Copy of AP World 600-1000 Quick Study Guide.pdf

600-1000 Quick Study Guide First - make sure to review the Google Slides Presentations we did in class in addition to any notes you took. Also - read the sections in the textbook that line up with the topics we covered. I will also pull a few questions from inform...

600-1000 Quick Study Guide First - make sure to review the Google Slides Presentations we did in class in addition to any notes you took. Also - read the sections in the textbook that line up with the topics we covered. I will also pull a few questions from information from the assignments we had on the topics of this time period. Also any vocab terms we highlighted on the board in class and any figures or events from the slides - make sure to know those as well. Islam: - Be familiar with pre-Islamic Arabia especially the significance of Mecca and the Kaaba. - Mecca: - Birthplace of Muhammad the Prophet - Became Islam’s holiest city/Big trading site - Kaaba: Important religious sanctuary in Mecca - Pre-Islamic Arabia: - War over pastureland - Transcontinental trade - Exposed to long-distance trade, imperial politics, religious debate - Impact of Muhammed on the Arabian peninsula (Hijra, etc) - Born 750 CE - Urged followers to act righteously, set aside false deities, submit to God, be charitable - Quaran created after Muhammad - Became the word of God - Inspired universalizing elements using his vision of religion - Hijra: Muhammad and his followers’ escape to present-day Medina bc they were in opposition to elites of Mecca - Starting point of Muslim era - Islam emerged as a faith + religious community - Constitution of Medina made believers to go to Muhammad or God to settle disputes; went against clan traditions - 5 pillars were established - 5 pillars of Islam and their purpose - Confession of faith - Pray facing Mecca 5x a day - Fast during Ramadan - Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca to worship at ka’aba) - Be charitable - Were the crucial principles of Islam; Used to guide followers’ daily lives and worship of Allah/God - Impact of rightly guided caliphs and Dar al Islam - Rightly guided caliphs: First four successors of Muhammad - Institutionalized Islam - Linked proper religious practice with territorial expansion and an empire that incorporated new civilizations/groups - Jihad: Struggle to fight against enemies of Islam - Dar al-Islam and Dar al-Harb: Division of the world into 2 units in Muslim leaders’ quest to dominate the world - Dar al-Islam = “world of Islam” - Refers to the areas where Islam is most dominant - Dar al-Harb = “world of warfare” - Refers to the areas where Islam needs to be spread and land must be conquered - Split between sunni and shia Muslims and what that meant for the Islamic community - Sunni Muslims vs Shia Muslims - Originally began as a political debate over who should succeed Muhammad - Sunni: Abu Bakr (85%) - Shia: Ali (15%) - Sunni believed someone who would follow Muhammad’s customs was ideal/ → evolved into supported succession of four rightly guided caliphs and then Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties - Shiism believed someone of Muhammad’s bloodline was ideal → evolved into a descendant of Ali who had married the prophet’s daughter - impact of Islam on the silk road (trade, spread of Islam, etc) - Islam impacted Silk Road economically and politically - Economically - Muslim merchants traveled maritime Silk Roads → Settlement into key trading hubs → Businessmen in Silk Roads attracted to benefits of Islamic governance of commerce → More converts - Politically - Expansion of Caliphates - Military conquests → Territorial expansion → Political control over major Silk Road points - Provided safer trade routes → Islamic traders could spread religion and beliefs easier - Caliphates extended their reach into Central Asia at some point - Baghdad, Samarkand, and Bukhara became major cultural and intellectual centers - Missionaries spread Islam  - Islamization facilitated trade and cooperation along the Silk Road + acted as a unifying religion for areas along the Silk Road - Make sure to know about the different caliphates we discussed in class (what made them similar and different) - Also