Geography Exam Review PDF

Unit 1: Mapping Skills 1.​ Know the Map of Canada. Be able to label provinces, territories, capital cities, other major cities and major bodies of water. (Oceans and lakes) SMHEO 2.​ Be able to calculate time between the Canadian time zones....

Unit 1: Mapping Skills 1.​ Know the Map of Canada. Be able to label provinces, territories, capital cities, other major cities and major bodies of water. (Oceans and lakes) SMHEO 2.​ Be able to calculate time between the Canadian time zones. 3pm-Poor 4pm- Men 5pm-Can’t 6pm-Eat 7pm-Any 7:30 pm-Nachos 3.​ What are the three types of map scale and be able to convert from one type of scale to another. 4.​ Be able to label compass directions and compass bearings (degrees) 5.​ Define latitude and longitude fully. (Describe what is the main line, what is the maximum number of degrees) Latitude: Lines that are used to measure distance north or south of the Equator Longitude: Lines that are measured East and West of the Prime Meridian Prime Meridian: The line used as a starting point for Line of Longitude. This line runs through an observatory in Greenwich, England International Date Line: The line extending between the South and North Poles that is the boundary between one calendar day and the next. Unit 2: Physical Geography Chapter 11: Canada’s Geologic History 1.​ Know the key terms on pg. 110 2.​ Describe convection currents: How do they form, what do they cause. Convection currents are heat-driven cycles that occur in the air, ocean, and mantle. They are caused by a difference in temperature, often due to a differing proximity to a heat source. 3.​ Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics 4.​ What are the 4 Geologic Time Eras? What is the longest? What is the shortest? Know at least one major event from each era. Precambrian - First Single Celled Organisms Palaeozoic - First Fish and Land Plants Appear Mesozoic - Dinosaurs Cenozoic - Modern Humans Begin To Develop 5.​ Be able to describe how Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary rocks are created.  Chapter 12: Canada’s Landform Connection 1.​ Be able to name, locate and describe the 7 landform regions. What types of rocks are in each Western Cordillera - Sedimentary Rock, Igneous Rock, and Metamorphic Rock Interior Plains - Sedimentary Rock, Igneous Rock, and Metamorphic Rock Arctic Lands - Sedimentary Rock and Igneous Rock Canadian Shield - Sedimentary Rock St. Lawrence Lowlands - Sedimentary Rock Appalachian Region - Sedimentary Rock 2.​ Why are there fossil fuels on the interior plains? The Interior Plains are full of fossils because the sedimentary rock below the surface tends to have a pressure and temperature that keeps the fossils intact. Erosion: Shaping the Landscape 1.​ What is the difference between weathering and erosion? Weathering is when rocks are broken down (chemically or mechanically) and erosion is when sediment is carried away. 2.​ What are the agents of erosion? -​ Gravity -​ Running Water -​ Glaciers -​ Waves -​ Wind Chapter 13: Canada’s Climate Connections 1.​ Know the key terms on pg. 145 2.​ Identify and explain the factors that impact climate (LOWER Near Water), pg 145-153. L - Latitude O - Ocean Currents W - Winds and Air Masses E - Elevation R - Relief N - Near Water 3.​ What is the jet stream? Why is it significant? The jet stream flows high overhead and causes changes in the wind and pressure at that level. 4.​ What is significant about the North Pacific Current? The current covers a large area and brings warmer water from the subtropics to the sub-polar latitudes. 5.​ What is significant about the Labrador and Gulf Stream Currents? The combination of these two currents produces heavy fogs and has also created one of the richest fishing grounds in the world. 6.​ Explain differences between Maritime and Continental Climates, pg. 152 A maritime climate is influenced by a nearby ocean. A continental climate is influenced by nearby land. 7.​ Be able to interpret climate graphs Add All The Precipitation = Annual Precipitation Add All The Temperatures And Divide It By 12 = Annual Temperature Range Continental: low annual precipitation; large annual temperature range because of no moderating effect of a large body of water. Maritime: high annual precipitation; low annual temperature range because of the moderating effect of a large body of water. 8.​ Explain three types of precipitation. Relief (orographic), Frontal (cyclonic) and Convectional. Where is each found? Orographic or Relief Rainfall occurs when warm moist air that has been blowing over bodies of water is forced to rise on reaching physical barriers such as highlands. Convectional Rainfall occurs over land that is subjected to the Sun's intense heat. Terrestrial radiation coming from Earth's surface heats up the lower levels of the atmosphere. Frontal or Cyclonic Rainfall occurs at the boundaries of two air masses of varying temperatures and densities. Unit 3: Human Geography Chapter 16: Intro to Study of Population 1.​ Know the key terms on pg. 187 2.​ Know the difference between immigration and emigration  Emigration is specifically used to indicate people leaving the country in question. Immigration is specifically used to indicate people arriving at the country being discussed. 3.​ What are the four stages of population change? Give examples of each stage. How would the population pyramids look for each stage? Chapter 20: Urban Settlement Patterns 1.​ Know Basic vs. Non-Basic Industries. (Including examples) 2.​ What is the Multiplier Effect 3.​ Give define and give examples of High, Middle and Low Order Goods. Low-order goods are products that are regularly bought and are cheap. Examples: Sweet cakes, newspapers, juice, food, and lottery cards. Middle-order goods are time-to-time items that are bought but not as regularly as low-order goods. Examples: CD's, computers, or large clothing items. High-order stocks are the most costly things or have an inadequate store and are rarely bought. Examples: Mountain climbing supplies, specific magazines, live movies and multi-screen cinema shows. Chapter 21: Urban Land Use 1.​ Identify and explain the 6 major land uses found in a city Residential - Residential land is used to house individuals in various groups. Commercial - Commercial land can be any plot or section of land used for commercial purposes and intended to generate a profit. Agricultural - Agricultural land use means use of land for planting, growing, cultivating and harvesting of crops for human or livestock consumption and pasturing or yarding of livestock. Transportation - Transportational land use means use for moving people and goods from one place to another. Recreational - Recreational land use is for pleasure or recreational purposes instead of for functional or business activities. Industrial - Industrial land use means the utilization of a parcel of real estate for manufacturing operations that use machinery and mechanical power to produce products or services. 2.​ What is low, medium and high density housing? Give examples - High-density housing. An example for this are apartment buildings with many storeys in a city. - Medium-density housing: for example, row houses and townhomes in a midtown urban zone. - Low-density housing: for example, a large area with a few farms and houses. 3.​ Terms: residential density, gentrification Residential Density - Residential density refers to the measure of how many people live in a given area or neighborhood. Gentrification - a process of neighborhood change that includes economic change in a historically disinvested neighborhood Unit 4: Canada’s Economic Connections Chapter 22: Sectors of Canada’s Economy 1.​ Know the key terms on pg. 271 2.​ Describe and give examples of primary, secondary and tertiary jobs and which province dominates in each section. Primary Industry - An industry that harvests and collects raw materials from mother nature. Examples include fishing, mining, and oil extraction. Secondary Industry - An industry that manufactures products and goods. Examples include food processing, energy generation, and oil refining. Tertiary Industry - An industry that provides and supplies services. Examples include health care, education, and entertainment. Quaternary Industry - An industry that is based on human knowledge and involves technology. Examples include consultancy, financial planning, and designing.