadians killed, wounded, or captured. 2.​ Battle of the Somme (July 1-November 18, 1916): ○​ Location: Somme River, France. ○​ Aim: Break German defenses; resulted in high casualties due to outdated tactics. ○​ Canadian contribution: Captured Courcelette in September 1916. ○​ Total casualties: 1.2 million (24,000 Canadians). 3.​ Vimy Ridge (April 9-12, 1917): ○​ Location: Northern France. ○​ The Canadian Corps, led by General Arthur Currie, captured the ridge after meticulous planning and training. ○​ First time all four Canadian divisions fought together. ○​ Casualties: 10,600 Canadians (3,598 killed). ○​ Significance: A turning point in Canadian identity and independence. 4.​ Passchendaele (October 26-November 10, 1917): ○​ Location: Belgium. ○​ Canadians captured the town of Passchendaele despite muddy, swamp-like conditions. ○​ Casualties: 16,000 Canadians. Life in the Trenches ​ Soldiers lived in trenches along the Western Front (France/Belgium). ​ Conditions: ○​ Constant exposure to mud, rats, lice, and disease. ○​ "Shell shock" (now PTSD) became common. ○​ "No Man’s Land": The area between enemy trenches. Women in WW1 ​ Women worked as: ○​ "Munitionettes" in factories producing weapons and ammunition.  ○​ Nurses (e.g., Bluebirds) in field hospitals. ​ Wartime roles fueled the suffrage movement. ○​ 1916: Women gained the vote in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. ○​ 1918: Federal vote granted to most women in Canada. End of the War 1.​ Armistice: ○​ November 11, 1918, at 11 a.m. ○​ Marked the end of fighting on the Western Front. 2.​ Demobilization: ○​ Soldiers returned home but faced unemployment and lack of support. ○​ Many felt disillusioned by the horrors of war. 3.​ Spanish Flu Pandemic (1918-1920): ○​ Spread by returning soldiers; killed 55,000 Canadians and over 50 million worldwide. Unit 2: Interwar Years and the Great Depression (1919-1939) The Roaring 20s ​ Period: Post-WW1 recovery and economic growth. ​ Marked by new technologies, cultural change, and prosperity (for some). Key Events and Developments: 1.​ Slangs: ○​ Popular phrases reflected the upbeat culture. ○​ Examples: “Bee’s knees” (something great), “Speakeasy” (illegal bar). 2.​ Dionne Quintuplets (May 28, 1934): ○​ Born in Ontario, first quintuplets to survive infancy. ○​ Exploited for tourism and media, becoming a symbol of the Depression era. 3.​ The Great Stork Derby (1926-1936): ○​ A Toronto lawyer, Charles Millar, left a fortune to the woman who bore the most children within a decade.  ○​ Resulted in media attention and controversy. 4.​ Superman (1938): ○​ Created by Canadian Joe Shuster and American Jerry Siegel. ○​ First appeared in Action Comics #1. Prohibition in Canada (1918-1920s) ​ Ban on alcohol manufacturing and sale to reduce crime and improve social conditions. ​ Unintended consequences: ○​ Rise of illegal liquor trade and smuggling (e.g., Rum-runners). ○​ Speakeasies flourished. ​ Provinces repealed prohibition at different times (Quebec first in 1919). Canada and the Automobile (1920s) ​ Henry Ford’s assembly line made cars affordable. ​ Growth of road infrastructure and suburbanization. ​ Symbolized freedom and modernity. The Person’s Case (1929) ​ Leaders: “The Famous Five” (Emily Murphy, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Irene Parlby). ​ Fought for women to be recognized as "persons" under Canadian law. ​ Result: Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain ruled in favor of women. The Great Depression in Canada (1929-1939) 1.​ Causes: ○​ Stock Market Crash (October 29, 1929): Black Tuesday; economic downturn began. ○​ Overproduction of goods. ○​ Dependence on exports (e.g., wheat, timber). ○​ Drought in the Prairies worsened conditions.  2.​ Impact: ○​ Unemployment soared to 30%. ○​ Farmers abandoned dried-out land. ○​ Soup kitchens and relief camps were set up for the poor. 3.