how did they impact different groups of people in the regions they expanded to. - Umayyad Politics - Leaders - Divided between the Sufyānids and Marwanids - Capital: Damascus - Expansion through raids and conquering - Patriarchal/Monarchial rule (Caliphs) - Unions and alliances to gain territory - Not fully systemized into Sharia law but still used a lot of Islamic beliefs - Literally hated non-Muslims :( Economics - Agrarian economic system - Supported by long-distance trade + taxation - Skilled craftsmen and artisans - Silk Roads used very often - Obtained luxurious items through trade - Currency = Gold Dinars Geography - Around Syria, North Africa, Spain and India - Expanded towards Spain - Conquered langs not pillaged, integrated - Abbasid Political - Leaders: - Caliph Al-Mansur - Caliphate of Al Mahdi - Harun al-Rashid - Monarchy → Bureaucracy - Did not hate non-Muslims!!! Still taxeed them tho Diplomacy - Employed alliances, marriages, and treaties with neighboring powers - Focus on expanding influence - Fostered intellectual and cultural exchanges Laws - Absolute authority + decentralized power  - Led to regional rulers to take over land in Spain + Egypt - Dhimmi tax: Taxes for non-Muslims - Jizya: Tax for non-Muslim people of the Islamic world - Used for revenue and pact of protection Economic - Early form of market economy - Trading main source of resource - Routes connected to Middle East w Africa, Europe, Central Asia and China - Checks and credit usage - Currency: Dinar, Silver Dirham, Copper Fals - Paper + gunpowder introduced by China Geography - Near Umayyad Caliphate and Baghdad - Desert-like - Camels = transportation - Rivers and lakes = water source - Fatimid Caliphate (check out the Persian charts for more information) Political - Leaders: - Abu Abdallah - Al-Mahdi Billah - Al-Mu’zzi li-Din Allah - Monarchial rule - Hereditary succession - Emphasis on Shia interpretation - The Caliph had officials to help him with legal matters Diplomacy - Complex relationship with Sunni and Byzantine Empire - Promoted Shi’ism using diplomacy - Emphasized military strength and cultural exchange - Conquered many empires to expand their reach Laws - Primarily based on Sharia - Worked in the framework of Islamic beliefs - Promoted the idea that the Caliph was a spiritual and secular leader Economic - Many different economic dynamics - Agricultural, trade and commerce, craftsmanship, and industry - Benefited from its location along the trade routes - Used dinar and dirham  - Dinar used for large transactions - Dirham used for everyday purchases Geography - In North Africa - Expanded to Egypt, Sicily, and Syria (modern-day) - Controlled many trade routes - Deserts and mountains - Sharia Law and its effects - Sharia is Islamic law that covered all aspects of practical and religious life (ex. marriage contracts, trade regulation, ritual fasting, pilgrimage - al-Shafi’i = 8th century scholar insisted that his sayings and actions (hadith) along with Muhammad’s laws as outlined in Quran were legal guides for judges - Effect: - Gave ulama (religious leaders) credibility and created a wider gap between the secular caliphs authority and the ulama and other religious judges, experts, and holy men. - - gender rules and how they changed over time - Pre-Islamic Arabia was not patriarchal - Men married moved in with wives’ families and homes, women had jobs, and could have more than one husband - Ex. Muhammad married Khadija, who was a trader - Transitioned into a more patriarchal society once Muslims came in contact with Southwest Asia and North Africa where females were subordinate to males and strict gender roles were assigned and expected - As a result, legal system reflected male domination - Commercialism in the Islamic world and how it impacted different regions and groups - Africa: Muslim traders entered Africa not only bringing products but also Islamic ideas - Traded weapons and textile in exchange for African gold, salt, and slaves - Africans gained wealth that led to development of centralized political kingdoms - Muslims entered East Africa via Indian Ocean - By 10th Century, East Africa was a mixture of African and Arab culture - Swahili - a new language mixed with Arabic - New