Unit 2: Nationalism and Revolution
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Questions and Answers

What action did General Reginald Dyer take during the gathering in Amritsar?

  • He offered aid to the wounded
  • He banned all public meetings in the city
  • He ordered his troops to set fire to the crowd (correct)
  • He addressed the crowd to promote peace

What was one of Gandhi's main beliefs in his approach to social justice?

  • Religion should be separated from political activism
  • Violent resistance was the only way to achieve change
  • Truth and love lead to social justice (correct)
  • Education alone can create social equality

What major campaign did Gandhi organize in South Africa?

  • Resistance against discriminatory immigration laws (correct)
  • A movement to promote Indian culture
  • A campaign to establish a separate Indian state
  • A campaign for higher wages for workers

What was a direct result of Gandhi's mass resistance campaign in South Africa?

<p>The abolition of discriminatory taxes on Indian traders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the crowd in Amritsar react during the religious holiday?

<p>They gathered peacefully to celebrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of political nationalism in Latin America during this period?

<p>Development of stronger authoritarian governments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant cultural shift in Latin America by the 1920s?

<p>Rejection of European influences in favor of native traditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Good Neighbor Policy emphasized which aspect in U.S.-Mexico relations?

<p>Non-intervention and support for Mexico's autonomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What oppressive condition did Africans face under colonial rule by the 1900s?

<p>Forced labor with minimal or no compensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement criticized the unjust colonial rule in Africa?

<p>The Pan-African Congress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main goals of apartheid laws in South Africa?

<p>Establishing white economic, political, and social supremacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common form of resistance by Africans in the 1920s and 30s?

<p>Formation of labor unions in urban areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Negritude Movement primarily focused on?

<p>Expressing pride in African roots among French speakers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Western-educated Africans play in the push for independence?

<p>They critiqued the unfair job distribution favoring Europeans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major reason for the formation of the Kikuyu Central Association in Kenya?

<p>To address issues of land loss, forced labor, and heavy taxation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key reforms implemented by Mustafa Kemal in Turkey after WWI?

<p>Establishing secular laws instead of Islamic law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Young Turks' promotion of Turkish nationalism?

<p>Led to the centralization of the Ottoman Empire's control by Turkish language and culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of nationalism in Persia?

<p>The establishment of the Majlis in 1906 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did British imperialism affect India's economy during WWI?

<p>Created widespread suffering due to inflation and high taxes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event significantly marked the beginning of Mohandas Gandhi's campaign against British rule?

<p>The Salt March of 1930 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the League of Nations mandate system conflict with the aspirations of Arabs in the post-WWI period?

<p>It replaced Arabian governance with European control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the Balfour Declaration of 1917?

<p>It heightened tensions between Jewish immigrants and the local Palestinian population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason for the delayed Indian independence following WWII?

<p>Global attention shifted away from Indian independence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Reza Shah's ascent to power in Persia occur?

<p>Following a revolt against foreign domination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of Gandhi's nonviolent resistance strategy?

<p>Gained international sympathy for the Indian cause (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change characterized Turkey's political landscape after WWI under Mustafa Kemal?

<p>The creation of a republic with limited religious influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind Gandhi's salt tax protest?

<p>To challenge the British monopoly on salt production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the nationalist movements in both Turkey and Persia after WWI?

<p>Turkey experienced more successful reforms than Persia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompted many Indians to serve in World War I on the British side?

<p>Promises of greater autonomy and self-rule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

McMahon letter promise

British promise of Arab independence in exchange for support in WWI.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Secret agreement dividing Arab territories between Britain and France.

Balfour Declaration

British promise of land in Palestine to Zionists.

Zionism

Movement promoting Jewish homeland in the Middle East.

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League of Nations mandate

System overseeing former Ottoman/German territories after WWI.

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Turkish nationalism

Narrow nationalism promoted by Young Turks.

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Mustafa Kemal

Turkish leader who led resistance against Allies.

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Treaty of Lausanne

Recognized Turkish independence.

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Persia's nationalist coalition

The group that revolted against foreign pressures.

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Reza Shah

Military dictator who modernized Persia.

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Indian soldiers in WWI

Large number of Indian troops serving for the British.

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Indian nationalism's causes

Promises of self-rule, frustrations by limited British reforms.

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Amritsar massacre

Violence against unarmed Indian civilians by British troops.

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British Imperialism on India

Control brought economic hardship and political discontent.

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Gandhi's background

Gandhi studied law in England, delved into Hindu and Christian teachings, and dedicated himself to truth and social justice.

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Gandhi's tactics

Gandhi employed nonviolent resistance, civil disobedience, and a willingness to suffer for his cause.

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Gandhi's resistance in South Africa

Gandhi organized mass resistance against discriminatory laws and restrictions imposed on Indian immigrants in South Africa.

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Gandhi's success in South Africa

Gandhi's efforts led to the repeal of discriminatory taxes on Indian traders and allowed free Indian immigration into South Africa.