​ Hobo Codes and Symbols: ○​ Homeless people (hobos) developed a system of symbols to communicate safe places or warnings. ○​ Examples: ​ Circle with an arrow = “Get out fast.” ​ Cat = “Kindhearted woman lives here.” Residential Schools in Canada (1830s-1996) ​ Purpose: Schools were established to assimilate Indigenous children by erasing their cultures, languages, and identities. ​ Conditions: Children faced abuse, neglect, and were disconnected from their families. Many died from disease or poor conditions. ​ Closure: The last school, Gordon’s Residential School in Saskatchewan, closed in 1996. ​ Truth and Reconciliation: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2008-2015) documented survivor experiences and issued 94 Calls to Action. ​ Legacy: Recent discoveries of unmarked graves highlight the ongoing impact. The Canadian government formally apologized in 2008. Mackenzie King (Prime Minister during the Depression) ​ Liberal leader; believed in minimal government intervention. ​ Famous for saying, “I wouldn’t give them a five-cent piece.” ​ Replaced briefly by Conservative R.B. Bennett (1930-1935), who implemented relief measures but was unpopular. Lead-up to World War II (1933-1939) 1.​ Rise of Adolf Hitler: ○​ Appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933. ○​ Violated the Treaty of Versailles, rebuilding Germany’s military. 2.​ Policy of Appeasement:  ○​ Britain and France allowed Hitler to annex Austria (1938) and parts of Czechoslovakia to avoid war. 3.​ Canada's Position: ○​ Reluctant to get involved after WW1 losses. ○​ Began preparing for war in the late 1930s. Unit 3: World War II and Its Aftermath (1939-1945) The Road to War (1933-1939) 1.​ Adolf Hitler’s Rise to Power: ○​ Became Chancellor of Germany in 1933. ○​ Leader of the Nazi Party; aimed to create a German empire (Third Reich). ○​ Policies: ​ Rebuilding the military, defying the Treaty of Versailles. ​ Expansionist goals (Lebensraum) for German living space. ​ Persecution of Jews (Nuremberg Laws in 1935). 2.​ Steps to War: ○​ 1936: Remilitarized the Rhineland. ○​ 1938: Annexed Austria (Anschluss) and Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia). ○​ 1939: Occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia. 3.​ Invasion of Poland (September 1, 1939): ○​ Germany’s blitzkrieg (lightning war) tactics. ○​ Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. ○​ Canada declared war on September 10, 1939. Major Canadian Battles of World War II 1.​ Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945): ○​ Longest campaign; crucial for controlling shipping routes. ○​ The Canadian Navy played a major role in protecting convoys from German U-boats. ○​ Canada built over 400 warships and trained sailors through the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP).  2.​ Dieppe Raid (August 19, 1942): ○​ Failed Allied attack on German-occupied Dieppe, France. ○​ Purpose: Test German defenses and gather intelligence. ○​ Over 900 Canadians killed, 2,000 captured. ○​ Lessons learned were applied in D-Day planning. 3.​ Italian Campaign (1943-1945): ○​ Canadians fought at Ortona (“Little Stalingrad”), enduring house-to-house combat. ○​ Over 25,000 Canadians participated in this grueling campaign. 4.​ D-Day and Normandy (June 6, 1944): ○​ Largest Allied invasion of German-occupied France. ○​ Canadians assigned to Juno Beach. ○​ Success marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. 5.​ Liberation of the Netherlands (1944-1945): ○​ Canadians played a key role in freeing Dutch cities from German occupation. ○​ April-May 1945: Delivered food to starving Dutch citizens (Operation Manna). Japanese Internment in Canada (1942-1949) ​ Following Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941), Canada declared war on Japan. ​ Over 22,000 Japanese Canadians were forcibly relocated from the West Coast to internment camps. ​ Homes, businesses, and belongings were confiscated and sold by the government. ​ After the war, some Japanese Canadians were deported or pressured to move east. ​ In 1988, the Canadian government issued a formal apology and compensation. The End of World War II 1.​ The Atomic Bomb (August 1945): ○​ Bombs dropped on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9) by the U.S. ○​ Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945. 2.​ Canada’s Role in Post-War Recovery: ○​ Canada welcomed thousands of war refugees and displaced persons.  ○​ Became a founding member of the United Nations (1945). French-English Relations During WWII ​ French Canadians largely opposed conscription, as in WW1. ​ Conscription Crisis of 1944: ○​ Prime Minister Mackenzie King promised no conscription but introduced it due to manpower shortages. ○​ “Not necessarily conscription, but conscription if necessary.” ○​ Increased tensions between English and French Canadians. Rocket Richard Riots (March 17, 1955) ​ Sparked by the suspension of Maurice "Rocket" Richard, a French Canadian hockey star, by NHL president Clarence Campbell. ​ Riots in Montreal became a symbol of French Canadian frustration over perceived inequality and discrimination. ​ Significance: Foreshadowed Quebec’s Quiet Revolution. Unit 4: Post-WW2 and Modern Era (1945-Present) The Cold War (1945-1991) ​ Definition: Period of tension between the Western Bloc (led by the U.S.) and the Eastern Bloc (led by the USSR). ​ No direct warfare; conflict played out through espionage, proxy wars, and arms races. Key Events Involving Canada: 1.​ Igor Gouzenko Affair (1945): ○​ A Soviet embassy clerk in Ottawa defected, exposing a Soviet spy ring in Canada.  ○​ Marked the beginning of Canada’s role in the Cold War. ○​ Sparked fear of communism (Red Scare) in Canada. 2.​ The Korean War (1950-1953): ○​ Canada joined UN forces to support South Korea against North Korean and Chinese forces. ○​ Over 26,000 Canadians served; 516 killed. ○​ Significance: Canada affirmed its role as a middle power on the global stage. 3.​ The Avro Arrow (1958): ○​ Supersonic jet designed to defend Canada from potential Soviet attacks. ○​ Program was controversially canceled by Prime Minister Diefenbaker, leading to job losses and criticism. 4.​ The Great Flag Debate (1964-1965): ○​ Debate over replacing the Red Ensign (with Union Jack) with a uniquely Canadian flag. ○​ February 15, 1965: The current maple leaf flag was adopted, symbolizing Canadian unity and independence. Domestic Milestones 1.​ French-English Relations and the Quiet Revolution (1960s): ○​ Modernization of Quebec society; greater push for provincial autonomy. ○​ Led to the rise of separatism and creation of the Parti Québécois (1968) under René Lévesque. 2.​ October Crisis (1970): ○​ Members of the FLQ (Front de Libération du Québec) kidnapped a British diplomat and Quebec cabinet minister. ○​ Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act, suspending civil liberties to restore order. ○​ Showed the extent of Quebec’s separatist tensions. 3.​ The 2nd Referendum on Quebec Sovereignty (1995): ○​ Quebec voted on whether to separate from Canada. ○​ Result: 50.58% voted to remain in Canada, 49.42% voted for independence—a razor-thin margin. Human Rights Advancements 1.​ Tommy Douglas and Medicare (1960s): ○​ Known as the "Father of Medicare."  ○​ Introduced universal healthcare in Saskatchewan in 1962, leading to a national system by 1966. 2.​ Closing of the Last Residential School (1996): ○​ The final residential school (Gordon’s Residential School in Saskatchewan) closed. ○​ Significance: Marked the end of a dark chapter of forced assimilation of Indigenous children. ○​ Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2008): Addressed the legacy of residential schools. Canada and Global Events 1.​ 9/11 and Canada (2001): ○​ Terrorist attacks in the U.S. killed nearly 3,000 people. ○​ Canada supported U.S. efforts in Afghanistan. ○​ Gander, Newfoundland, became famous for hosting stranded passengers as planes were grounded (inspiration for the musical Come From Away). 2.​ Nichola Goddard (2006): ○​ Canadian Forces Captain, the first female soldier to die in combat during the Afghanistan War. ○​ Her death highlighted the role of women in modern military operations. Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust in Nazi Germany ​ 1933-1945: Nazi policies led to the systematic persecution and murder of 6 million Jews. ​ Canada’s response: ○​ SS St. Louis Incident (1939): Canada refused entry to Jewish refugees, sending them back to Europe. ○​ Post-war: Canada accepted Holocaust survivors as immigrants. Camp X (1941-1945) ​ Located near Oshawa, Ontario, Camp X was a secret spy training school during WWII. ​ Trained Allied agents in sabotage, espionage, and guerrilla warfare.