CGC1W1 January 2025 Geography Exam Review PDF

GEOGRAPHY EXAM REVIEW- January 2025 Physical Connections: Key Questions “What is there? Why is it there? Why care?” -​ Climate calculations (avg temp, snowfall equivalent, growing season…) How do you calculate: a.​ total yearly precipitation?:Add up the precipitation for...

GEOGRAPHY EXAM REVIEW- January 2025 Physical Connections: Key Questions “What is there? Why is it there? Why care?” -​ Climate calculations (avg temp, snowfall equivalent, growing season…) How do you calculate: a.​ total yearly precipitation?:Add up the precipitation for each month and get the total. b.​ average annual temperature?Add all the temperatures up, divide by 12 c.​ temperature range?: Highest temperature – Lowest temperature d.​ snowfall equivalent?:for every month that has a temperature of 0C or less, add the precipitation for those months. Take the total and multiply by 10. e.​ seasonal distribution of climate? Add the precipitation for “winter” months (Jan, Feb, Mar, Oct, Nov, Dec) Add the precipitation for “summer” months (Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept) f.​ growing season:For every month that has a temperature of 6C or more, take the number of days for those months and add them up. Determining Maritime Climate Temperature range of less than 25C Precipitation total of more than 1000mm Seasonal Distribution’s total for winter is higher L:Less than 25 M:More than 1000 W:Winter Determining Continental Climate: Temperature range of more than 25C Precipitation total of less than 1000mm Seasonal Distribution’s total for summer is higher M:More than 25c L: Less than 1000mm S:Summer Structure of the earth ​ Lithosphere (Crust): The rigid outer layer of the Earth. ​ Mesosphere (Mantle): The layer between the crust and core, characterized by solid rock that flows slowly. ​ Centrosphere (Core): The innermost layer of the Earth, composed of iron and nickel.  ERAS ORDER(oldest to newest ​ Precambrian ​ paleozoic ​ mesozoic ​ cenozoic Tectonic Plates Theory​ -​ Plate tectonics:The theory explaining the movement of the Earth's lithospheric plates. -​ Convection currents: Plates moving because of the currents in the earth’s core. -​ Continental drift:The movement of continents over geological time. -​ Pangaea: A supercontinent and all the continents formed one big land. -​ transform: The plates slide and rub together -​ divergence: the plates moving away from each other -​ convergence: Plates that move towards each other -​ folding:The bending of rock layers due to tectonic forces. -​ faulting: -​ subduction:When the plate goes under another plate (volcanoes, etc and the fracturing of rock layers) Glaciation and Landforms -​ Glaciation: The process of ice sheet formation and expansion. -​ alpine: Glaciers in a mountain -​ continental: is an ice sheet covering a considerable part of a continent. -​ Weathering: the process of breaking down rocks and minerals -​ Erosion: The process of removing soil and rock from one location to another. -​ Deposition: The laying down of sediment in a new location.​ -​ The order is weathering to erosion to depositon -​ drumlins: shaped mountains created by glacial activity -​ moraines -​ cirques: A circle/bowl mountain 1​ ​ ​ ​ 2 -​ till plains: fertile land caused by the glaciers moving all the sediments and minerals providing nutrients to the soil -​ erratics: giant rocks in random places due to glaciers picking up the rocks and dropping them, -​ kettle lakes: a hole filled with water caused by a glacier melting into the ground -​ Striations:Scratches or grooves on bedrock caused by glacier movement. -​ U shaped Valley: Valleys shaped by glacial erosion into a u shape -​ intrusive Igneous:Formed from slowly cooled magma beneath the Earth's surface. Usually Hard and has crystal formations -​ Extrusive Igneous: Formed from fast cooled lava on the surface. Usually has Air bubble and barely any crystals. -​ Metamorphic: A sedimentary or igneous rock under lots of pressure and heat causing them to be a mix of igneous and sedimentary. -​ Sedimentary; Formed from the accumulation and compaction (erosion, weathering, and deposition) of sediments. -​ the rock cycle: -​ Landform Regions (Interior Plains, Western Cordillera…etc) -​ Innuitian Mountains:A mountain range in Canada's Arctic territories of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories -​ Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands:A series of islands located in Canada’s far north and harsh climate. Mostly glaciated -​ Western Cordillera:There are three major divisions of the Western Cordillera. The Rocky Mountains and the Columbia Mountains. The central part of the Western Cordillera is called the Interior Plateau. It is a highland region with rugged plateaus divided by deep river valleys. Has a lot of metamorphic and igneous rock. One of the major rivers running through this area is the Fraser River. The western part of the Western Cordillera is called the Coast Mountains region. It is made of igneous and metamorphic rock -​ Interior Plains: Area between Coastal and Eastern Mountain ranges Excellent farmland in this area such as in the Okanagan Valley known for fruit and vegetables.  -​ Canadian Shield:The area has been subjected to a number of major glaciations. The Canadian Shield is the geographic foundation of Canada. More than half of Canada is covered by the Shield. Metamorphic and igneous make up the Shield – it contains some of the oldest rocks in the world. No agriculture can be made here. -​ Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands: good soil and great for agriculture. Includes the great lakes and the st Lawrence lowlands. -​ Appalachians: Located on Canada’s east coast. There are big mountains and hills, with many wildlife and specifically, trees. The soil quality is pretty good. Factors influencing climate (LOWERN) -​ Latitude:Places closer to the equator are warmer due to direct sunlight, while those near the poles and further up north are colder. -​ Ocean Currents: Ocean water moves in paths called currents, which can be warm or cold. The temperature of these currents influences the air above them, with warm currents raising nearby land temperatures and cold currents lowering them. -​ Wind/Air Mass:is a large body of air having the same moisture and temperature conditions of the area where it is formed. As air masses move, they bring the weather conditions with them. (moisture- if it is formed over the ocean it has a lot of moisture) (temperature - an air mass that starts over the Gulf of Mexico will be warm and moist versus one that forms over the Pacific Ocean, which is still moist but relatively cold). Ocean currents affect winds or air masses. Basically if it is formed in a hot and moist area, the wind will be hot and moist causing the climate to be warm and moist as it moves. -​ Elevation:affects climate because temperatures decrease as altitude increases, making higher areas cooler than those on the ground -​ Relief:Affects climate when there’s a mountain. Both sides get different results, as the windward side gets the wind and the rainfall causing a wet climate, while the leeward side gets no rain causing a dry climate (rainshadow). This occurs when a wind collides to the hill or mountain, as it rises and condenses. -​ Near Water:The closer you are to large bodies of water means you likely have a Maritime Climate(More precipitation and smaller temperature range aka mild winter and summers.) -​ Continental climate:A climate with large temperature ranges and low precipitation, found inland. -​ maritime climate:More precipitation and smaller temperature range aka mild winter and summers ​ Types of precipitation: -​ frontal/cyclonic: occurs when colder air meets warmer air in a weather front/boundary between air masses. The warm air is then forced to rise over the cooler air leading to clouds and rain. -​ relief: Rain that occurs on mountains and hills, due to winds that collide towards hills or mountains, which then condenses. -​ convectional precipitation:Occurs when the sun evaporates the water on the planet’s surface, which causes the water cycle. Evaporation, transpiration, condensation,Precipitation -​ Ocean currents: -​ Gulf Stream: A warm ocean current flowing from the Gulf of Mexico towards Europe. -​ Labrador Current:A cold ocean current flowing south along Canada's east coast. -​ North Pacific Current: A warm ocean current flowing across the North Pacific towards North America. Sustainable Resource Management: -​ Sustained yield management of resources: The act of sustaining resources for the future generations -​ Intensive farming: Involves small areas of land, but large amounts of labour, and is located near urban areas and produces products for the nearby population. -​ Extensive farming: Requires large land with little labour, and produces are produced for exports -​ sustainable agriculture: Using less human-made products like herbicides, pesticides, etc, but using natural resources to ensure safe farming -​ Herbicides, pesticides, GMO: Human-made products that are used for efficient and easy farming (non-sustainable) -​ Vertical farming, crop rotation, Organic farming: Human strategies for sustainable agriculture. Forestry: logging methods & sustainable development -​ clearcutting: cutting down large areas of a forest -​ shelterwood logging: Cutting in patches -​ selective cutting: Cutting a tree based on size and quality -​ FSC wood: Forest Stewardship Council. The forest stewardship council is ensuring that companies and consumers use forest products responsibly and sustainably. Members include companies who use paper products and indigenous communities are also included -​ MSC fish:Is an international organization which has standards and regulations for sustainable fishing. They work for governments and other organizations to ensure better fishing practices. -​ underground mining:Used to extract mineral ores (ie. potash) located deep