Grade 9 Geography Exam Review PDF

‭Grade‬‭9‬‭Geography‬‭Exam‬‭Review‬ ‭Unit‬‭1:‬‭Geographic‬‭Inquiry‬‭Skills‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Political‬‭Map‬‭of‬‭Canada‬ ‭○‬ ‭Provinces/Territories:‬‭Ontario,‬‭Quebec,‬‭Alberta,‬‭British‬‭Columbia,‬ ‭Saskatchewan,‬‭Manitoba,‬‭New‬‭Brunswick,‬‭Nova‬‭Scotia,‬‭Prince‬ ‭Edward‬‭Island...

‭Grade‬‭9‬‭Geography‬‭Exam‬‭Review‬ ‭Unit‬‭1:‬‭Geographic‬‭Inquiry‬‭Skills‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Political‬‭Map‬‭of‬‭Canada‬ ‭○‬ ‭Provinces/Territories:‬‭Ontario,‬‭Quebec,‬‭Alberta,‬‭British‬‭Columbia,‬ ‭Saskatchewan,‬‭Manitoba,‬‭New‬‭Brunswick,‬‭Nova‬‭Scotia,‬‭Prince‬ ‭Edward‬‭Island,‬‭Newfoundland‬‭and‬‭Labrador;‬‭Yukon,‬‭Northwest‬ ‭Territories,‬‭Nunavut.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Cities:‬‭Examples‬‭include‬‭Toronto,‬‭Vancouver,‬‭Montreal,‬‭Ottawa,‬ ‭Calgary.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Oceans:‬‭Pacific‬‭(west),‬‭Atlantic‬‭(east),‬‭Arctic‬‭(north).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Hudson‬‭Bay:‬‭Located‬‭in‬‭northeastern‬‭Canada,‬‭surrounded‬‭by‬ ‭Manitoba,‬‭Ontario,‬‭and‬‭Quebec.‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Elements‬‭of‬‭a‬‭Map‬ ‭○‬ ‭Title:‬‭States‬‭the‬‭map's‬‭purpose.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Scale:‬‭Converts‬‭distances‬‭on‬‭the‬‭map‬‭to‬‭real-world‬‭distances.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Compass‬‭Rose:‬‭Indicates‬‭directions‬‭(N,‬‭E,‬‭S,‬‭W).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Legend:‬‭Explains‬‭symbols‬‭(e.g.,‬‭blue‬‭for‬‭water).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Grid‬‭System:‬‭Uses‬‭latitude‬‭and‬‭longitude‬‭for‬‭precise‬‭locations.‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Latitude/Longitude‬ ‭○‬ ‭Latitude‬‭lines‬‭run‬‭parallel‬‭to‬‭the‬‭equator‬‭(e.g.,‬‭45°N).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Longitude‬‭lines‬‭run‬‭from‬‭pole‬‭to‬‭pole‬‭(e.g.,‬‭79°W).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Example:‬‭Toronto’s‬‭approximate‬‭coordinates‬‭are‬‭44°N,‬‭79°W.‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Time‬‭Zone‬‭Calculations‬ ‭○‬ ‭Canada‬‭has‬‭six‬‭time‬‭zones:‬‭Pacific,‬‭Mountain,‬‭Central,‬‭Eastern,‬ ‭Atlantic,‬‭and‬‭Newfoundland.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Example:‬‭If‬‭it’s‬‭3‬‭PM‬‭in‬‭Toronto‬‭(Eastern‬‭Time),‬‭it’s‬‭12‬‭PM‬‭in‬ ‭Vancouver‬‭(Pacific‬‭Time).‬ ‭Unit‬‭2:‬‭Interactions‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Physical‬‭Environment‬ ‭5.‬ ‭Population‬‭Density‬ ‭○‬ ‭Formula:‬‭Population‬‭÷‬‭Land‬‭Area.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Example:‬‭Canada’s‬‭density‬‭=‬‭~4‬‭people/km².‬ ‭6.‬ ‭Population‬‭Distribution‬‭in‬‭Canada‬ ‭○‬ ‭Linear:‬‭Along‬‭coasts‬‭or‬‭transportation‬‭routes‬‭(e.g.,‬‭St.‬‭Lawrence‬ ‭River).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Clustered:‬‭Urban‬‭centers‬‭like‬‭Toronto‬‭and‬‭Vancouver.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Dispersed:‬‭Found‬‭in‬‭rural‬‭agricultural‬‭regions.‬ ‭7.