food crops introduced across the Islamic world, offering diverse and nutritious foods to expanding populations - India: Muslims conquered Sindh in India - Green revolution swept across Muslim world - Over 300 years, India to Spain, Morocco, and West Africa used new crops and learned to used agricultural techniques to increase production  - Expansion of knowledge in the Islamic world and its significance - Knowledge flourished during the Abbasid era - Arabic language took over Greek language in arts, science, literature, and medicine and became educated class’ language - Preserved and housed classical Greek and Roman ideas, teachings, documents (ex. Ptolemy, Aristotle, Archimedes) in magnificent libraries. - Important since most of the original documents, treatise were lost except the ones stored in the Abbasid libraries - Many of these works and ideas were translated, borrowed, and spread across the world, which bridge worlds Christendom: - Feudalism and manorialism (definitions and their impact) - Feudalism – a political and economic system where people were given land (fiefs) & power from a higher rank – worked and fought for them in return. - Manorialism – System of economic organization between land lords and peasant laborers (serfs) who live on estates (manor). - Impact: Created a social structure but provided stability during a time of frequent invasions and political fragmentation. - Social order and expansion of feudal monarchies - Rulers (King): The top of the hierarchy – provides protection and aid to lesser lords (vassals) - Vassals: owed rulers military services, goods, payments, counsel and sometimes received land. - Lords/Nobles: Landowners who were granted fiefs (land) by the king in exchange for their loyalty and military service. - Peasants/Serfs: The lowest class, working on the land for the lords in exchange for protection. Serfs arent slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord. (Serfs is tied to the land) Summary: - Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups - Those who fight: nobles and knights - Those who pray: Monks, nuns, leaders of the church - Those who work: Peasants - Differences in the time periods of the early, high, and late middle ages - Early Middle Ages (5th-10th): Period of decline - Known as the “Dark Ages”, this period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire. - Feudalism emerged in the Early Middle Age – Lords get most of the power as kings were weak and relied primarily on feudal relationships.  - Christianity starts to exert influence, with Pope growing in power. - Frequent invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims which led to the need of defense systems, helped solidify feudalism. - Economy: Primarily farming, but as time went on – trading and industries became more important. - High Middle Ages (10th-15th): Period of slow emergence - Contact with Byzantines and Arabs through Crusades teaches Western scholars advances in math, science, philosophy. - Late Middle Ages - The Black Death (1347-1351) – Killed about ⅓ of Europe’s population, causing labor shortages, social upheaval, and weakening feudalism. - Expansion and significance of the Holy Roman Empire (rulers, opponents, etc) - Charlemagne's Western European fraction of the Roman Empire (768-814 CE) - Primitive and weak - Had fewer than 15 million people - Armies rarely larger than 5000 ppl - Rudimentary tax system - Engaged with the Franks (Germanic people) and traded war materials - (important) Rulers - Charlemagne (800-814 CE) - Unified Western-Central Europe. Crowned “the Father of Europe” - Otto The Great (962-973 CE) - First crowned Emperor. - Opponents - France (constant rivalry) - Papal States - Disputes regarding religion - Ottoman Empire - Post-Roman separation - Protestant Reformation - Impact of the Vikings - Exposed weaknesses of Charlemagne’s Empire (looks maxed them) - Plundered monasteries and sought to replace Franks as the warrior class - Successful - Using ships, were able to travel to Iceland and Greendland - Reached North America - First settlers (even before Columbus!) - Created new trade routes - The Highway of Slaves - Significance of Christianity in Eastern and Western Europe (Key similarities