in the earth -​ strip mine:mining for coal and oil near the surface -​ open pit mine:is basically a strip mine but way deeper and instead of mining for oil and coal, they mine for minerals like copper -​ Alberta Oil Sands: A mix of sand and oil -​ bitumen:A substance produced through crude oil -​ Overburden: leftover layers of rock and scraps caused by mining -​ tailings ponds:toxic chemicals/water used in extraction process that is left over. -​ Is very dangerous to wildlife and humans -​ Basically a pool of toxic water caused by strip mining for oil -​ -​ Fishing: Threats, sustainable development, aquaculture -​ Overfishing: catching fishes faster than they can reproduce -​ by-catch: accidentally catching unwanted fish and killing them by accident in the process -​ Aquaculture: raising and breeding fish for eating -​ shark finning:cutting a sharks fin off and wasting the shark -​ Fossil Fuel: -​ Fossil fuels are natural energy sources that are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. -​ Fossil fuels usually have a high output of energy -​ Wind: Harnessing energy from wind through windmills -​ Solar: Harnessing energy from the sun through solar panels -​ Hydro: Harnessing energy from water -​ Nuclear Energy:Harnessing energy from nuclear reactions -​ Renewable: regrows faster than used -​ nonrenewable resources: Used up faster then it regrows -​ flow resources:Infinite and human activities don’t affect it -​ Water sustainability -​ Aquifer:is an underground layer of water-bearing rock, sediment, or soil that can store and transfer groundwater. Aquifers are a crucial source of fresh water for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use.  -​ ground water:Water located underground -​ surface water:water located in bodies located above ground -​ Ecological Footprint: a measure of human impact on the Earth. The footprint equals the Earth’s cost to sustain one person. It’s measured in hectares and represents the land area needed to provide resources and absorb waste and greenhouse gases produced by an individual. -​ Planned:designing products to break easily and faster -​ Perceived Obsolescence: designing products to look outdated so people buy the newest product -​ Zero Waste Lifestyle:strategies to incorporate in life to reduce waste -​ Plastics:a material that is non biodegradable -​ Reduce/Reuse/Recycle -​ Reduce: Number one thing that you should do in order to live sustainably, and to reduce the amount of negative impacts on the earth (you can reduce greenhouse gas emissions) -​ Reuse: Refers to using materials/resources that have been used before, to manage the environment sustainably -​ Recycle: Throwing garbage to reuse them again, rather than dumping them out into the environment -​ Climate change:long term effects/changes in weather patterns and temperatures -​ Mitigation: changing our ways to prevent climate change -​ adaptation: changing our ways to prepare for climate change -​ Greenhouse effect: process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat. This process makes Earth much warmer than it would be without an atmosphere. -​ greenhouse gasses:gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and warm the planet. -​ global warming: the increase of the earth’s temperature -​ Carbon Sinks: things that trap carbon dioxide like trees -​ Carbon Sources: releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere like burning fossil fuels Livable and Sustainable Communities -​ Urban growth – pros and cons -​ Urban land use patterns (high, medium, low density) -​ High Density: urban areas with a large number of people, buildings, or housing units concentrated within one hectare of land such as apartments -​ Medium Density: urban areas with a decent amount of of people or housing per hectare such as townhouses and semi detached neighborhoods -​ Low Density: Urban areas with a small number of people or housing units per hectare such as single detached neighbourhoods -​ Terminal Facility: land used for transporting people or goods such as an airport -​ Commercial: land for businesses such as shops and restaurants -​ Residential: land used for housing -​ Industrial: lands used for manufacturing, storing or delivering goods such as a factory -​ Institutional: land used for public places to serve and help the community such as a hospital and school -​ Recreational: land used for for leisure, sports, and outdoor activities such as parks -​ Urban sprawl – issues and solutions: The spreading of urbanization towards undeveloped areas/land -​ New urbanism and solving urban issues -​ Livability: Measures the quality of life in a certain country -​ Sustainability: Measures how sustainably a person lives to stop the negative impacts on the environment -​ walkability: The ability to walk safely in urban areas -​ sociability: The ability to socialize with other people/communities -​ affordability: The ability for things to be affordable (affordable houses, affordable groceries, etc) -​ accessibility: The ability for all age groups to access things easily -​ Principle of verticality: building upwards instead of expanding outwards to save land -​ Mixed zoning: combining different types of land use such as residential, commercial, and industrial—to coexist in the same area. Such as building a store on the first floor and residential on the second floor.  -​ Greenbelt: is a protected area of open land around a city or town where development is restricted to preserve nature Human and Global Connections​ -​ Population pyramids (stationary, stable, expansive, declining) -​ Dependency load: Portion of the population that is not in the workforce this includes under the age of 14 and over 65. -​ Working Population: -​ Demographic Transition Model (DTM) (Stage 1, 2, 3, 4) -​ Demographic Transition Model stage 1: The birth rate is high but the death rates are also high, population has minimal growth. no countries are in this stage. -​ Demographic Transition Model stage 2: The birth rate remains very high but death rate drops dramatically. Mainly countries in Africa are in stage 2. -​ Demographic Transition Model stage 3: The death rates become even lower and the birth rate also drops. -​ Demographic Transition Model stage 4: The birth rate and death rate stabilize to about the same level but in some cases there are less birth rates than death rates. -​ Population distribution & population density -​ Birth rate, death rate, immigration rate, emigration rate, net migration, natural increase rate -​ Population growth rate & doubling time (calculations) -​ Population Density: total population divided by total area -​ Birth Rate: number of births divided by total population x 1000 -​ Death Rate: Number of deaths divided by total populationx1000 -​ Natural Increase Rate: Birth rate - death rate -​ Immigration Rate: number of immigrants divided by total population x 1000 -​ Emigration Rate: number of emigrants divided by total population x 1000 -​ Net Migration Rate: immigration rate - emigration rate -​ Population Growth Rate:Natural increase rate + net migration divided by 1000 x 100 or divided by 10 -​ Doubling Time (rule of 70): 70/ population growth percent -​ Push factors: Things that causes people to leave/emigrate away -​ pull factors: things that causes people to come/immigrate to a different country -​ Immigration & -​ Refugees: those who flee to a different country due to fearing for their safety in their country -​ Canada’s immigration policy (Economic immigrants, Family, etc) -​ Economic Immigrants: Are immigrants who are accepted into Canada as they can contribute to canada’s economy when they arrive -​ Temporary Foreign Worker Program: To bring workers into Canada to fill labor shortages on a temporary basis -​ Skilled Trades Class: This category exists to attract immigrants with specific trade skills that are in short supply in Canada. This class uses a pass-or-fail system. A person must meet four conditions: have a job offer in Canada, have strong enough language skills, have two or more years of experience, and be qualified to do the job. Only certain tradespeople are eligible such as electricians or plumbers -​ Skilled Worker Class: Skilled-worker immigrants are judged on a point system. People with training and experience in these areas are fast-tracked through the system because Canada needs their skills. These jobs are very advanced and in demand such as doctors, engineers, nurses.  -​ Canadian Experience Class: This class exists to accept immigrants who have worked in Canada for at least one year. It is a pass-or-fail system, but the applicant does not require a job offer in Canada. -​ Start Up Visa: To apply in this class, the immigrant must want to start a business in Canada. Applicants must meet four criterias to be accepted: -​ They must show that approved Canadian investors will fund their business idea -​ They must demonstrate a high degree of proficiency in English or French -​ They must have at least one year of post-secondary education -​ They must have enough of their own money to support themselves until the proceeds from their business can support them -​ Developing countries: Poor countries with high birth rate and high death rate -​ Life expectancy: measures how long a person will live in their lifetime -​ Developed Countries: Wealthy countries with minimal population growth. -​ Newly Industrializing Countries: some parts are wealthy and other areas are in poverty, high birth rates and lower deathrates -​ Infant Mortality: The death of infants that are below 1 -​ GDP: Gross Domestic Products; measures the income earned from a product/production Economic Connections/Resources -​ Types of industries (Primary. Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary) -​ Primary industries: handles with extracting resources -​ Secondary industries: handles with producing goods -​ Tertiary: provides services such as a walmart -​ Quaternary: is focused on activities that involve knowledge, ideas, and information rather than physical products such as software developer -​ Basic jobs: Jobs that bring money from other countries through exports -​ Non-Basic jobs: Jobs that recycles money in the economy -​ Multiplier effect: a cycle of events that happen that improve the economy -​ Locational factors of manufacturing: Helps companies where to locate their main industry -​ Raw materials: Provides companies with resources to use when producing goods -​ Near Markets: Being near customers helps both customers and companies with less cost and less travel time -​ Access to freshwater and Power: Some companies rely on freshwater, and water is an important component to majority of companies -​ Labour supply: Companies like clothing manufacturers heavily rely on labour, and some places like China provide cheap labour -​ Transportation: Provides fast and efficient transportation for companies that import or export goods -​ Political Factors: Companies can be attracted or pushed away by governments with their decisions (financial incentives) -​ Circumstances: Random circumstances that might motivate entrepreneurs to locate their company -​ Outsourcing: hiring other countries to produce things due to cheaper labour -​ Dutch disease: When a positive impact that occurs on one sector impacts the other sectors negatively (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) -​ Free trade: When there is no tariffs on the products that are imported/exported -​ Protectionism: The act of protecting the companies in a country by putting tariffs on exports  -​ Tariff: Tax that is put on imports or exports Consider the Following: 2.​ For each of the landform regions, explain the economic and geographic characteristics. 3.​ Explain how convergent, divergent and conservative plate boundaries work. 4.​ How do you calculate: a.​ total yearly precipitation? b.​ average annual temperature? c.​ temperature range? d.​ snowfall equivalent? e.​ seasonal distribution of climate? f.​ growing season? 5.​ How do you determine whether an area is a continental or maritime climate using climate calculations? 6.​ Be able to explain the various processes that have shaped our landscape. Consider glaciation, plate tectonics, erosion and deposition, weather and climate. 7.​ Be prepared to explain the causes and solutions to climate change. Consider both adapting to climate change and mitigating against climate change. Know the difference and be able to provide specific examples for each. 8.​ Be able to explain what factors influence climate in a region. Human Connections Consider the Following: ​ ​ Explain the different types of population pyramids. What characteristics define each? What information can be learned from an analysis of a population pyramid? Expansive Has a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people. Stable Growth A structure with indentations that even out and reflect slow growth over a period 1.​ Stationary Has a narrow base and roughly equal numbers in each age group, tapering off at the older ages. 1.​ Declining Has a high proportion of aged persons and a low proportion of young people. ​ Project what will happen to the population of Canada in the future. What problems do you foresee, and how can the government of Canada help to address these issues in the future? ​ Project what will happen to the population of the World in the future. What problems do you foresee and how can the world prepare and deal with these challenges?  ​ What should Canada’s policy be regarding immigration? Regarding refugees? Should Canada increase/decrease the number of immigrants and refugees being allowed into the country? ​ How do you calculate: Population Density: ​ the # of people that live in 1 square kilometers ​ Total Population/Total Land Area Birth Rate: ​ # of births/total population x1000 Death Rate: ​ # of deaths/total population x1000 Natural Increase: ​ Birth rate- Death rate Immigration Rate: ​ # of immigrants/total population * 1000 Emigration Rate: ​ # of emigrants/total population * 1000 Net Migration: ​ # of immigrants- # of emigrants Population Growth Rate: ​ (Natural Increase+Net Migration)/1000 * 100 Doubling Time: ​ The # of years for a population to double ​ Needs to be a percentage ​ 70/Population Growth Rate ​ What are the characteristics of the stages in the DTM (Demographic Transition Model) Stage 1: ​ A high birth rate and a high death rate keep the size of the population stable. ​ No countries are in this stage Stage 2: ​ Eventually, the death rate will drop due to better healthcare or nutrition, but the birth rate will remain high ​ Results in a long period of natural increase (a growing population) ​ Typical of developing of countries where there is a decline in the death rate in addition to high birth rates resulting in a rapid population growth Stage 3: ​ There is a drop in the birth rate because parents are beginning to limit the size of their families ​ Most families live in cities and therefore there is no need for large numbers of children to perform farm chores ​ Continued improvement in health care also causes the death rate to further decline ​ Canada began this stage in the 1960s Stage 4: ​ The birth rate declines to where it is close to the death rate or sometimes BELOW the death rate. ​ A low birth rate and a low death rate cause the overall population to decline. ​ Canada is now in Stage 4. ​ How is urban growth different from urban sprawl? How does urban sprawl impact both human and physical systems? Urban Growth: Planned expansion of a city with efficient infrastructure and development.  