Biology Quest Review (Cells & Systems) PDF

ANSWER KEY to Help You Review 1) Give 4 examples of specialized cells in our body Red blood cells Nerve cell Skin cell White blood cell… (answers may vary) 2) List the four types of tissues, and give examples of them in Epithelial tissue (surface of object...

ANSWER KEY to Help You Review 1) Give 4 examples of specialized cells in our body Red blood cells Nerve cell Skin cell White blood cell… (answers may vary) 2) List the four types of tissues, and give examples of them in Epithelial tissue (surface of objects forms boundary) – forming the lining of the stomach Connective tissue (cells forming tissue holding the intestine folds together) blood is considered connective tissue as it relays nutrients to other cells and does not fall into the other categories and therefore “support” them. Nerve tissue : pain or temperature sensors in the body, nerve cell in the brain, touch receptors… ) nerve in tongue detecting “sweet” flavours Muscle tissue : muscles of the heart which contract to drive blood to other parts of the body o Muscle tissue around esophagus used in peristaltic contractions 3) List the 5 organ systems, and identify the function of each. Digestive system: to take in, break down and absorb nutrients, and to remove the remaining waste Respiratory system: to take in oxygen for delivery to cells, and to remove carbon dioxide Circulatory system: To transport oxygen, and nutrients to cells, and remove waste produced by the cells. Nervous system: to sense the environment and co-ordinate appropriate responses Musculo-skeletal system: to provide support, to protect fragile organs, and to effect movement. 4) Describe the components of the circulatory system, and their subcomponents. The circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart has four chambers, with the RIGHT ATRIUM taking blood in from the body, and then sending the blood to the LUNGS via the RIGHT VENTRICLE; the blood then returns to the heart via the LEFT ATRIUM, and then is sent off to the body from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Blood vessels come in three basic categories: the ARTERIES carry blood away from the heart and are thick walled, dealing with high pressures as blood leaves the heart; CAPILLIARIES are thin walled, with low diameter, and exchange nutrients and oxygen with cells for carbon dioxide and wastes; VEINS carry blood back to the heart through skeletal muscle contractions which push the blood along with valves preventing backflow. Blood is made up 49% red blood cells which pick up and deliver oxygen to cells using hemoglobin to assist; 49% plasma which carries nutrients and fluid to keep the blood flowing, and 1% platelets which form clots if a blood vessel ruptures, helping to limit and eventually stop blood loss, 1% white blood cells which serve our immune system, hunting down and destroying foreign matter such as viruses and bacteria 5) What are “accessory organs”? What two accessory organs are present in the digestive system, and to which component do they add materials? Organs which are not part of the main pathway of a system, but which supplement materials- adding it in from the side. The PANCREAS adds digestive enzymes to the small intestine, and the LIVER/GALLBLADDER add bile to help break up fats and oils. 6) List the components of the digestive system, and identify what each component does. MOUTH/ORAL CAVITY - mechanical and chemical digestion begins. Teeth will grind, tear and shred food, while salivary glands release saliva and enzymes to break down. PHARYNX – tube from back of throat which guides air, liquids, and solids downwards. Tube leading up to the esophagus and passage towards the lungs. EPIGLOTTIS – at base of throat which diverts liquids and solids consumed into the esophagus, away from the trachea leading to the lungs ESOPHAGUS – muscled tube which directs food down towards the stomach STOMACH – J-shaped sack heavily lined with muscles; secretes hydrochloric acid; churns food to mix it with fluid… mechanical and chemical digestion (breaking down of food) begins SMALL INTESTINES – receives digestive enzymes from PANCREAS, and bile from GALL BLADDER/LIVER; digests nutrients and absorbs them, passing the nutrients over to the CAPILLARIES in the villi to be passed to the cells of the body. LARGE INTESTINE – draws fluids back in, and compacts the waste, holding it until ready for release of waste. 7) Breathing involves inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the ribs move outward and the diaphragm moves downward. During exhalation, the ribs move inward and diaphragm upward. Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose and oxygen create carbon dioxide, water and energy. This is the reaction that our cells use to make energy. Gas exchange uses the process of diffusion where gases will transfer across the membrane (ie. O2 goes from alveoli in lungs to blood and CO2 transfers from blood to lungs). 8) Pulmonary circuit refers to the blood traveling from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. This process oxygenates the blood. The systemic circuits refers to blood travelling from the heart to the body, then back to the heart. This process transfers the oxygenated blood to the body and transporting deoxygenated blood back to the heart. 9) How do all systems of the body depend on the respiratory system? They all depend on the respiratory system to provide oxygen (needed for cells to undergo cellular respiration) 10) How do all systems of the body depend on the digestive system? They all depend on it for delivery of nutrients (and sugar) needed to build materials for the cell, and to provide energy for cellular respiration. 11) How do the systems of the body depend on the circulatory system? Nutrients, and oxygen are carried to cells via the circulatory system; wastes are also carried away to prevent toxic build up 12) How does the digestive system depend on the musculoskeletal system?  Muscles of the jaw mash the food, tongue anchored to the jaw manipulates the food into a bolus. Other answers may be appropriate as well. 13) How does the respiratory system depend on the musculoskeletal system? The rib cage protects the lungs, the diaphragm uses muscle and the structural support of the ribs to draw air into the lungs. 14) How does the musculoskeletal system depend on the nervous system? Signals from the brain affects movement in all skeletal muscles. 15) How does the digestive system depend on the nervous system? Control of swallowing, obtaining food and deciding whether to keep food or reject it can be made with nervous system interaction (as demonstrated by vomiting as result of signals from odours, taste, or visual stimuli. 16) Explain the difference between and among a stem cell, a specialized cell, and a cancer cell. Stem cell: cell which is able to divide to become other types of cells Specialized cell: cell which has blocked off parts of its DNA, has a specific job, and cannot become OTHER types of cells, although it still may divide to form other cells serving the same role. 17) How do cells become specialized? They block off parts of their DNA, and only use certain specific genes on the chromosomes 18) Give an analogy to describe the process of cell specialization, and to distinguish between the concepts of a totipotent cell, and a pluripotent cell Background: Totipotent means “total potential” to become anything. Only fertilized eggs, or cells very early on in development in multicellular organisms are considered truly totipotent Pluripotent means “plural/many potential” choices. It can produce a variety of cells, but is more limited than an embryonic stem cell or fertilized egg.