and differences); Schism in Christianity - Two Christian Worlds evolve due to differences between the two (West vs East) - Comparisons  - Dealt with the expansion of the Muslim World differently - Greek Orthodox (East) - No clerical celibacy (freaky) - State should control religion - Believes there should be multiple translations (too isolating) - Roman Catholicism (West) - Clerical celibacy - Religion should control state - Translated Bible into Latin - Movement of Christianity along silk roads and into new regions (eastern europe and Russia) - Eastern Europe is influenced by Byzantine conquest and Christian missionaries - Kievan Rus (leaders, changes over time, and overall impact on the different regions it had relationships with) - (important) Rulers - Vladimir I (980-1015) - Develops Christian Orthodox Church - Yaroslav (1019-1054) - Develops unifying law code and arranges marriages to Central Europeans (more alliances!) - Culture - Forms core of modern Russian politics - Greek Orthodox influenced the Church - Arts and literature (using Cyrillic) were highly influenced by faith - No interest in science or math - Decline 😢 - Fall of Byzantine Empire 😲🤯 - They lost their idol (and a massive ally!) - Mongols (coming from Central Asia in the 13th century) invade China: - Sui dynasty impacts (leaders, projects) ➔ Built canals to accommodate population shifts and transportation of goods. (Millet in the North, rice in the South) ➔ Chinese merchants took advantage of Silk Roads to trade with the Islamic world and India. ➔ Commodities: Silk, Porcelain ➔ (Mrs. Coniglio said that the leaders of the Sui Dynasty will not be directly on the test) - Importance of expansion in the Tang state ➔ Buddhism thrived ➔ - Leaders like Li Yuan and Tang Taizong - Li Yuan: The governor of a small province within the Sui Dynasty - - Different components of the Tang state (type of gov, economy, religions and their significance, culture) ➔ Type of government: Imperial bureaucracy? ➔ Economy: Mainly agricultural / Egalitarian land allotm2ent system / Fine handicrafts industry / Diverse commodity market / Dynamic urban life ➔ More economy: Creation of hydraulic systems ◆ Because they produced a LOT of rice and rice needs ample water!!! (moving rice frontier) ➔ MORE economy: Trade in luxuries ◆ Silk and porcelain (and other resources too, such as:) Fine paper, intricate woodblock prints, unique iron casts, etc. ➔ Religions: Buddhism ◆ The primary religion that Empress Wu endorsed ◆ History (chronological): Emperor Li Shimin distrusted Buddhists at first (wouldn’t serve government and wouldn’t pay taxes) ○ After it became one of the 3 ways of learning (Confucian, Daoism, and Buddhism), things changed ○ Li Shimin created monasteries, sent emissaries to India to collect texts and relics, made paintings and statuary, etc. ➔ Other world religions: ◆ Nestorian Christianity Denies the reality of incarnation and represents Christ as a God-inspired man rather than as a God-made-man. ◆ Zoroastrianism Monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia Emphasized a never-ending battle between good and evil ◆ Manichaeism System of religious doctrines ○ Based on a supposed primordial conflict between light and darkness, or goodness and evil Philosophy of Manichaeism: Breaks everything down into good or evil ➔ Culture: Daoism and Confucianism - Exam system and what it did for China ➔ Extremely difficult Chinese exam system that determined the officials/members within the imperial government ◆ Not many passed (obviously) ◆ Those that didn’t could take it again and get other but lesser roles ◆ Empress Wu used it to form a secret police force  ➔ Tested the people on Confucian and Daoist beliefs ➔ Tested the people on classical Chinese language too ➔ Appealed to common southern families too (since they raised the wealth to fund their childrens’ education) - Empress Wu and her significance ➔ Dominated Tang court with her beauty and her brain ➔ Mothered future emperor (precedent) ➔ First female ruler in chinese history ➔ Named empress on Gaozong’s death. ➔ Expanded the military and formed secret police. ➔ Recruited administrator from the civil service to oppose her enemies at court (keeping smart & close people near