Urban Sprawl: Unplanned, spread-out development, often on the outskirts of a city, characterized by low-density housing and car dependency. Human Systems: a.​ Increased traffic and commute times. b.​ Strain on public services (schools, hospitals, utilities). c.​ Loss of community feel and social connections. Physical Systems: d.​ Deforestation and habitat destruction. e.​ Higher greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles. f.​ Pollution of water and soil due to construction and runoff. ​ Be able to discuss elements of city design with connection to both livability and sustainability. Livability: ​ Walkable neighborhoods. ​ Access to green spaces and public services. ​ Reduced commute times. Sustainability: ​ Renewable energy use and efficient infrastructure. ​ Mixed-use developments to reduce travel needs. ​ Preservation of natural environments. ​ Explain the challenges and the rewards for people that live in a high density location. some challenges for people who live in a high density location may be traffic congestion but some pros are being able to wall Challenges: ​ Overcrowding → pressure on infrastructure and resources. ​ Noise and air pollution. ​ Higher cost of living. Rewards: Better access to jobs, education, and healthcare. Efficient public transportation and reduced carbon footprint. Vibrant cultural and social opportunities. ​ How do “new urbanism” and Smart Growth reduce the impact of urban sprawl? New Urbanism: ​ Promotes walkable neighborhoods with mixed-use development. ​ Encourages compact, dense communities with homes, jobs, and services close together.  ​ Focuses on creating community-oriented spaces, reducing car dependency. Smart Growth: ​ Plans for sustainable, efficient urban expansion. ​ Preserves green spaces and farmland by limiting urban boundaries. ​ Invests in public transportation to reduce traffic congestion and emissions. ​ How should cities be designed for the future? Take into consideration certain realities: population growth, land values, agriculture, climate change, etc. Population Growth ​ Plan for higher-density housing to accommodate growing populations efficiently. ​ Create mixed-use developments to integrate residential, commercial, and recreational spaces. ​ Expand public transportation to manage increased mobility needs. Land Values ​ Promote vertical development (taller buildings) to maximize land use. ​ Ensure affordable housing through policies like inclusionary zoning. ​ Redevelop underused areas, such as old industrial zones, for modern urban use. Agriculture ​ Integrate urban agriculture (rooftop farms, vertical farming) into city designs. ​ Protect nearby farmland with urban growth boundaries. ​ Encourage community gardens in residential areas. Climate Change ​ Invest in renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. ​ Build green infrastructure (rain gardens, green roofs) to manage stormwater and reduce urban heat islands. ​ Develop energy-efficient buildings with sustainable materials. Transportation and Connectivity ​ Expand eco-friendly transportation options, like electric buses and bike lanes. ​ Prioritize walkable, car-free zones in city centers. ​ Implement smart traffic systems to reduce congestion and emissions. Resilience and Adaptability ​ Design cities to withstand climate-related challenges (flooding, heatwaves). ​ Use modular construction to allow for future expansion or repurposing. ​ Plan for diverse economic activities to ensure long-term sustainability. Natural Resources/Economic Connections Consider the Following: ​ Examine the natural resources (water, farming, fishing, forestry, and mining) of Canada. Highlight the importance of each resource to Canada and the challenges the industries each face. ​ Water a.​ Importance: Canada has abundant freshwater, vital for drinking, agriculture, industry, and hydropower. b.​ Challenges: Pollution, overuse, and climate change threaten water availability and quality. ​ Farming a.​ Importance: Major contributor to food supply and economy, with crops like wheat, canola, and livestock. b.​ Challenges: Soil degradation, pesticide use, and climate impacts like droughts and floods. ​ Fishing a.​ Importance: Key to coastal communities and export economy (e.g., Atlantic cod, Pacific salmon). b.​ Challenges: Overfishing, habitat destruction, and warming oceans. ​ Forestry a.