Biology Chapter on Cells and Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

  • To carry nutrients and fluids
  • To transport oxygen to cells (correct)
  • To fight off viruses and bacteria
  • To assist in blood clotting

Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?

  • White blood cells
  • Plasma
  • Nerve cells (correct)
  • Red blood cells

What role do platelets play in the blood?

  • Absorbing nutrients
  • Fighting infections
  • Transferring oxygen
  • Forming clots to limit blood loss (correct)

Which organ adds bile to aid digestion?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for mechanical digestion?

<p>Mouth/oral cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exhalation, which direction does the diaphragm move?

<p>Upward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of cellular respiration?

<p>Carbon dioxide and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

<p>Nutrient absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specialized cell is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen in the bloodstream?

<p>Red blood cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is primarily responsible for connecting different parts of the body?

<p>Connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for the intake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide?

<p>Respiratory system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the circulatory system is responsible for carrying blood back to the heart?

<p>Veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of muscle tissue in the heart?

<p>To contract and pump blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of epithelial tissue?

<p>Provide a barrier and line surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

<p>Right atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is specifically responsible for involuntary movements, such as those found in the heart?

<p>Cardiac muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pulmonary circuit primarily do?

<p>It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the circulatory system assist cellular processes?

<p>It facilitates the delivery of oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do all body systems rely on the respiratory system?

<p>It provides oxygen necessary for cellular respiration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the musculoskeletal system in relation to the digestive system?

<p>It facilitates the mechanical breakdown of food. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the nervous system play in digestive processes?

<p>It controls swallowing and the regulation of food intake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a specialized cell from a stem cell?

<p>A specialized cell has its DNA blocked and a specific function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the musculoskeletal system depend on the nervous system?

<p>It controls signals that initiate movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily responsible for cells becoming specialized?

<p>Differentiation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pulmonary Circuit

The process of blood traveling from the heart to the lungs, picking up oxygen, then returning to the heart. This oxygenates the blood.

Systemic Circuit

The process of blood traveling from the heart to the rest of the body, delivering oxygen, then returning to the heart. This brings oxygenated blood to the body.

Specialized Cells

Specialized cells with unique structures and functions, like carrying oxygen, transmitting signals, protecting the body, and fighting infections.

Stem Cell

A cell that can divide and become other types of cells.

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Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that forms protective barriers and linings, like the lining of your stomach.

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Specialized Cell

A cell that has a specific function and cannot change into other types of cells.

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Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that holds things together, like the folds of your intestines. This includes blood, which carries nutrients.

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Cancer Cell

A cell that divides uncontrollably and doesn't specialize properly.

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Muscle Tissue

A type of tissue responsible for movement, such as the muscles in your heart and esophagus.

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Nerve Tissue

A tissue made of specialized cells that transmit signals throughout the body, including pain sensors, touch receptors, and nerve cells in the brain.

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Cell Specialization

The process by which a stem cell becomes a specialized cell with a specific function.

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How Digestive system depends on Musculoskeletal

Muscles of the jaw help crush food, while the tongue, anchored to the jaw, maneuvers food into a bolus.

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Respiratory System

The system that takes in oxygen, delivers it to cells, and removes waste carbon dioxide. It includes the lungs and airways.

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How Respiratory system depends on Musculoskeletal

The rib cage protects the lungs, and the diaphragm uses muscles and the ribs' support to draw air into the lungs.

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Circulatory System

The system that delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells, removes waste products, and helps fight infections. It includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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Musculo-skeletal System

The system that provides support, protects organs, and allows movement. It includes bones, muscles, and joints.

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What are the components of blood and their functions?

Blood is made up of four main components. Red blood cells, which carry oxygen, are 49% of blood. Plasma, which is responsible for transporting nutrients and fluids, makes up 49% of blood. Platelets are small, cell-like components that make up 1% of blood and help clot wounds. White blood cells, which comprise 1% of blood, defend the body against foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria.

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What are accessory organs? Give an example.

Accessory organs are organs that aren't part of the main pathway of a system but still add essential materials. An example is the pancreas in the digestive system which adds enzymes to the small intestine, helping to break down food.

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Which accessory organs add materials to the digestive system?

The liver and gallbladder are accessory organs in the digestive system. They release bile into the small intestine which helps break down fats and oils.

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Describe the mechanical and chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth.

The mouth (oral cavity) begins the process of mechanical and chemical digestion. Teeth grind, tear, and shred food, while salivary glands release saliva and enzymes to break down food.

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What is the pharynx and what is its role?

The pharynx, located at the back of the throat, is a tube that directs air, liquids, and solids downwards. It connects the esophagus (leading to the stomach) and the trachea (leading to the lungs).

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What is the epiglottis and what is its function?

The epiglottis, located at the base of the throat, acts like a flap that prevents swallowed liquids and solids from entering the trachea (leading to the lungs) and directs them into the esophagus.

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What is the function of the esophagus?

The esophagus is a muscular tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach. It uses muscle contractions to push food down.

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Describe the role of the stomach in digestion.

The stomach is a J-shaped muscular sac that continues the process of mechanical and chemical digestion. It churns food to mix it with fluids and releases hydrochloric acid to aid in digestion.

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Study Notes

Specialized Cells in the Body

  • Four examples of specialized cells include red blood cells, nerve cells, skin cells, and white blood cells.

Types of Tissues

  • Epithelial tissue forms boundaries, like the lining of the stomach.
  • Connective tissue, such as blood, supports other tissues.
  • Nerve tissue includes pain and temperature sensors, and touch receptors.
  • Muscle tissue includes the heart muscle and muscles in the esophagus.

Organ Systems

  • Digestive System: Breaks down and absorbs nutrients, removing waste.
  • Respiratory System: Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
  • Circulatory System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste.
  • Nervous System: Senses the environment and coordinates responses.
  • Musculoskeletal System: Provides support, protects organs, and enables movement.

Circulatory System Components

  • The heart has four chambers (right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle) to pump blood.
  • Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, capillaries facilitate exchange with cells, and veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
  • Blood consists of red blood cells (carrying oxygen), plasma (fluid), and platelets (clotting).

Digestive System Components

  • The mouth/oral cavity mechanically and chemically digests food.
  • The pharynx guides food and air.
  • The epiglottis directs food to the esophagus.
  • The esophagus moves food to the stomach.
  • The stomach mixes and digests food.
  • The small intestines absorb nutrients.
  • The large intestine absorbs water and compacts waste.
  • Accessory organs (pancreas and liver/gallbladder) add materials to aid digestion.

Breathing and Cellular Respiration

  • Inhalation: Ribs expand, diaphragm contracts.
  • Exhalation: Ribs contract, diaphragm relaxes.
  • Cellular respiration: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy.
  • Gas exchange: O2 moves from lungs to blood, CO2 moves from blood to lungs.

Body Systems Interdependence

  • Respiratory system provides oxygen for all other systems.
  • Digestive system provides nutrients needed by all systems.
  • Circulatory system transports materials to and from cells.

Nervous System Interdependence

  • Nervous system controls other systems such as digestion (swallowing), breathing, and musculoskeletal movements.

Cell Specialization

  • Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells.
  • Specialized cells have specific functions; their DNA is blocked to prevent further specialization.
  • Cancer cells are specialized cells not under normal biological regulation.

Cell Types

  • Totipotent cells can become any cell type.
  • Pluripotent cells can become many cell types.

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Biology Quest Review (Cells & Systems) PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of specialized cells, tissues, and organ systems in this quiz. From the role of red blood cells to the functions of the digestive and circulatory systems, test your knowledge on human biology. Learn about different cell types and their functions within various organ systems.

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