her) ➔ Chinese Buddhism reached the highest of all time. ➔ - Impact of Buddhism and how people felt about it over time ➔ Impact: ◆ United the Chinese people into a community of believers ◆ Helped the people overcome a period of war and unrest ◆ Was important for the spread of ideas and beliefs on the Silk Road ➔ How people felt about it over time ◆ Anti-Buddhist campaigns Claimed that Buddhism’s values conflicted with native traditions ◆ Main leader: Han Yu Attacked Buddhism as a foreign doctrine of barbarian peoples who were different in language, culture, and knowledge ○ Later got exiled for his objections ○ Two decades later: ◆ State began suppressing Buddhist monasteries and confiscating their wealth ◆ Feared that religious loyalties would undermine political ones (aka threatened imperial order) ○ By mid-nineteenth century ◆ Buddhism was openly persecuted - Sinification of Korea and Japan - what were the impacts in these respective states (gov, reforms, etc) ➔ Korea ◆ China had an influence on the Silla (shi’la, one of the three rival states in Korea) ◆ AUTONOMOUS government (self-governing) ◆ Opposed the Chinese Still adopted their system, modeled their government on the Tang imperial estate Why? Because China had the most wealth and power in East Asia. (Do or die)  ◆ Dispatched annual emissaries…to do what? Bear tribute payments to the Chinese capital Regularly send students and monks ◆ CHINESE language even became a part of the Korean language / writing ◆ Once the Tang dynasty began to fall and the imperial system began to crumble, The Silla fell too (since they had a similar system) If the mother imperial estate couldn’t handle it, the smaller one couldn’t either. ◆ Korea surrendered to the Goryeo kingdom (935 CE) ➔ Japan ◆ Also had an AUTONOMOUS government ◆ War-like group came to Japan Imposed military and social control over Southern Japan Known as the “Tomb Culture” ○ For the elevated burial sites (a lot of people died ig) ○ Also unified Japan??? ◆ Extolled their imperial ancestors (praised) ◆ Maintained their social hierarchy ○ Gave rise to a Japanese state on the Yamato plain now known as the Nara ◆ Yamato clan: Native Japanese as well as Korean immigrants ○ So, uh, a lot of people died but then it still unified the Koreans and the Japanese? ◆ Soga kinship group (minor branch from the Yamato imperial family) Rose to power after 578 CE and took control of Japanese courts Attributed cultural innovations to Prince Shotoku ○ Soga and Yamato descent (favorability from both sides, which means that there was intermarriage) ◆ Prince Shotoku Introduced Buddhism to Japan (claim of the contemporary Japanese scribes) Sparked Japan’s rise as an island kingdom Promoted both Buddhism and Confucianism ○ Accommodated numerous religions ◆ Other beliefs from Prince Shotoku and later Japanese Emperors: Arts and Daoist purification rituals Further promoted Buddhism as the state religion of Japan (really goes to show the influence of China on those regions) ○ Extra status (lending it the prestige of a universal religion) Created the Shinto cults ○ What happens after death?  ◆ Person’s soul (or spirit) becomes a Shinto kami, or local deity But the body had to be nourished and purified while it was still alive Buddhism and Confucianism influenced the creation of Shinto cults ◆ Who overtook Prince Shotoku? → Nakatomi kinship group Eliminated Soga and their allies Became new spokesmen for the Yamato tradition Enacted a series of reforms ○ Reflected CONFUCIAN PRINCIPLES ◆ Prince Shotoku brought it up…. ◆ Nakatomi kinship group solidified it. ○ Enhanced power of ruler ◆ Depicted an as exalted “emperor” (tenno) - Fall of Tang dynasty ➔ Acknowledgement of all of this business that was going on in China, Korea, and Japan…but!!! ➔ Which groups of people led to the fall of the Tang dynasty? ◆ A1. Muslim forces Tang from Turkistan in 751 CE -- Battle of Talas River ◆ A2. Sogdians and Tibetans (challenged the Tang) ➔ The Tang then retreated back to their original heartlands ◆ Heartlands (Yellow and Yangtze Rivers) ➔ All of this WEAKENED the empire for a while ◆ FINALLY ENDED in 907 CE Chronological order of the emperors: Li Yuan (Emperor GaoZu) → Li ShiMin (Emperor Taizong) → GaoZong → Empress Wu