‬ ‭Types‬‭of‬‭Rural‬‭Settlement‬‭Patterns‬ ‭○‬ ‭Linear:‬‭Along‬‭a‬‭road‬‭or‬‭river.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Clustered:‬‭Small,‬‭dense‬‭areas‬‭(e.g.,‬‭mining‬‭towns).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Dispersed:‬‭Spread‬‭over‬‭large‬‭farming‬‭areas.‬ ‭8.‬ ‭Landform‬‭Regions‬‭(Map)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Examples:‬ ‭‬ ‭Canadian‬‭Shield‬‭(rocky,‬‭rich‬‭in‬‭minerals).‬ ‭‬ ‭Interior‬‭Plains‬‭(fertile,‬‭flat).‬ ‭‬ ‭Appalachian‬‭Mountains‬‭(old,‬‭eroded).‬ ‭9.‬ ‭Formation‬‭of‬‭Landform‬‭Regions‬ ‭○‬ ‭Shaped‬‭by‬‭tectonic‬‭activity,‬‭glaciation,‬‭erosion,‬‭and‬‭sedimentation.‬ ‭10.‬ ‭Geologic‬‭Eras‬ ‭○‬ ‭Precambrian:‬‭Oldest;‬‭formation‬‭of‬‭Canadian‬‭Shield.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Paleozoic:‬‭Marine‬‭life,‬‭sedimentary‬‭rock.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Mesozoic:‬‭Dinosaurs,‬‭Rocky‬‭Mountains‬‭form.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Cenozoic:‬‭Ice‬‭Age,‬‭mammal‬‭evolution.‬ ‭11.‬‭Plate‬‭Tectonics/Seafloor‬‭Spreading‬ ‭○‬ ‭Movement‬‭of‬‭Earth’s‬‭plates‬‭leads‬‭to‬‭earthquakes‬‭and‬‭mountain‬ ‭building.‬  ‭○‬ ‭Example:‬‭Pacific‬‭Plate‬‭vs.‬‭North‬‭American‬‭Plate.‬ ‭12.‬ ‭Factors‬‭that‬‭Affect‬‭Climate‬‭(LOWERN)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Latitude:‬‭Near‬‭equator‬‭=‬‭warmer.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Ocean‬‭Currents:‬‭Gulf‬‭Stream‬‭(warm),‬‭Labrador‬‭Current‬‭(cold).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Wind/Air‬‭Masses:‬‭Westerlies‬‭bring‬‭moist‬‭air.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Elevation:‬‭Higher‬‭=‬‭colder.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Relief:‬‭Mountains‬‭block‬‭rain‬‭(rain‬‭shadow).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Near‬‭Water:‬‭Coastal‬‭areas‬‭=‬‭moderate‬‭climate.‬ ‭13.‬ ‭Glacier‬‭Formation‬‭in‬‭Canada‬ ‭○‬ ‭Formed‬‭during‬‭Ice‬‭Ages,‬‭shaped‬‭valleys,‬‭and‬‭created‬‭lakes‬‭(e.g.,‬ ‭Great‬‭Lakes).‬ ‭14.‬ ‭Understanding‬‭a‬‭Climate‬‭Graph‬ ‭○‬ ‭Displays‬‭temperature‬‭and‬‭precipitation.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Calculations:‬ ‭‬ ‭Temperature‬‭Range:‬‭Hottest‬‭month‬‭-‬‭Coldest‬‭month.‬ ‭‬ ‭Total‬‭Precipitation:‬‭Sum‬‭of‬‭monthly‬‭values.‬ ‭‬ ‭Average‬‭Temperature:‬‭Sum‬‭of‬‭monthly‬‭temperatures‬‭÷‬‭12.‬ ‭15.‬ ‭Maritime‬‭vs.‬‭Continental‬‭Locations‬ ‭○‬ ‭Maritime:‬‭Small‬‭temperature‬‭range,‬‭high‬‭precipitation.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Continental:‬‭Large‬‭temperature‬‭range,‬‭low‬‭precipitation.‬ ‭16.‬ ‭Ecozones‬ ‭○‬ ‭Examples:‬‭Boreal‬‭Shield,‬‭Prairies,‬‭Arctic‬‭Cordillera.‬ ‭Unit‬‭3:‬‭Managing‬‭Canada’s‬‭Resources‬ ‭17.‬ ‭Ecological‬‭Footprint‬‭&‬‭Stewardship‬ ‭○‬ ‭Measures‬‭resource‬‭use‬‭and‬‭environmental‬‭impact.‬  ‭○‬ ‭Stewardship:‬‭Managing‬‭resources‬‭responsibly.‬ ‭18.‬ ‭Environmental‬‭Sustainability‬ ‭○‬ ‭Using‬‭resources‬‭in‬‭a‬‭way‬‭that‬‭preserves‬‭them‬‭for‬‭the‬‭future.‬ ‭19.‬ ‭Natural‬‭Resources‬ ‭○‬ ‭Renewable:‬‭Forests,‬‭water.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Non-Renewable:‬‭Oil,‬‭natural‬‭gas,‬‭coal.‬ ‭20.