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Political Nationalism in Latin America

Stronger authoritarian governments arose in Latin America to better control and protect national economies.

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Cultural Nationalism in Latin America

Rejection of European cultural influences in Latin America, embracing native traditions and a blend of Western elements.

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Economic Nationalism in Latin America

Latin American countries established industries to reduce dependence on foreign goods, often by raising tariffs and investing in domestic businesses.

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Good Neighbor Policy

US policy emphasizing cooperation and trade with Latin America, avoiding military intervention.

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African Colonies by 1900

Nearly all of Africa was under European colonial rule by the early 20th century.

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African Forced Labor

Africans were forced to work on plantations and in mines for little or no pay under colonial rule.

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African Resistance

Africans fought against colonial rule, both in the form of protests (large and small), labor unions, and revolts.

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Pan-Africanism

The concept of unity among people of African descent worldwide, promoting African nationalism.

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Apartheid in South Africa

A policy of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa, intended to maintain white supremacy.

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African National Congress (ANC)

A political organization in South Africa originally formed to protest apartheid and later played a crucial role in achieving independence.

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Study Notes

Unit 2: Nationalism and Revolution

  • Major effects of WWI:
    • Germany had to pay harsh reparations and give up overseas colonies.
    • Overseas colonies were redistributed at the Paris Peace Conference.
    • Empires (like the Ottoman Empire) were destroyed, leading to new nation-states.
    • Independence movements in European colonies increased.
  • Rise of Communism:
    • WWI caused social, economic, and psychological upheaval.
    • Many people felt adrift in a time of continual crisis.
  • Commonalities in Different Regions:
    • Regions/countries called for self-determination.
    • Colonies sought control over their own governments.
    • Cultural, economic, and political nationalism was embraced.

Latin America/Mexico: Life Under Porfirio Diaz

  • Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911) ruled Mexico with an iron fist, managing to recover its economy.
  • Economic benefits were concentrated in the hands of a few.
  • The urban middle class opposed his rule and wanted democracy.
  • Many saw him as a traitor for favoring foreign interests (US).

Causes and Effects of the Mexican Revolution

  • Francisco Madero demanded free elections (1910).
  • Unrest and rebellions across Mexico forced Diaz to resign.
  • Victoriano Huerta took power, but was eventually overthrown.
  • Key figures included Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata.
  • The 1917 Constitution included reforms on land, labor, and strengthening of economic control by the nation.

Nationalism in Mexico

  • Authoritarian governments rose in Latin America.
  • People desired economic stability and protection.
  • Cultural nationalism emerged, rejecting European influences.
  • Artists and thinkers embraced traditional culture.
  • Mural art reflected the struggles of the Mexican people.

Nationalism in Africa

  • By 1900s, nearly all of Africa was colonized by European powers.
  • Colonial rule was characterized by exploitation and limited rights for Africans.
  • Africans resisted colonial rule and demanded independence.
  • Key figures: Marcus Garvey and Nelson Mandela.

Middle East

  • Pan-Arabism aimed to unite Arab states.
  • Ethnic and linguistic tensions existed between Turks and Arabs.
  • Ottoman Empire was losing power, leading to independence movements.
  • Hostility towards Armenians led to the Armenian Genocide.
  • The Paris Peace Conference created conflict and dissatisfaction among Arab states due to conflicting promises.

Zionism

  • Zionism emerged in the late 19th century, advocating for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
  • Immigration to Palestine increased, causing tension with Palestinians.
  • Tension between Jews and Palestinians worsened after the Balfour Declaration of 1917.

League of Nations Mandate System

  • The League of Nations administered territories of the former Ottoman Empire after WWI.
  • The map of the territories closely mirrored the Sykes-Picot Agreement.

Turkey

  • Turkish nationalism emerged under Mustafa Kemal.
  • The Treaty of Lausanne recognized Turkish independence.
  • Turkey aimed to create a stronger, more unified nation.

Persia

  • Persia faced significant foreign pressure in the late 19th century.
  • Nationalist reforms arose, challenging foreign control.
  • Establishment of the Majlis (national assembly).
  • Reza Shah came to power, creating a modern nation and gaining control over ethnic minorities.

India

  • Millions of Indians served in WWI on the British side.
  • Promises of self-rule were not fulfilled after the war.
  • Resistance movements emerged, led by Mohandas Gandhi.
  • Gandhi's non-violent tactics gained international attention.

China

  • Foreign imperialism created pressure on China.
  • The 1911 revolution led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty.
  • Sun Yixian briefly took power, but failed to unite China.
  • Civil war occurred between nationalists (Guomindang) and communists.
  • Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the communists.

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Nationalism and Revolution Study Guide PDF

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Explore the significant effects of World War I on nationalism and revolution, including the rise of communism and independence movements across various regions. Discover the impact of Porfirio Diaz's rule in Mexico and the response of the urban middle class seeking democracy.

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