​ Importance: Significant for lumber, paper, and jobs, especially in rural areas. b.​ Challenges: Deforestation, wildfires, and loss of biodiversity. ​ Mining a.​ Importance: Canada is a leading producer of minerals like gold, nickel, and potash. b.​ Challenges: Environmental damage, habitat destruction, and reliance on non-renewable resources. ​ Distinguish between a renewable resource and a non-renewable resource and a flow resource. Renewable Resource: Replenished naturally (e.g., water, forests). Non-Renewable Resource: Finite supply (e.g., oil, minerals). Flow Resource: Constantly available but must be harnessed (e.g., sunlight, wind). ​ What types of alternative energies are available to Canadians? Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of their use in Canada. Solar Energy ​ Advantages: Renewable, reduces greenhouse gases, useful in remote areas. ​ Disadvantages: High installation costs, less effective in cloudy or northern regions. Wind Energy ​ Advantages: Clean and abundant in coastal and prairie areas. ​ Disadvantages: Noise pollution, impact on bird migration, intermittent supply. Hydropower ​ Advantages: Reliable and produces large amounts of clean energy. ​ Disadvantages: Alters ecosystems and displaces communities. Geothermal Energy ​ Advantages: Consistent energy, minimal land use. ​ Disadvantages: High upfront costs, limited suitable locations. Why should our natural resources be developed in a sustainable way? Consider the impact that the natural resource has on climate change, and our ecological footprint.  ​ How should our natural resources be developed in a sustainable way? Provide concrete methods/strategies for forestry, farming, fishing, water and mining. ​ Explain the positive and negative examples of resource management and their impacts on the planet. Global Connections Consider the Following: 1.​ What are the characteristics of a developed, developing and newly industrializing country? Developed Countries: ​ Strong economies, advanced infrastructure, high standard of living, diversified industries. ​ Examples: Canada, Japan, Germany. 2. Developing Countries: ​ Reliant on agriculture, lower incomes, limited access to healthcare and education. ​ Examples: Ethiopia, Haiti. 3. Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs): ​ Rapid industrial growth, improving infrastructure, focus on exports. ​ Examples: China, India, Mexico. 2.​ Explain how problems in one part of the world could eventually affect people elsewhere. Economy: Crises (e.g., 2008 recession) disrupt global trade and jobs. Climate: Deforestation and pollution cause global warming. Health: Pandemics like COVID-19 spread worldwide. Conflict: Wars create refugee crises and strain other nations. Supply Chains: Disruptions affect global production (e.g., semiconductors). 3.​ Is Canada doing enough to help the developing world? What more should we be doing? Canada contributes through foreign aid, climate action, and humanitarian efforts, but aid is below the UN-recommended 0.7% of GDP. More investment is needed in green initiatives and fair trade. Increase Aid: Meet the 0.7% GDP target for foreign aid. Support Climate Action: Fund renewable energy in poorer countries. Invest in Education: Help expand access to tech and innovation. Partner Locally: Ensure aid empowers communities. Improve Immigration: Offer more opportunities for refugees and skilled workers. CGC 1D1 Exam Format: Part A and B: ​ Complete on the SCANTRON CARD by filling in the circles completely WITH PENCIL ONLY Part A: 10 marks- Multiple Choice Knowledge (10 minutes) Part B: 10 marks- Matching Knowledge (10 minutes) Part C and D, Complete on the scantron card. You will be allowed a calculator. You will not be allowed to use your phone as a calculator. You are responsible for providing your own calculator for this exam. Part C: 10 marks- Multiple Choice Application (Climate Calculations) (15 minutes) Part D: 10 marks- Multiple Choice Application (Population Calculations) (15 minutes) Part E: Part E: 40 marks- EXTENDED ANSWER (​2 Paragraphs) (30 minutes) ​ For this section, you will be provided with 4 topics and you will choose to write on 2. You will write one extended paragraph for each chosen topic. (2 paragraphs in total). Each question will be evaluated using the following criteria: Criteria Expectations: · I have 3 distinct arguments that are relevant and support the topic Thinking and Inquiry · I support these ideas with suitable and relevant examples · I demonstrate understanding of the concepts 10 marks · I use relevant course terminology throughout Communication · I have a suitable topic sentence (Organization) · I have a suitable closing sentence · I effectively use transition words to create flow 5 marks · I have edited for accurate spelling and punctuation Communication (Clarity and · I have maintained an academic tone Style) · My diction and syntax is clear and effective 5 marks You will use your final 10 minutes to look over the exam and make any corrections/improvements.