‬ ‭Oil‬‭in‬‭Canada‬ ‭○‬ ‭Found‬‭in‬‭Alberta‬‭(oil‬‭sands)‬‭and‬‭offshore‬‭in‬‭Newfoundland.‬ ‭21.‬ ‭Industries‬ ‭○‬ ‭Primary:‬‭Resource‬‭extraction‬‭(farming,‬‭fishing).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Secondary:‬‭Manufacturing‬‭(cars,‬‭steel).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Tertiary:‬‭Services‬‭(healthcare,‬‭retail).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Most‬‭Employed:‬‭Tertiary.‬‭Least‬‭Employed:‬‭Primary.‬ ‭22.‬ ‭Importance‬‭of‬‭Conservation‬‭&‬‭6‬‭R’s‬ ‭○‬ ‭Reduce,‬‭Reuse,‬‭Recycle,‬‭Rethink,‬‭Refuse,‬‭Repair.‬ ‭23.‬ ‭Fishing‬‭Collapse‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Atlantic‬‭Region‬ ‭○‬ ‭Overfishing,‬‭improved‬‭technology,‬‭foreign‬‭fleets,‬‭and‬‭poor‬ ‭management.‬ ‭24.‬ ‭What‬‭is‬‭an‬‭NGO?‬ ‭○‬ ‭Non-Governmental‬‭Organization.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Examples:‬‭Red‬‭Cross,‬‭World‬‭Wildlife‬‭Fund.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Role:‬‭Provide‬‭aid,‬‭promote‬‭sustainability.‬ ‭Unit‬‭4:‬‭Changing‬‭Populations‬ ‭25.‬ ‭Demographic‬‭Formulas‬  ‭○‬ ‭Population‬‭Growth‬‭Rate:‬‭(Birth‬‭Rate‬‭+‬‭Immigration)‬‭-‬‭(Death‬‭Rate‬ ‭+‬‭Emigration).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Natural‬‭Increase‬‭Rate:‬‭Birth‬‭Rate‬‭-‬‭Death‬‭Rate.‬ ‭26.‬ ‭Canada’s‬‭Population‬‭Trend‬ ‭○‬ ‭Urbanization‬‭and‬‭an‬‭aging‬‭population‬‭due‬‭to‬‭immigration‬‭and‬‭longer‬ ‭life‬‭expectancy.‬ ‭27.‬ ‭Why‬‭Did‬‭People‬‭Leave‬‭Rural‬‭Areas‬‭for‬‭Urban‬‭Areas?‬ ‭○‬ ‭More‬‭job‬‭opportunities,‬‭better‬‭services.‬ ‭28.‬ ‭Why‬‭Was‬‭Immigration‬‭to‬‭Canada‬‭High‬‭in‬‭the‬‭20th‬‭Century?‬ ‭○‬ ‭Economic‬‭opportunities,‬‭escaping‬‭global‬‭conflicts.‬ ‭29.‬ ‭Push‬‭and‬‭Pull‬‭Factors‬ ‭○‬ ‭Push:‬‭War,‬‭poverty,‬‭lack‬‭of‬‭jobs.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Pull:‬‭Safety,‬‭better‬‭quality‬‭of‬‭life,‬‭employment.‬ ‭30.‬ ‭Factors‬‭Influencing‬‭Immigration‬‭to‬‭Canada‬ ‭○‬ ‭Peace,‬‭strong‬‭economy,‬‭high‬‭standard‬‭of‬‭living.‬ ‭31.‬ ‭What‬‭Makes‬‭Canada‬‭a‬‭Desirable‬‭Location‬‭Today?‬ ‭○‬ ‭Political‬‭stability,‬‭economic‬‭opportunities,‬‭multicultural‬‭society.‬ ‭32.‬ ‭Human‬‭Development‬‭Index‬‭(HDI)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Measures‬‭a‬‭country’s‬‭development:‬‭life‬‭expectancy,‬‭education,‬ ‭income.‬ ‭33.‬ ‭Population‬‭Pyramid‬‭Types‬ ‭○‬ ‭Expanding:‬‭Wide‬‭base,‬‭high‬‭birth‬‭rates‬‭(developing).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Stable:‬‭Balanced‬‭population.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Negative:‬‭Narrow‬‭base,‬‭aging‬‭population‬‭(developed).‬ ‭34.‬ ‭Urban‬‭Land‬‭Uses‬ ‭○‬ ‭Residential,‬‭commercial,‬‭industrial,‬‭recreational,‬‭transportation.‬ ‭35.‬ ‭Native‬‭Peoples‬‭of‬‭Canada‬ ‭○‬ ‭Groups:‬‭First‬‭Nations,‬‭Métis,‬‭Inuit.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Challenges‬‭include‬‭land‬‭rights‬‭and‬‭cultural‬‭preservation.‬ ‭36.‬ ‭Developed‬‭vs.‬‭Developing‬‭Countries‬ ‭○‬ ‭Developed:‬‭High‬‭HDI,‬‭strong‬‭economies‬‭(e.g.,‬‭Canada).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Developing:‬‭Low‬‭HDI,‬‭reliance‬‭on‬‭agriculture‬‭(e.g.,‬‭Ethiopia).‬